...Gender Expectations Expectations due to gender are unfair restrictions placed on women. The interactions of Lizzie Borden and characters around her, in Pollocks Blood Relations prove this point. Emma and Mrs. Borden focused on the social expectations associated with gender. While Miss Lizzie’s interactions The Actress occupied more with what it means to be a woman. Emma is constantly scolding Lizzie for her unladylike behaviour. While Mrs. Borden is a firm believer that Lizzie should do her duty as a woman and marry. The Actress take a different approach on the topic of gender, she allows Pollock to explore what it means to not fit gender norms. Using Emma as a tool to show the unfair expectation in relation to gender Pollock provides a commentary on the expectations of women. Emma has been held to a certain standard her whole life. She has read Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Etiquette many times (Pollock 686) and knows...
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...Introduction Gender often appears to have economically material implications in negotiations in organizations and markets. But researchers’ attempts to tie the phenomenon down in the lab have produced a tangled web of largely contradictory results. By the mid-1980s, the leading experimental researchers in negotiation had tossed the gender variable into a heap of discarded individual difference predictors—ranging from race to authoritarianism—which had failed over scores of tests to produce consistent results. “From what is known now,” one review concluded, “it does not appear that there is any single personality type or characteristic that is directly and clearly linked to success in negotiation” Contemporary feminist ideals of minimalist sex differences further reinforced this perspective. Much of the relevant feminist research of that era sought “to shatter stereotypes about women’s characteristics and change people’s attitudes by proving that women and men are essentially equivalent in their personalities, behavioral tendencies, and intellectual abilities”. There are multiple explanations offered for the gender gap in venture funding, ranging from quality of life choices to ownership preferences. However, some with direct experience point to differences in the way men and women entrepreneurs have approached their negotiations with prospective investors. According to some, for successful venture capital deals; women are often not comfortable talking about what...
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...Males and females will never be treated equally unless society’s expectations in regard to men change Audience: Male and female university students at an open forum at a University to discuss the major issues in today’s society. The fight for gender equality remains a prominent issue of the 21st century. Historically, gender equality has been seen as a “woman’s issue," as women have long been the driving force behind the struggle. This view has contributed to the perception that the equal treatment of men and women can only be achieved by abolishing the stereotypes placed on women by our society. In reality, gender equality will never be achieved unless the social expectations and stereotypes imprisoning men change. This includes eliminating the expectation of men to exercise power, aggressiveness and control in all aspects of life, as well as changing the traditional perception of manhood, allowing men to freely express emotion and even vulnerability. As young men and women, we have a responsibility to change these social norms and stereotypes that restrict men and boys to certain roles, thus causing changes for women and girls too, resulting in the equal treatment of both genders. Social expectations and gender specific stereotypes socialise males into roles that promote aggressiveness, power and control from a young age. As a result, many males grow up believing that dominant and aggressive behaviour towards girls and women is part of being a man. This undoubtedly...
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...define, promote, or control sexuality. Sexuality is a part of our humanity in which defines sex, gender identities, gender roles, sexual orientation, pleasure, intimacy, and instigates procreation. Though, sexuality is experienced and expressed through thoughts, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, roles, behaviours, and relationships; it is greatly influenced by societies, cultures, historical perspectives, religious perspectives, biological forces, psychological theories, ethics, morals, and legal factors. In the United States, known as the “melting pot” because of the mass amounts of cultural influences brought in by immigrants worldwide that now reside on its land; one of the biggest concerns in regards to sexuality are the social and public health challenges that influence sexual behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs. Sexual behavior in not just a personal matter between two people, but rather a theme that can affect society in terms of social expectations for sexual behaviors, gender identity, roles, stereotypes, and bias. Social Expectations on Sexual Behaviors “Sexuality is an important part of our lives” (King, 2012, p.1), currently and amongst the generations before us. Throughout history, sexual behaviours have been largely influenced by culture, religion, and historical perspectives which in turn created social expectations or social norms. Social expectations vary from culture to culture as well as within subcultures. “These cultural practices, values, norms, and...
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...will focus on the socialization of gender roles and the expectations which constitute gender roles, including methods and agents of socialization, as well as some of the effects it has on certain individuals. By being conscious of these details, one will be better equipped to understand societal expectations, and be versed to make informed decisions of how to rear your children, especially if your child or children self-identify as being homosexual because the socialization of gender roles in the United States causes confusion amongst or conflict within homosexuals as a result of gender role expectations and the gender roles they assume and find to be natural. Defining Gender To begin with, gender is defined as a social structure that is culturally or socially engineered and was devised in the early hunter-gatherer age (Connell). It emphasizes the distinctions between “females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with ‘femininity’ and ‘masculinity’” (Kendall 2012). Informally, says the World English Dictionary, “it is the state of being male, female, or neuter” or “any of the categories, such as masculine, feminine, neuter, or common, within such a set.” Gender Roles More importantly, a gender role “refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process” (Kendall 2012). A sample of several expected gender roles, for males, would include being...
