...Exploring Programming Languages 1970s * Pascal * Developed 1970 * originally developed by Niklaus Wirth, a member of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) * principle objectives, allow for the development of well structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a vehicle for the teaching of the important concepts of computer programming * named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal * C * Developed 1972 * C was created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs initially as a systems programming language for implementing UNIX * C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s adding object orientation to C * Influenced ANSI C, Java * C/C++ has become the world’s most widely used systems programming language * ML * Developed1973 * Created by Robin Milner at University of Edinburgh * Initial focus: meta-language for program verification * One of the most widely used functional programming languages * Influenced Standard ML, Miranda, Haskell * SQL * Completed 1978 * First defined in 1970 by Dr. E.F. Codd, researcher for IBM, in a his Paper titled “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks “ * SQL would allow computer users to retrieve data from a variety of sources * Smalltalk * Released 1972 * first commercially-successful object-oriented language * Written and developed...
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...Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s Pascal was created by Niklaus With. It was named after a mathematician, physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It was designed as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. 1980’s C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++ is one of the most popular programming languages and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. It was also used for hardware design. The idea of creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. 1990’s Java was created by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. James Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation. JavaScript is not related to Java. It was originally developed in...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages Chris Wade Introduction to Programming Dr. Bass Programming Languages have become very much improved in the last few decades. When computers were first created, languages were very focused on getting the most effective response from the computers while being limited by the hardware designs. As hardware has gotten better and faster, programming languages have developed right alongside of them. In 1972 a programming language called C was developed by Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs. The reason for developing this was to improve upon other languages such as B and Pascal. C uses a lot of the same forms and functions as Pascal and was developed to be faster and more powerful. The only issue was that it was hard to read. C was also developed to work well with Unix. (Ferguson, 2000). In 1983 Bjarne Stroustroup developed C++ which was also known as “C with classes”. This improved C and moved toward object oriented programming. C++ has been considered the most popular programming language ever and is currently used in programs such as Adobe PDF Reader, Mozilla Firefox (web browser), and MS Office. (Anthony, 2001). The 1990’s saw the development of several languages such as Python, PHP, and Java. Developer Guido Van Rossum developed Python (named for Monty Python) to fix problems in the ABC language and it is used by YouTube, Google Search, and NASA (Anthony, 2001). PHP (which stands for Personal Home Page) was...
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...Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz on May 1, 1964. Basic stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code . The aims of the BASIC system were: to develop a system and language that was friendly, easy to learn and use, to introduce computing as an adjunct to other courses, to operate an open access policy (i-programmer.info, 2010). Pascal- was created by Niklaus Wirth in 1972. He wanted a language suitable for teaching but for teaching computer science. It is best described as a simplified version of Algol. It was simplified both to make it easier to learn and to make it easier to compile (i-programmer.info, 2010). C- Was created by Ken Thompson iin the form of B and tweaked by Dennis Ritchie and renamed C in the 1970’s. It was the original code Unix was written in. Its function was for ease of use (i-programmer.info, 2010). Forth- was created by Charles H Moore in the 1970’s. The motivation behind this language was for both interactive execution of commands and the ability to compile sequences of commands for later execution (i-programmer.info, 2010). PLEX (Programming Language for EXchanges)- was created by Goran Hemdahl at Ericsson in the 1970’s. It is a special-purpose, pseudo-parallel and event-driven real-time programming language dedicated for AXE telephone exchanges, It is a propriatary language (i-programmer.info, 2010). 1980’s Atari ST BASIC – Atari commissioned MetaComCo to write a version of BASIC that would take advantage of the GEM environment on...
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...Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s: 1. C- created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run-time support 2. SQL- Designed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in 1974. It was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasi-relational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s. 3. Scheme- Developed by Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman in 1975. Scheme started as an attempt to understand Carl Hewitt's Actor model, for which purpose Steele and Sussman wrote a "tiny Lisp interpreter" using Maclisp and then "added mechanisms for creating actors and sending messages. 4. Smalltalk- Designed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, and Adelle Goldberg in 1972. The first version, known as Smalltalk-71, was created by Ingalls in a few mornings on a bet that a programming language based on the idea of message passing inspired by Simula could be implemented in "a page of code." 5. Prolog- Designed by Alain Colmerauer in 1972. Its intended field of use was natural language processing. 1980’s: 1. C++- Designed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983. The motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis...
