...Council. (2008). What is biodiversity?. Retrieved from http://biodiversity.ca.gov/Biodiversity/biodiv_definition.html Income Inequality Definition | Investopedia. (2014). Investopedia. Retrieved July 30, 2014, from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/income-inequality.as National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2014). Retrieved from http://www.noaa.gov/ Union of Concerned Scientists. (2013, September 06). Global warming solutions. Retrieved from http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2014). Income Inequality and the Condition of Chronic Poverty. Retrieved August 13, 2014, from http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty Reduction/Inclusive development/Towards Human Resilience/Towards_SustainingMDGProgress_Ch6.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2014, March 18). Climate change facts: Answers to common questions. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/facts.html Williams, H. (2009, November 30). Rebels with a cause. Retrieved from...
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...perfect compensation process. This is system could handle any kind of change or natural disruption, but when man began to tamper with the earth it became apparent that the earth compensation process could not handle the destructive nature of humans. Marsh strongly suggested that if nature, before man was created, was left undisrupted changed or transformed, it would never change. The only thing that would change the world is natural disasters for example, tornados, earth quakes, floods, etc. Even after the rare cases of these disasters the system that has been noted to be perfect would reset itself back to its original state. Marsh explained that before the British colonization, North America, geographically was balanced and had a system of perfection. The soil or ground has been perfectly separated by frost, chemicals, gravity, and flow of water, and or deposits which created a perfect top soil so that trees and plantation could grow back immediately. When Indians and Europeans were at war they began to burn down the trees and plantation, but because the destruction was during the early ages thee systems would replenish the trees as a fast rate. Returning the forest to its normal state. “The succession involved no interruption of growth, and but little break in the ‘boundless contiguity of shade…” (Marsh 48) During this time the trees covered the land and not much light would get through at any moment. There were other forces, other than nature, that have...
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...CHAPTER 6 POPULATION GENETICS SELECTION 1. Which of the following options factually completes the statement, "If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium..."? a. There can be no more than two alleles. b. The two alleles will be present at equal frequency. c. Allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next. d. The dominant allele will be more common. |Correct Answer: |C, Allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next. | [pic] 2. If allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next, is the population definitely in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Why or why not? No, it might not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Any process that selectively targets heterozygotes can affect genotype frequencies without necessarily changing allele frequencies in the next generation. Examples are nonrandom mating, overdominance, and underdominance. [pic] 3. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle yields which of the following conclusions? a. If the allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, the genotype frequencies are given by p2, 2 pq and q2. b. The allele frequencies in a population will not change over time. c. If the allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, the genotype frequencies are given by p2 and q2. d. The first and third answers are correct. e. The first and second choices are correct. |Correct Answer:...
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...The Evolution of Human Skin Color by Annie Prud’homme-Généreux Life Sciences Quest University, Canada Part I Skin Cancer “Stop it!” called Tatiana, playfully. Her boyfriend, Zach, was inspecting her skin very carefully. “Look,” he answered her, his voice taking on a more serious tone. “Today a woman walked into the clinic for her annual physical. Everything about her seemed ne. She leads a balanced lifestyle, she eats well, she exercises: she’s healthy! But as she was about to leave, I noticed a mole on her arm. It had many of the warning signs of skin cancer. So, I removed the mole. is woman now has to wait for the lab results to see if it was cancerous. If it is, maybe we caught it early enough to treat it, and maybe not. Either way, her life is changed. I just want to make sure you don’t have any suspicious moles, okay?” Tatiana relented and allowed Zach to examine her skin. She asked: “Do only white people get skin cancer?” “No, people of all skin tone can get skin cancer, but it does occur more frequently in Caucasians.” Questions 1. What are the causes of skin cancer? 2. Why are Caucasians more at risk of skin cancer than other populations? 3. At what age does skin cancer typically occur? Is the incidence of skin cancer greater in youth or old age? “ e Evolution of Human Skin Color” by Annie Prud’homme-Généreux Page NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Part II Skin Pigmentation and UV Light Why are human populations di erently pigmented...
