...sciences, most scientific disciplines have to bend and adapt these rules, especially sciences involving the unpredictability of natural organisms and humans. In many ways, it is not always important to know the exact scientific method, to the letter, but any scientist should have a good understanding of the underlying principles. In many ways, if you are going to bend and adapt the rules, you need to understand the rules in the first place. Empirical Science is based purely around observation and measurement, and the vast majority of research involves some type of practical experimentation. This can be anything, from measuring the Doppler Shift of a distant galaxy to handing out questionnaires in a shopping center. This may sound obvious, but this distinction stems back to the time of the Ancient Greek Philosophers. Cutting a long story short, Plato believed that all knowledge could be reasoned; Aristotle that knowledge relied upon empirical observation and measurement. This does bring up one interesting anomaly. Strictly speaking, the great physicists, such as Einstein and Stephen Hawking, are not scientists. They generate sweeping and elegant theories and mathematical models to describe the universe and the very nature of time, but measure nothing. In reality, they are mathematicians, occupying their own particular niche, and they should properly be referred to as theoreticians. Still, they are still commonly referred to as scientists and do touch upon the scientific method in that...
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...and precision are used for measurements. The term accuracy means to have the exact value. The term precision means to be comprehensive and exact. The accuracy of a value is the measure of how closely the results agree with a true or accepted value. Precision of a value is the measurement of the reliability of the experiment. The differences are within the definitions, it all depends on what you are looking for within the results of a test for the proper use of these two units of measurements. Society depends on the accuracy and precision of measurements for products sold by the retail industry, such as a gallon of gasoline, a bushel of corn, or a liter of bottled water. These measurements have to be precise and accurate when it this relates to how farmers sell their products such as wheat, corn, milk, peanuts, and cotton, by weight and or in a bulk sale. Like food products gasoline, water, oil, and several other liquid goods are sold in quantity and if the measurements are not accurately sold per gallon then the United States government will not retain a profit from the barrel of gasoline, water, oil, and several other liquid goods that are purchased from other countries. I would have to say that this really is about supply and demand and the ability to generate a profit from the accuracy and precision of the weight and how much to sell an item for in most situations. Other ways society depends on the accuracy and precision of measurements is within the food industry...
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...chemistry is how he or she connects to their social conformity. With places, chemistry is the structure and atmosphere that brings about the culture to the arena. With things, chemistry is the accuracy and measurement that brings the degree of closeness to the true value of its quality. In this paper, one will cover chemistry in terms of accuracy and precision, the relation to scientific methods, and how these methods can be applied to present and future lifestyle. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy and precision are close in comparison. In the field of chemistry and science, the difference of the two is that accuracy is the closeness of one or more measurements are to the correct answer. Precision on the other hand is the closeness of measurement to one another. It can also be referred to as the ability to recreate the same or similar results many times over. The differences of the two are within their meanings. The dependency of the situation will lie within the results of the diagnostics ran for the proper use of the two units of measurements. Explain how society depends on the accuracy and precision of measurements for products sold by the retail industry. Measurements are important to the economic culture because of the quantity per use. The accuracy of measurement helps for the producer of the product to pinpoint with Precision to the unit of product. The unit of measure must be precise and accurate when it relates to how producers distribute their products like...
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...* Psychology is a relatively new scientific discipline * Was once known as an experimental philosophy * Descartes introduced idea that the brain is not the same as the mind, mind and body are separate entities * John Locke’s concept of empiricism shows that knowledge is derived from sensory experience (senses) * Can be studied using the scientific method Wundt and Introspection: Evaluation: Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied * Learning, development, mental disorders & personality can’t investigate through introspection – questions validity of using introspection as a method for investigating human behaviour because it’s subjective (only his/her can report mental processes * For Watson, only way to make psychology a science is to emulate natural science and adopt its own objective methods * Psychologists often use it alongside other scientific methods to investigate. Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation ...
