...Despite the remarkable economic performance in the last twenty-five years, India maintains a high discrepancy between the rate of growth of the economy and the rate of growth of employment. Labour elasticity to output has decreased over time and the capability of the Indian economy to generate employment seems to be limited. As a result, more than 60 percent of Indian workers are still employed in agriculture and 94 percent of total labour force can be found in the unregistered segment of the economy. This paper analyzes the jobless growth problem in India in terms of a Kaldorian framework where the linkages between agriculture and industry enter the labour demand through the changes in the terms of trade between the two sectors. Moreover, we investigate the role of the unorganized sector in influencing the growth of the registered employment. Using a dynamic panel dataset on registered manufacturing from the 15 major Indian states over the period 1980-2004, our System-GMM estimates show that states with a higher growth of demand for industrial goods originating from agriculture also exhibit a higher growth of employment. In addition, in those states where the weight of the unregistered manufacturing has risen over time, the jobless growth problem has worsened. Keywords: India, jobless growth, manufacturing, intersectoral terms of trade, Kaldor JEL classification: J22, E26, O14, O53 * Dipartimento di Economia e Istituzioni, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”...
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...Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion Paper 34 Agricultural Research and Poverty Reduction Peter Hazell and Lawrence Haddad International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A. August 2001 INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP (TAC), CONSULTATIVE GROUP Copyright © 2001 International Food Policy Research Institute All rights reserved. Sections of this report may be reproduced without the express permission of but with acknowledgment to the International Food Policy Research Institute. ISBN 0-89629-639-3 Foreword v Acknowledgments vi 1. Introduction 1 2. The Nature and Extent of Poverty 3 3. How Agricultural Research Can Help the Poor 9 4. Targeting Agricultural Research to Benefit the Poor 18 5. Strategies for Pro-Poor Agricultural Research 26 6. The Role of Public Research and Extension Systems 35 References 37 Contents iii Tables 1. Trends in child malnutrition in developing countries, by region, 1970–95 6 2. Distribution of land types by region 6 3. Distribution of malnourished children by agroecological zone, 1990 7 4. Comparison of low- and middle-income countries 21 5. Priorities for agricultural research to reduce national poverty by type of adopting region 24 Figures 1. Number of people living on less than $1 a day, 1987 and 1998 4 2. Those living with HIV/AIDS and those newly infected: Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa...
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...Impact assessment of capacity building and training: assessment framework and two case studies Jenny Gordon and Kevin Chadwick Centre for International Economics, Canberra February 2007 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) operates as part of Australia’s international development cooperation program, with a mission to achieve more-productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit of developing countries and Australia. It commissions collaborative research between Australian and developing-country researchers in areas where Australia has special research competence. It also administers Australia’s contribution to the International Agricultural Research Centres. ACIAR seeks to ensure that the outputs of its funded research are adopted by farmers, policy makers, quarantine officers and other beneficiaries. In order to monitor the effects of its projects, ACIAR commissions independent assessments of selected projects. This series reports the results of these independent studies. Communications regarding any aspects of this series should be directed to: The Research Program Manager Policy Linkages and Impact Assessment Program ACIAR GPO Box 1571 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia tel +612 62170500 email © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601 Gordon, J. and Chadwick, K. Impact assessment of capacity building and training: assessment framework and two case studies. Impact Assessment...
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...Natio onal Food d Policy P Plan of A Action an nd Count try Invest tment Pl lan Mon nitorin ng Repo ort 201 12 Ju uly 2012 FPMU, Food Div vision Ministry o M of Food an nd Disast ter Manag gement Gover rnment o of the Peo ople’s Rep public of Banglade esh This document is the result of a joint effort by the: Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Finance (Finance Division and Economic Relations Division) Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (Food Division and DMR Division) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Industries Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LG Division and RDC Division) Ministry of Planning (Planning Division, Statistics and Informatics Division and IMED) Ministry of Primary and Mass Education Ministry of Social Welfare Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs Coordinated by the FPMU, Food Division Ministry of Food and Disaster Management with technical support from the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP) ISBN 978‐984‐33‐5416‐7 Published by FPMU, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management. For copies/update on the Monitoring Report please contact: DG, FPMU – Khadya Bhaban, 16 Abdul Ghani Road, Dhaka‐1000; dg@fpmu.gov.bd ii Table of contents ______...
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...advice of a considerable range of other agencies and experts, including from Non-Governmental, academic and other sectors. A peer review process was held to move towards the final versions, which incorporated detailed and rich discussions on the ideas generated by the papers. In this effort, the central intention of the Task Force was to try to identify promising or successful experiences in country efforts to move towards the various Goals, and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to this progress. The focus of the papers is therefore on the national and local level; on country-led (rather than UN) efforts; and on a range of immediate and underlying factors that appear to be important or essential in enabling progress under differing conditions and country circumstances. The papers do not present or represent formal, official UN policy positions. Rather, they reflect the collective analytical efforts of the MDG Task Force, as endorsed by the UN Development Group, in an effort to bring ideas and suggestions, based on country and field experience, to the attention of UN Member States and development practioners everywhere. We hope that, as such, the papers provide a valuable contribution to the continuing discussions on policies, programmes, advocacy, financing and other conditions which are needed to achieve broad-based and sustained progress towards development goals, particularly for...