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...Men play football. Women wear pretty dresses. Men are from Mars, while women are from Venus. From the time a baby is born, humans place certain gender expectations upon that baby. Handsome, strong boys wear the manly color of blue while dainty, pretty girls wear a soft pink. Most boys are given trucks and Legos to play with while girls are given Barbie dolls and an Easy Bake Oven. Clearly, our culture has certain assumptions in which it believes girls and boys are supposed to behave and conduct themselves. In a sense, society places expectations on girls’ and boys’ behaviors, but, when someone seems to overstep these masculine or feminine standards, he or she is labeled queer or even “gay.” Because our society places such strict boundaries...
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...Gender Although western society has come a far way in gender equality there are still many stereotypes that follow both men and women throughout their lives. The fact is that people still have beliefs and views of other’s personality traits, behaviors, or abilities that stem only from a person’s gender. What is staggering to me is that intelligence has not been found to be gender specific (Weitten, 2012, p.341) but women tend to underestimate their potential and have lower career aspirations (Weitten, 2012, p.357), and are still paid less than men for the exact same work. The following paragraphs will discuss gender stereotypes and their affect upon dating and intimate relationships. “We’re having a boy” said Dale to his friend Nate, “Way to put the stem on the apple” Nate replied with a slap on the back. So, would the reaction have been disappointment had Dale found out he was having a girl. From the very get go, before we are even born there are stereotypes about what gender the baby is, colors are defined, expectations are set whether they are intentional or not. As the child is born he or she is introduced to toys, books, praise, and play that can be associated to be gender specific. Boys are a lot less likely to be encouraged to play with what are considered girl toys than vice versa (Weitten, 2012, P. 350) and typically children’s books portray characters that are engaged in gender specific activities. Assignment of household chores can be reflective of gender differences...
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...Papers Series When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley and Kathleen L. McGinn September 2002 RWP02-036 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. 1 When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation? Hannah Riley John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 496-4717 Kathleen L. McGinn Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 (617) 495-6901 The authors thank Linda Babcock, Max Bazerman, Jim Sebenius and the reviewers of the 2002 Academy of Management meeting for their helpful comments on this paper. 2 3 Abstract We propose that two situational dimensions moderate gender effects in negotiation. Structural ambiguity refers to potential variation in a party’s perception of the bargaining range and appropriate standards for agreement. Gender triggers are situational factors that make gender salient and relevant to behavior or expectations. Based on a review of field and experimental data and social psychological theory on individual difference, we explain how structural ambiguity and gender triggers make negotiations ripe for gender effects. 4 Gender often appears to have economically...
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...Themes in Macbeth Shakespeare’s Macbeth, is the story of a murder and a usurper. Macbeth is a noble man. Unfortunately, he chooses betrayal and crime, knows them for what they are, and is completely aware he is doing evil. Evil is consistently distributed throughout the play, and plays a large role in each character. However, there are more themes portrayed all through Macbeth. Three of the main themes found in Macbeth are, appearance versus reality, gender expectations, and guilt. To begin, a theme found in Macbeth is appearance versus reality. Appearance versus reality is portrayed when Macbeth sees a virtual dagger floating in front of him just before he is due to murder King Duncan. Macbeth is hallucinating and cannot believe what he sees as he says, “Is this a dagger which I see before me, /the handle toward my hand?” (II.i.33-34). The dagger, covered in blood and pointing towards the king’s chamber, represents the bloody deed on which Macbeth is about to embark on. Although Macbeth is not physically capable of grasping the dagger, it leads him to think that he must kill the king. Another time appearance versus reality is demonstrated, is when Lady Macbeth advises Macbeth to give their guests a warm welcome to their feast, hiding their rugged looks of murder and evil. Lady Macbeth informs Macbeth to act without a worry by saying, “And make our faces vizards to our hearts, /Disguising what they are” (III.ii.34-35). In reality, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth use their appearances...
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...Disney film "Alice in Wonderland" Leanne Lo Does 'femininity' show what it means to be as a woman in Disney film? The issue of gender does not necessarily show the original meaning of femininity in the Disney film "Alice in Wonderland" in 2010. This film is an American computer-animated and live action film by director Tim Burton, which gets its ideas from the British novel "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll in 1865 and its 1871 sequel "Through the Looking-Glass". The story tells about the latest adventure of the main character Alice Kingsleigh to Underland, where she visited thirteen years ago when she was six. At that time the Underland (or Wonderland as Alice calls it) was the White Queen's reign, but now being controlled by her easily-irritated sister the Red Queen who hates animals and uses them as servants. Alice is foretold to be the only one who can slay the dragon-like creature Jabberwocky which is controlled by the Red Queen who terrorizes Underland's inhabitants, and finally with her courage restores the White Queen to power. The film Alice in Wonderland has showed different meaning of femininity by the three main characters Alice, the Red Queen , and the White Queen, who play other than traditional gender roles of women as expected by the society. Like Alice who is brave to confront the society's expectations of a young woman by being strong and courageous to choose her own life. Also, the Red Queen and the White Queen have shown the opposite...