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...Exploring Programming Languages Popular programming languages of the 1970’s: * B – Was a forerunner to “C” * Created by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs in 1969. * Designed for recursive, non-numeric, machine independent applications, such as system and language software. * C – A general purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming. * Was designed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972. * Used to re-implement the Unix operating system. * Smalltalk – An object oriented, dynamic typed, reflective programming language. * Designed and created in 1972 at the Learning Research Group by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, and Adelle Goldberg. * Created as the language to underpin the “new world” of computing exemplified by “human-computer symbiosis.” * Prolog – The first logic programming language. * Designed in 1972 by a group around Alan Colmerauer. * Intended use was for natural language processing. * ML – A statically typed functional programming language. * Designed by Robin Milner in 1973. * Purpose was to develop proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover. Popular programming languages of the 1980’s: * C++ - General-purpose programming language. Imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features. * Designed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Ben Labs in 1980. * Designed with a bias toward system programming and...
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...Intro To Programming Unit 1: Research Assignment 9/23/13 1970s Pascal- Created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. C- Created between 1969-1973 by Dennis Ritchie, Its design provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, most notably system software like the UNIX computer operating system. COMAL- 1973 by Benedict Lofstedt and Borge R. Christensen, The "COMAL 80 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE REPORT" contains the formal definition of the language. POP-2- 1970 by Robin Popplestone and Rod Burstall. It used an incrementak compiler, which gave it some of the flexibility of an interpreted language, including allowing new function definitions at run time and modification of function definitions while a program was running without the overhead of an interpreted language. INTERCAL- 1972 by Don Woods and James M. Lyon. It satirizes aspects of the various programming languages at the time, as well as the proliferation of proposed language constructs and notations in the 1960s. 1980s ADA 80- Created by Jean Ichbiah from 1977-1983. It is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented, high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages NT1420 In the late 1960’s Simula was invented by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60, this was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming. Then between 1969 and 1973 C was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs. Smalltalk was created in the mid 1970’s that provided a complete ground-up design of an object-oriented language, and about the same time Prolog was designed in 1972 by Colmerauer, Roussel, and Kowalski, this was the first logic programming language. In 1973 Robin Milner built two polymorphic type systems (ML and Lisp) which were used in pioneering statically typed functional programming languages. Now going to the 80’s, Ada was created in 1983 by a team ran by Jean Ichbiah which was designed for built-in language support for explicit concurrency, offering tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-determinism. Erlang was developed by Joe Armstrong in 1986 that supports hot swapping, so that code can be changed without stopping a system. In 1985 Eiffel was created as an ISO-standardized, object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer. The program emphasizes declarative statements over procedural code and attempts to eliminate the need for bookkeeping instructions. TCL is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout in 1988 which is used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs and testing. Perl was developed...
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...Exploring Programming Languages “SQL is a tool for organizing, managing, and retrieving data stored by a computer database.”¹ This tool has been around for many decades and has evolved over time much like any of today’s technology has. Below is a chart found in Chapter 3 of SQL: The Complete Reference, Third Edition showing the milestones in the development of SQL: Milestones in SQL Development | Year | Event | 1970 | Codd defines relational database model | 1974 | IBM begins System/R project | 1974 | First article describing the SEQUEL language is published | 1978 | System/R customer tests are conducted | 1979 | Oracle introduces first commercial RDBMS | 1981 | Relational Technology introduces Ingres | 1981 | IBM announces SQL/DS | 1982 | ANSI forms SQL standards committee | 1983 | IBM announces DB2 | 1986 | ANSI SQL1 standard is ratified | 1986 | Sybase introduces RDBMS for transaction processing | 1987 | ISO SQL1 standard is ratified | 1988 | Ashton-Tate and Microsoft announce SQL Server for OS/2 | 1989 | First TPC benchmark (TPC-A) is published | 1990 | TPC-B benchmark is published | 1991 | SQL Access Group database access specification is published | 1992 | Microsoft publishes ODBC specification | 1992 | ANSI SQL2 standard (SQL-92) is ratified | 1992 | TPC-C (OLTP) benchmark is published | 1993 | Specialized SQL data warehousing systems are shipped for the first time | 1993 | ODBC products are shipped for the first time | 1994...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Language Structured Query Language (SQL) is a specialized language for updating, deleting, and requesting information from databases. SQL is an ANSI and ISO standard, and is the de facto database query language. A variety of established database products support SQL, including products from Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. It is widely used in both industry and academia, often for enormous, complex datbases. (Base, 2013). SQL was developed in the 1970’s by IBM to initially manipulate and retrieve data in IBM system R. The SQL language was standardized in 1986 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI); however, later releases were released as International Organization Standardization (ISO) standards. (Inc., 2013) Although IBM authored SQL, the first SQL implementation was provided by Oracle Corporation (then called Relational Software Inc.). Early commercial implementations were concentrated on midsized UNIX-based DBMSs, such as Oracle, Ingres, and Informix. IBM followed in 1981 with SQL/DS, the forerunner to DB2, which debuted in 1983. (Unknown, 2010) ANSI published the first SQL standard (SQL-86) in 1986. An international version of the standard issued by ISO appeared in 1987. A significant update to SQL-86 was released in 1989 (SQL-89). Virtually, all relational DBMSs that you encounter today support most of the 1986 standard. (Unknown, 2010) In 1992, the standard was revised again (SQL-92), adding more...