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...Evolution of Human Skin Color by Annie Prud’homme-Généreux Life Sciences Quest University, Canada Part I – Skin Cancer “Stop it!” called Tatiana, playfully. Her boyfriend, Zach, was inspecting her skin very carefully. “Look,” he answered her, his voice taking on a more serious tone. “Today a woman walked into the clinic for her annual physical. Everything about her seemed fine. She leads a balanced lifestyle, she eats well, she exercises: she’s healthy! But as she was about to leave, I noticed a mole on her arm. It had many of the warning signs of skin cancer. So, I removed the mole. This woman now has to wait for the lab results to see if it was cancerous. If it is, maybe we caught it early enough to treat it, and maybe not. Either way, her life is changed. I just want to make sure you don’t have any suspicious moles, okay?” Tatiana relented and allowed Zach to examine her skin. She asked: “Do only white people get skin cancer?” “No, people of all skin tone can get skin cancer, but it does occur more frequently in Caucasians.” Questions 1. What are the causes of skin cancer? 2. Why are Caucasians more at risk of skin cancer than other populations? 3. At what age does skin cancer typically occur? Is the incidence of skin cancer greater in youth or old age? “The Evolution of Human Skin Color” by Annie Prud’homme-Généreux Page 1 NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Part II – Skin Pigmentation and UV Light Why are human populations differently...
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...2008 In lots of ways we human distinguished ourselves from other species, such as straight-walking, the invention of language, the use of tools, etc. We also have highly flexible hands – their versatility doesn’t fall short of a Swiss army knife. But you may have noticed at times that one of your hands is not nearly as flexible, or useful, if you want to put it that way, as the other. Typically the “better” hand we have is the same hand we use for handwriting, which in most cases is the right hand. It is also known that not only do people prefer one hand over the other, but they also have preferred feet, eyes, even ears. Again, the right side is favored. However, study on chimpanzees – specie that shares more than 90% of our genes, showed some preference in body usage but unlike that of a human it was never consistent: close to 50% of them use left side and 50% right (McManus 192). This makes one wonder if there is something special about human that makes us shift towards right-handedness, and that what the shift has to do with our other unique qualities. The way our brain operates has always been more of a myth. A study on the relationship between hand preferences and brain functioning could lead us to better understand the developmental neurobiology of our brain. Finding the underlying mechanism of the cause of handedness not only satisfies our curiosity but also contributes to our knowledge of how we function as specie. It could lead us to explain certain illness and maybe...
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...1. Moose are large herbivorous animals. (a) In a study of one population of moose, 72 animals were trapped and marked with ear tags. They were then released. One month later, fieldworkers examined 120 moose and found that 14 of these had ear tags. Use these figures to calculate the size of the moose population. Show your working. Answer:............................ (2) (b) Isle Royale is a large island in Lake Superior. Moose first colonised this island in 1900. At the time they had no predators on the island. Wolves, which are predators of moose, were introduced to the island in 1950. The graph shows the moose population from 1900. (i) Suggest an explanation for the changes in the moose population before the introduction of the wolves. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) ...
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...Collapse- book is about a history topic about how societies choose to fail or survive. The main characters are historical people and unknown kings of Mayan cities or Easter Island villages. Jared Diamond tells the story of the Viking explorer Erik the Red, who discovered Greeland and Vinland (Terranova, in Canada). Another character is captain Olafsson, a norse sailor who wrote the last news about Greenland in 1410. Another main character is Christopher Columbus, who arrived at Hispaniola in 1492, but now this island is two countries, the Dominican Republic and the Haiti. Diamond studied the politics of two presidents. the dominican Rafael Trujillo, who protected the enviroment and the dictator François, Papa Doc, Duvalier, who decided on politics of deforestatation of his country, Haiti. The author considered the bad politics of another main character, king George II, who was interested in sending merinosheeps from Spain to Australia, an idea which was succesful from 1820 to 1950 but then the farmers understood their lands lost fertility. Another main character is Tokuwaga Jeayasu, a shogun of Japan in 1600, who prohibited Christianity in 1600 and protected his country againt deforestation. The book takes us to a lot of places around the globe: Mayan cities, Rwanda, Viking colonies of Vinland or Greenland, Haiti and Dominican Republic, Easter Island and Polynesian colonies in Pacific, and the Chaco villages in New Mexico (United States). The time period was from 800 AC, when...