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...Gender Identity Many different factors come into play while figuring and ultimately understanding someone’s gender identity. What many do not understand is that everything may not be what it seems, and just because something appears a certain way, does not mean it will perform the same. A person may look at their body and understand they may look like a boy, but to themselves they are not a boy. When taking a look into the anatomy of a human chromosomes are what make up a humans gender role. The sexual chromosomes determine the difference, for example, XX chromosomes make up a female, while XY chromosomes make a male. The X chromosome is the more dominate chromosome and has the ability to develop either sexual genitals. It has been discovered that hormones are responsible for a human’s biological development, and after they are born should be exposed to hormones. The Y chromosome directs the glands to release male sex hormones, and while pregnant it is important to take hormones, because it will take care of the nervous system. It takes many years to understand who we are, or even sometimes people never really understand themselves, but what we do know, is that you are not born knowing who you are. There are many factors that come into play all while trying to understand yourself, such as your environment, religious views, parental guidance. While growing up children are first influenced by their parents, and then as they soon start school, they are often influenced by...
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...Making sense of Gender and ICTs in Education: Exploring theoretical explanations for complex findings. Cheryl Brown and Laura Czerniewicz University of Cape Town Abstract This paper examines findings from two surveys of 10110 university students conducted in South Africa in 2004 and 2007. We report on the differences between male and females students access to and use of ICTs for learning. In particular we note that whilst equal opportunities do largely exist for both genders, there are subtle differences in terms of female students practical access and sense of personal agency. Findings about use are complicated with male students using ICTs more frequently particularly in the sciences disciplines and for activities such as information seeking and communication (in contrast to research elsewhere). In order to try and better understand our findings we explore four different theoretical perspectives namely; Bourdieu’s notion of habitus; Feminist Standpoint Theory; Critical Information Systems Theory; and Expectations States Theory. We then suggest using Bourdieu’s notion of habitus as we believe it offers us the most flexibility whilst enabling a gender focus to be maintained,. Introduction Research findings about gender differences and ICT access and use are complex and contradictory. While only a decade ago researchers were united about gender difference with regards to ICT access and use, recent discussions about gender divides are less emphatic, but more varied...
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...In society, it seems like men and women must follow the gender roles that were predetermined for them. In past generations men were expected to be out working and providing for the family. While the man was out, the woman was to always stay home and be a housewife. Presently there are more people who are going against these old stereotypes and following something new. These guidelines in which men and women are expected to have a certain role no longer have as much restriction, but negative things such as stereotypes still exist. Gender roles negatively impact both men and women because it pressures them to follow the traditional guidelines of society and be viewed as perfect. A negative outcome that can come as a result of gender roles are...
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...Gender 1100 I look back on my upbringing, as a whole, completely stable but as I view the events and periods of my life that have helped to shape who I am today, including my gender role, I realize it was far from simple. I have spent most of my life jumping around; my clear memories begin at about four years of age when my family moved to England for my father’s work. At home I was spending a majority of my time trying to keep up with my two brothers, only a year older than me. Being one of the boys was my goal when I was within the confines of my home. Outside of the house I attended an all girls school in which my feminism was emphasized. Manners lessons and ballet were the focal point of my education at the time, overall we young girls were expected to be as dainty and feminine as possible, I began to scoff at the idea of wearing anything but dresses and being utterly disgusted at what the boys my age were concerning themselves with. So even at such a young age my view on what a woman should be was very rigid and old fashioned while my desires when I left the public eye and were at home was to be just the opposite, I knew even then that my role at home would not do me any good while I was at school. As Janet Hyde writes about in her article, “The Gender Similarities Hypothesis”, gender differences have become overly emphasized and expected. From the age of four until eight when I moved back to the United States my expectations as a little girl were extremely firm, the...
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...Johnson and Wales University Sex and Gender. Enrique Lesende Professor K. Barker PSYC 2001 02/06/2012 The words sex and gender are often used interchangeably. However, sex refers to male or female, while gender refers to masculine or feminine (Bland). Therefore, sex includes the biological characteristics that distinguish the two sexes and do not change around the world. Gender on the other hand, comprise the behaviors and expectations a particular society considers appropriate for the two sexes to display. In the societies of the past, the environment further adapted whatever biological tendencies males and females were thought to have had (Kruger). Boys and girls were nurtured to fulfill the specific gender roles anticipated of them. Men were expected to be strong and to support their families by taking on activities outside of the house in both the agricultural and industrial eras. In order for culture and the expectations of that culture to continue, young boys were taught the tasks their fathers performed. When schooling and higher education became available boys were also expected to attend. As society continued to transition, men began taking up higher positions in governmental, medical and business fields (Dunleavy). On the contrary, the feminine role was to care for the children and run the household. Even as communities developed from agricultural to more industrial and continued to evolve subsequently, young girls rarely received a basic education...
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