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...Friedrich Hinterbergerb, Onno Kuikd, Henry Leveson Gowera, Christine Polzinb, Adarsh Varmaa a b c d GHK Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI) Transport & Mobility Leuven VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) Institute for Environmental Studies Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV AMSTERDAM The Netherlands Tel. ++31-20-5989 555 Fax. ++31-20-5989 553 E-mail: info@ivm.falw.vu.nl Internet: http://www.vu.nl/ivm vrije Universiteit amsterdam Contents Executive Summary 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8. 8.1 Introduction Environmental Policy and the Economy Environmental Policies and Productivity Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of the further potential Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Innovation Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence Examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Employment Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of the further potential Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and the Balance of Trade Description...
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...rainfall. The task now is to sustain them in an even more difficult global environment. This will require careful economic management. As regards monetary and liquidity policy, the benign outlook for inflation, widening output gaps, the uncertainty about the growth outlook and the over-indebtedness of the corporate sector all imply that there is room for easing. Fiscal consolidation continues to be vital, and will need to maintain credibility and reduce debt, in an uncertain global environment, while sustaining growth. On the government’s “reformto-transform” agenda, a series of measures, each incremental but collectively meaningful have been enacted. There have also been some disappointments— especially the Goods and Services Tax—which need to be retrieved going forward. Accelerated structural reforms at the Centre, the dynamism of competitive federalism, and good economics being good politics could all combine to maintain the fundamental promise that is India. For now, but not indefinitely, the sweet spot created by a strong political mandate but,...
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...Issues • Sustainable Development and Environmental Accounting • Population, Resources, and the Environment • Poverty and Environment • Growth versus the Environment • Rural Development and the Environment • Urban Development and the Environment • The Global Environment — Consequences of Environmental Damage — The Indian Case • Consequences of Environmental Plunder — Public Policy SECTION - II Indian Economy at Independence 3. India's Economy at Independence. 57 — Introduction — The Relative Importance of Various Industrial Activities • Composition of National Income — The Working Force — The Agrarian Scene • Stagnating Agriculture • Causes — India's Industrial...
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...Revenue 30 12. Price Elasticity of Demand along Demand Curve 31 13. Cross Elasticity of Demand 32 14. Income Elasticity of Demand 33 15. Price Elasticity of Supply 34 16. Elasticity Summary 35 17. Indirect Taxes and Subsidies 38 18. Labour Markets 41 SECTION B – MARKET FAILURE 19. Market Failure 45 20. Externalities 46 21. Externalities Diagrams 47 22. Merit and Demerit Goods 49 23. Missing Market: Public Goods 51 24. Imperfect Market Information 53 25. Government Intervention to Correct Market Failure 55 26. Factor Immobility: Labour Market 60 27. Unstable Commodity Markets: Agriculture 62 28. Case Study: EU Common Agricultural Policy 66 29. Government Failure & Cost-Benefit Analysis 69 SECTION C – EXAM TECHNIQUE 30. Multiple Choice Questions 72 31. Data Response Questions: Analysis & Evaluation 73 READING LIST MAIN TEXT BOOKS (Buy one copy for your own use at home). Peter Smith, AS Edexcel...
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...The process of work is at the core of social structure. The technological and managerial transformation of labor, and of production relationships, in and around the emerging network enterprise is the main lever by which the informational paradigm and the process of globalization affect society at large. In this chapter I shall analyze this transformation on the basis of available evidence, while attempting to make sense of contradictory trends observed in the changes of work and employment patterns over the past decades. I shall first address the classic question of secular transformation of employment structure that underlies theories of post-industrialism, by analyzing its evolution in the main capitalist countries between 1 920 and 2005. Next, to reach beyond the borders of OEeD countries, I shall consider the arguments on the emergence of a global labor force. I shall then turn to analyze the specific impact of new information technologies on the process of work itself, and on the level of employment, trying to assess the widespread fear of a jobless society. Finally, I shall treat the potential impacts of the transformation of work and employment on the social structure by focusing on processes of social polarization that have been associated with the emergence of the informational para- digm. In fact, I shall suggest an alternative hypothesis that, while acknowledging these trends, will place them in the broader framework of a more fundamental transformation:...
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...INTRODUCTION The objective of this mini project is the study the structure and performance of national economies and the policies that governments use to try to affect economic performance. Important topics in this mini project include the determinants of long-run economic growth, unemployment, inflation, and macroeconomic policy. In addition, this mini project are also able us to know the measurement of the standard living of a country in term of productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Besides that, we are also able to determine what is measured by Gross Domestic Product, Inflation and etc as well as know how the government policy could contribute to improved productivity of the country. The picture below shows the brief idea how does Indonesia looks like. Picture 1: Tourism in Indonesia’s island Picture 2: Place to travel in Indonesia Picture 3: City in Indonesia Picture 4: Map of Indonesia Choose one country of the world The chosen country was Indonesia. The reason of Indonesia been chosen because Indonesia is given public an image that Indonesia is a lag behind country than other since there was a tragic event happened in Indonesia in the middle of 1997 all along. This causing Indonesian suffered a great deal and many of them have experienced a very large decline in their living standard. It was irony in Indonesia’s case seen a country...