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...Name _____________________________ Period___ Chemistry 2011 Scientific Method and Measurement Definition of Chemistry- I. Scientific Method A. Steps 1. Observations: i. Use ___________________ senses ii. Good observers see only ___________________________ • Inference- _____________ based on observations (__________________________) o Example: ▪ Observation – it is cloudy and dark outside ▪ Inference – ______________________________ i. qualitative data – ii. quantitative data – 1. Hypothesis – possible ____________ to a question or problem; an educated guess based on knowledge and experience; o a ____________ solution o Not in the form of a ___________ but rather ________________ to a question. o Not an ______________. • Which of the following is considered a hypothesis? o Acid rain will make plants grow shorter. ___________________ o The alligators at the zoo love it when Cindy sings to them.______________ o If I take two aspirin then my headache will go away. __________________ o Why do dogs love treats? ___________________ o The clouds are beautiful when the sun shines through...
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...of times such event is expected to happen. These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical derivation in probability theory (see probability axioms), which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems. Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. It deals with all aspects of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. The word statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art."This should not be confused with the word statistic, referring to a quantity (such as mean or median) calculated from a set of data, whose plural is statistics ("this statistic seems wrong" or "these statistics are misleading"). Scope Some consider statistics a mathematical body of science that...
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...study was designed to investigate the effectives of laboratory equipment and facilities towards the performance of Health Sciences students. The variables under consideration are the laboratory equipment and facilities as our Independent variable and the student’s performance as our dependent variable. A laboratory (informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Labs used for scientific research take many forms because of the differing requirements of specialists in the various fields of science and engineering. Despite the great differences among laboratories, some features are common. Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data. Larger or more sophisticated equipment is generally called a scientific instrument. However, in this study, we will be focusing on Health Sciences laboratories. Scientific laboratories can be...
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...Applications of the Scientific Method: Everyday Life Selina Mathieu Strayer University Professor Olivia Uitto SCI 110 August 9, 2015 The scientific method is a process for experimentation used to explore observations and answer questions. It is used unconsciously by many on a daily basis and understanding how to apply the method can be valuable in making decisions and solving problems. For this assignment, I have chosen to use the scientific method to demonstrate how to organize my cluttered apartment to fit two storage units thus eliminating two bills and lowering my debt. First I will ask a question or make an observation such as how will I fit two storage units into my small apartment or observe if there is enough space for them both. I could also break down the observations a bit more by laying out sizes of the units compared to my apartment and see if it is possible to fit everything inside while still able to live comfortably or get rid of some items. My first observation is that one of my storage units is small and would not take up a lot of room. I also have a lot of extra items in my unit that I could donate to family or thrift shops for a good tax write off down the road. I have also noticed that getting rid of the smaller unit will be quick thus leaving me with more time to figure out how to empty the bigger unit. The bigger unit will take more time to empty and may be needed for a couple more months. ...
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...of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws" Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the natureand the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, such as business schools, but some argue that such is an inaccurate...
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...Verdesian Life Sciences provides nutrient based products for farmers. Accuracy and precision are concepts of great value to be successful. The products we provide must be accurate and precise to our claims regarding the guarantee analysis. Accuracy is the degree of closeness to true value based on a single factor or measurement. Precision is the degree to which an instrument or process will repeat the same value based on multiple measurements. Example will be the guaranteed analysis of a product that provides nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. When you test the product you are testing for the accuracy of the claim, however the precision is the result of using the product multiple times. Scientific method is a series of steps to prove a theory based on analysis from an actual experiment. We start with a question and based on our knowledge we form a hypothesis for the best answer. To prove or disapprove the hypothesis we must lay out a procedure to prove our theory with actual experiments. The data from the experiments is analyzed to determine the conclusion. We use the scientific method every day from daily choices to life choices. However my line of work thrives on the scientific method to determine the best products needed for the agricultural industry. A problem is discovered, we create the product...