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...level, the genetic level, life is self-interested.1 Genes do only one thing; they replicate themselves. These replicators reside in and are carried around by biological vehicles (trees, animals, humans, fungus, etc.). The resources that support these biological vehicles are finite, so the process of life has become a competition among genes to create vehicles that can successfully compete for limited resources and survive to pass on their genetic code. Dawkins coined the term ‘selfish gene’ to emphasize the single, focused object of a gene’s existence. What he means is that the sole purpose of a gene is to make copies of itself using the Darwinian selection process; very selfishly ignoring the consequences this pursuit may have on other living entities. Self-interest is a requirement for survival. This does not mean, of course, that animals and humans cannot be altruistic sometimes, in certain activities.2 It does mean that no living entity can survive for long if it is only purely altruistic. On the other hand, survival is not necessarily jeopardized when an organism is purely self-interested. Altruism, in the absence of self-interest, is not evolutionarily stable in the biological world; it leads to extinction. It is for this reason that all extant life forms must be selfish. Humans, like all creatures, are self-interested; not because it is good to be selfish but because we would not be here if we were not.3 SURVIVAL Self-interest is a powerful motivation because the basic...
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...of Growth Gene M. Grossman and Elhanan Helpman C an economic growth be sustained in the long run? If so, what deter- mines the long-run rate of growth? Which economies will grow the fastest? And what kinds of policies can governments use to accelerate advances in living standards? These questions were central for those who studied growth in the 1950s and 1960s, and remain so in the recent revival of interest in long-run economic performance. Two observations have motivated many of the recent contributors to growth theory. First, output expansion has outpaced population growth in the 200 years since the industrial revolution. Second, different countries have remained on seemingly disparate growth paths for relatively long periods of time. Related to this second observation is another: in cross-section and timeseries data, we find national and regional growth rates correlated with a variety of economic, social, and political variables, including many that are affected by government policies. These observations have led the current generation of growth theorists to formulate models in which per capita income grows indefinitely and long-run performance reflects structural and policy parameters of the local and global economy. With this apparent similarity of intentions, recent research efforts have headed in several different directions. One strand of theory continues to see capital accumulation-though conceivably with a broad interpretation of that includes human capital-as...
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...Human Population and Environmental Problems by PAUL R. EHRLICH, Ph.D.(Kansas) Professor of Biology and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A. rather small number that are thought of as 'important' forms of wildlife—will have a dramatic negative feedback effect on the capacity of our planet to support human life. This is because, although politicians and laymen tend to focus attention on air pollution and water pollution as the most serious environmental problems, in fact the most devastating of all is the destruction of the life-support systems of our planet. These are the natural ecosystems that provide us with a series of public-service functions without which we cannot persist indefinitely on this Earth—such functions as maintaining the quality of the atmosphere, controlling roughly 99 % of the potential agricultural pests, recycling of our waste products, and many other services that we cannot perform for ourselves (Ehrlich et al., 1973). The third message which I would like to give you is that the time for research as a major approach to the world's problems is long past. If you are trapped in a forest, downwind from a forest fire, and it is raging towards you at ten or more kilometres per hour, you do not immediately convene a committee to study reforestation—you call for water. In human society, calling for water basically consists of promoting political action...