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Language Structured Query Language (SQL) is a specialized language for updating, deleting, and requesting information from databases. SQL is an ANSI and ISO standard, and is the de facto database query language. A variety of established database products support SQL, including products from Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. It is widely used in both industry and academia, often for enormous, complex datbases. (Base, 2013). SQL was developed in the 1970’s by IBM to initially manipulate and retrieve data in IBM system R. The SQL language was standardized in 1986 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI); however, later releases were released as International Organization Standardization (ISO) standards. (Inc., 2013) Although IBM authored SQL, the first SQL implementation was provided by Oracle Corporation (then called Relational Software Inc.). Early commercial implementations were concentrated on midsized UNIX-based DBMSs, such as Oracle, Ingres, and Informix. IBM followed in 1981 with SQL/DS, the forerunner to DB2, which debuted in 1983. (Unknown, 2010) ANSI published the first SQL standard (SQL-86) in 1986. An international version of the standard issued by ISO appeared in 1987. A significant update to SQL-86 was released in 1989 (SQL-89). Virtually, all relational DBMSs that you encounter today support most of the 1986 standard. (Unknown, 2010) In 1992, the standard was revised again (SQL-92), adding...
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...John Medina PT2520T Database Concepts Mr. Collier Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages History of the SQL – SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlain, Donald C. Messerly, and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM’s original quasi-relational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s. The acronym SEQUEL was later changed to SQL because “SEQUEL” was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker Siddely aircraft company. In the late 1970s, Relational Software Inc. (now Oracle Corporation) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlain, and Boyce and developed their own SQL-based RDBMS with aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central Intelligence Agency, and other U.S. government agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software Inc. introduced the first commercially available implementation of SQL, Oracle V2(Version 2) for VAX computers. After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the system. IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype including System/38, SQL/DS, and DB2, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981, and 1983 respectively. According to the paragraph above, there had to have been 4 revisions to the SQL. The most recent version...
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...Structured Query Language (SQL) is a specialized language for updating, deleting, and requesting information from databases. SQL is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Standards Institute (ISO) standard. A variety of established database products support SQL, including products from Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. It is widely used in both industry and academia, often for enormous, complex databases. (Base, 2013). SQL was developed in the 1970’s by IBM to initially manipulate and retrieve data in IBM system R. The SQL language was standardized in 1986 by the ANSI; it later had releases that were released as ISO standards. IBM authored SQL and the first SQL implementation was provided by Oracle Corporation. Early commercial implementations were concentrated on midsized UNIX-based DBMSs, such as Oracle, Ingres, and Informix. IBM followed in 1981 with SQL/DS, the forerunner to DB2, which debuted in 1983. ANSI published the first SQL standard (SQL-86) in 1986. An international version of the standard issued by ISO appeared in 1987. A significant update to SQL-86 was released in 1989 (SQL-89). Virtually, all relational DBMSs that you encounter today support most of the 1986 standard. In 1992, the standard was revised again (SQL-92), adding more capabilities to the language. Because SQL-92 was s superset of SQL-89, older database application programs ran under the new standard with minimal modifications. Until October 1996, DBMS vendors could submit...
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...PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGAUAGES Sub Code: IA Marks: Hrs/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hrs: 42 Exam Marks: 100 UNIT I 1. Introduction 4 Hrs Toward higher level languages, Programming paradigms, Language implementation: Bridging the gap, Expression notations, Abstract syntax trees. 2. Types : Data Representation 6 Hrs Elementary data types – Data objects, Variables and Constants, Data types, Declarations, Type checking and type conversion. Numeric data types, Enumerations, Booleans, characters. Structural data types- Structured data objects and data types, Specification of data structure types, Implementation of data structure types, Vectors and arrays, Records, Type equivalence. UNIT II 3. Imperative Programming 6 Hrs Basic statements, Structured sequence control, Handling special cases in loops, Programming with invariants, Proof rules for partial correctness. Procedure activations – simple call-return subprograms, Parameter passing methods, Scope rules for names...
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...Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways. When you write a program it tells a computer what to do, step by step, just as you would like when taking directions. When you buy a program that someone else has already written, it tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. The five popular programming languages in the 1970’s were Pascal, C, SQL, KRL, and COMAL. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language. KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University...
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