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...fundamental cornerstones of the scientific method. Together, they are at the core of what is accepted as scientific proof, by scientist and philosopher alike. By following a few basic principles, any experimental design will stand up to rigorous questioning and skepticism. \ What is Reliability? The idea behind reliability is that any significant results must be more than a one-off finding and be inherently repeatable. Other researchers must be able to perform exactly the same experiment, under the same conditions and generate the same results. This will reinforce the findings and ensure that the wider scientific community will accept the hypothesis. Without this replication of statistically significant results, the experiment andresearch have not fulfilled all of the requirements of testability. This prerequisite is essential to a hypothesis establishing itself as an accepted scientific truth. For example, if you are performing a time critical experiment, you will be using some type of stopwatch. Generally, it is reasonable to assume that the instruments are reliable and will keep true and accurate time. However, diligent scientists take measurements many times, to minimize the chances of malfunction and maintain validity and reliability. At the other extreme, any experiment that uses human judgment is always going to come under question. For example, if observers rate certain aspects, like in Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment, then the reliability of the test...
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...Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry,” a French noblemen who made influential contributions to the world of both Biology and Chemistry. Lavoisier was a natural philosopher in the late 18th century, this was during the Chemical Revolution. He played a role in the conversion of Chemistry from a qualitative to a quantitative science. Some of his many contributions to Science include; the first chemistry book, extensive list of elements and naming Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. Lavoisier made a vast mark on the world of Science resulting in advancements in better understanding the natural world. Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on August 26, 1743 to a wealthy Paris family. His father Jean-Antoine Lavoisier, was a Parisian lawyer in the Paris Parliament. He was married to Émilie Punctis, the daughter of an affluent family due to their butchery business. His mother died at the age of 5 and left him a large amount of riches. Through the ages 11 and 18 he attended school at Marzarin College, here he studied the general subjects. During his final two years he studied the sciences in depth, his interest in science was encouraged by geologist Jean-Étienne Guettard. This was a professor whom he had gotten close to, later on he would go on to collaborate with on a geological survey. Lavoisier was always interested in Science and Mathematics but instead influenced by his father he followed his family’s wishes and began his career in the study...
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...Statistics in Business Created By: Fredrick Jay Harder Created On: March 21st, 2016 Inspired By: Qnt 275 Taught By: Merry Gallo If a business has access to reliable data then they can make decisions that will positively impact the business much easier. Without reliable data a business can not thrive because all businesses need data they can rely on to make progress in their prospective field. Luckily, there are statistics that will help to get reliable data to make such important decisions. After all, decisions are not well founded without data or the language thereof. Obtaining that data or language thereof on one's own makes resources spread further as well. Statistics is known as the language of data. This language is about gathering data, delivering the data, and understanding the data. Statistics and mathematics are very closely related as statistics is the mathematical way to analyze data and observe data. Statistics also equips those who use it with tools to foresee based on the data gathered and is useful in not only business but is also useful in science, health, and government. (Stine &Foster, 2014) After all, science, health, and government need data on a regular basis in order to make informed decisions. This is why being fluent in statistics is very recommended for almost any profession in existence. Using statistics cuts out the “gray area” or guesswork of life's information in large proportions. With statistics, it is similar to an opinionated conversation...
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...and expectations survey to assess how students perceive the nature of physics experiments in the contexts of laboratory courses and the professional research laboratory. The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey for Experimental Physics (E-CLASS) evaluates students’ shifts in epistemology and affect at the beginning and end of a semester. Also, at the end of the semester, the E-CLASS assesses students’ reflections on their course’s expectations for earning a good grade. By basing survey statements on widely embraced learning goals and common critiques of teaching labs, the E-CLASS serves as an assessment tool for lab courses across the undergraduate curriculum and as a tool for PER research. We present the development, evidence of validation, and initial formative assessment results from a sample that includes 45 classes at 20 institutions. We also discuss feedback from instructors and reflect on the challenges of large-scale online administration and distribution of results. I. INTRODUCTION Laboratory courses offer significant opportunities for engagement in the practices and core ideas of science. Laboratory course environments typically have apparatus, flexible classroom arrangements, low student/teacher ratios, and opportunities for collaborative work that promote students’ engagement in a range of scientific practices (e.g., asking questions, designing and carrying out experiments, analyzing data, developing and refining models, and presenting results to peers)...
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...Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? And, in order for the scientific method to answer the question it must be about something that you can measure, preferably with a number. Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past. Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is supported or not. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident . Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not. Scientists often find that...
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