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...that it was a cold, I ignored it and went on with my daily schedule. Two weeks passed, there was no change. I never really thought about looking at my throat to see what was going on, but once I looked, my tonsils were the size of golf balls. I went straight to my doctor, hoping it wasn't tonsillitis. The first thing we had to figure out was to see if this was a bacterial or viral infection. My tests results for strep throat, mononucleosis, tonsillitis, and blood samples to test for bacterial infection were all negative. My doctor reported that my results indicated that I had some sort of virus, and did not prescribe me antibiotics, raising questions for why I shouldn't be taking antibiotics for my infection. Since Alexander Fleming's discovery of them in 1927, antibiotics have played a profound role in ridding the population of bacterial infections. Antibiotics are chemicals that work to kill disease-causing, single-cell living organisms called bacteria ("The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse"). Bacteria can surpass our immune system, reproduce, and cause diseases or infection by producing chemicals that damage our bodies ("What Are Antibiotics? How Do Antibiotics Work?"). For instance, bacteria can invade our inner ear and cause a bacterial ear infection. Our immune system works to fight the bacteria, resulting in inflammation. However, the immune system sometimes is not able to activate itself quickly enough to outpace the reproductive rate of a certain bacterium. Antibiotics are...
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...Crime and Deviance AN INTRODUCTION TO CRIME AND DEVIANCE Definitions * Crime- An act which breaks the criminal laws of society. * Deviance- refers to the behaviour which is disapproved of by most people in society and which does not conform to society's norms and values. TOPIC 1: FUNCTIONALIST, STRAIN AND SUBCULTURAL THEORIES Durkheim's functionalist theory: * Socialisation and Social control are two key mechanisms which allow social solidarity to occur in society. The inevitability of crime: * Functionalists see too much crime as destabilising society. * They also see crime as inevitable and universal- Durkheim, 'crime is normal... an integral part of all healthy societies.' * There are two reasons why C&D are found in all societies; 1.Not everyone is equally effectively socialised into the shared norms and values. 2. Different groups develop their own subculture and what the members of the subculture regard as normal, mainstream culture may see as deviant. * Durkheim also discusses that in modern societies there is a tendency towards anomie (normlessness). The diversity of modern societies means that the collective conscience is weakened, and this results in higher levels of C&D. The positive functions of crime: * For Durkheim, crime also fulfils two important functions; boundary maintenance and adaptation. * Boundary Maintenance- In Durkheim's view, the purpose of punishment is to reaffirm society's shared rules and reinforces...
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...40 mark essay • Section B: Choice of 3 essays, one must be chosen for 40 marks • This unit is synoptic – this means that it pulls together all the material from the entire AS and A2 specification. There are two key additional elements of preparation for this paper: Complete the research task The research task is designed to enable you to investigate in detail a small part of the Unit 4 specification. The research brief will give you precise guidance on the tasks to complete. Do not make too much of this task and extend your research beyond what is asked. Do, however, relate your research to a variety of large businesses producing goods and services and operating in different markets. Read widely about business You should read newspapers, magazines, and books, watch television and surf the internet for news of business affairs. You will be asked to apply your knowledge of business studies to a number of business scenarios. In some cases (especially the essays), you will be invited to offer your own examples of how businesses are affected by or react to, specific circumstances. Having relevant knowledge is therefore essential Glossary of Terms |Term...
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...What causes this? The cause is that America and its citizens are afraid to learn. America is like an arrogant, spoiled child. Either America gets their way or the opposition will be bombed. To understand why America has become a mixture of Veruca Salt from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Walker/Texas Ranger Bobby from Talladega Nights, it's needed to look at America’s egocentrism. Egocentrism usually only occurs in children or adolescents, given that, America is fairly young for a country (only 240 years old), we could say that America is just going through a phase and has for the past 240 years, and maybe more. Egocentrism in psychology is defined as the tendency for children to only be aware of their own needs and thoughts and to assume they are the center of the world. Sounds very familiar right? Branching off of egocentrism, many Americans give no thought towards other countries or people on their own. This causes Islamophobia, Anti-Semitism, the dislike of refugees and immigrants and therefore causing many Americans to see the victims of hate crimes and people wanting a better life as non-human. They see them as the words: Immigrant, terrorist, rapist, etc, but not as...
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