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...NORGES HANDELSHØYSKOLE Bergen, spring 2010 THE IMPACT OF PROVIDING BUSINESS TRAINING TO MICROFINANCE CLIENTS: Empirical Evidence from Tanzania Guro Landsend Henriksen Svein Olav Svoldal Supervisor: Erik Øiolf Sørensen Master Thesis in Economics NORGES HANDELSHØYSKOLE This thesis was written as a part of the Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration programme - Major in Economics. Neither the institution, nor the advisor is responsible for the theories and methods used, or the results and conclusions drawn, through the approval of this thesis. ABSTRACT This master thesis studies the impact of providing business training to microfinance clients in Tanzania. Based on data collected six months after the programme ended, we cannot confirm positive treatment effects from business training on the micro entrepreneurs’ profits. However, treated entrepreneurs have higher likelihood of operating multiple businesses; increased their engagement within commerce and reduced their engagement within manufacturing. Based on the market situation at the time, these changes all represent advancement towards business structures associated with higher profitability. Moreover, findings of low profitability in new establishments can serve as an explanation to the small effect from business training on profits, and imply that treatment effects will be manifested in higher future profits of the entrepreneurs. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...................
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...Fairtrade Foundation Report February 2014 When I sell a box of bananas it’s a product with quality, with incredible taste, so it should be fair that you pay a fair price for it. Horatio Hernandez Coobafrio Co-operative, Magdalena, Colombia January 2014 contents 1 Introduction 4 2 6 Executive Summary Britain’s Bruising Banana Wars 16 16 20 21 4 The banana value chain 4.1 The UK banana market 4.2 The retail price of bananas in Britain 4.3 UK banana imports 2002 – 2013 4.4 Changes in banana supply chain operations 4.5 The impact of supermarket price wars on producers 4.6 Producer prices vs costs of sustainable production 22 22 23 5 The market environment for bananas 5.1 Evolution of the global banana trade 5.2 Consolidation of retailer power and UK price wars 5.3 The impact of competition law on banana prices 38 6 Fairtrade’s alternative approach 6.1 General background to the Fairtrade system 6.2 Fairtrade bananas – scope and scale 6.3 airtrade: the benefits and F constraints for farmers and workers 2 3 About this report 3.1 Fairtrade’s involvement in bananas 3.2 Research objectives and approach 3.3 Methodological note 7 Achieving a sustainable banana industry 7.1 inclusive market An for smallholders 7.2 Thriving banana farming communities 7.3 Decent work 7.4 Living wages 7.5 ...
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...that adheres to the project objectives and criteria with a supporting background literature review, calculations, design sketches and recommendations for a path forward. The Dragline Operating System has been analysed in terms of design concepts, cost effectiveness and ultimately productivity. Yours sincerely, Mr Jeremy Whereat 42935483 Ms Naomi Sinclair (Team Leader) 42884853 Mr Thomas Burrell 42651493 Ms Grace Harris 42930189 Mr Toby Schmidt 42930086 Mr Matthew Henry 42890247 Letter of Request Group Olive 01 June 2012 Hawken Engineering University of Queensland Sir Fred Schonell Drive St Lucia QLD 4072 W Guthrie, L Montgomery, R Ryan, J Londono Hawken Engineering University of Queensland Sir Fred Schonell Drive St Lucia QLD 4072 Dear Tutors, When generating the design and in the production of the Olive Group dragline, extension research was undertaken to identify concepts which other groups were unlikely to include in their prototype designs. To demonstrate initiative, research regarding three initiatives was discussed and evaluated. These initiatives included: * Bosmin© Top Nets [ (Beatty & Beatty, 2012) ] covering payload; * the Universal Dragline System [ (Rowlands, 2000) ] increasing productivity of draglines;...
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...ABSTRACT Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy of Bangladesh which provides 63% employment and contributing 18.6% to the national GDP. But unfortunately the farmer’s community is one of the most deprived ones in our country and frequent access to information remains one of the crying needs for a long time period. It can enable them to enhance their quality of life. It has been argued that telecommunication operators can come to aid in this respect. Telecommunications operators have already expanded their services and provided specialized agro-based services to the farmers. This paper attempts to investigate the attitude of the farmers about these agro-based services provided by the telecommunication operator. It also explored the characteristics of the user’s and their perception. Data were collected from 120 respondents who were the user of telecommunication operator’s agro-based services from selected areas from August 18 to October 15, 2011. The data were collected through a structured interview schedule. Evidence from interviews, personal observations suggest that most of the user of these services were young, had little farming experience with small farm side and from small to medium families. These services were treated helpful to overcome their obstacles to information collection but still not efficient like the means they use to collect information traditionally. They wanted information in various field of agriculture especially in the area of price...
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