...THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 ACT NO. 63 OF 1948 1* [23rd September, 1948.] An Act factories. to consolidate and amend to the law regulating labour and amend the in law WHEREAS it is expedient regulating labour in factories; consolidate It is hereby enacted as follows:- CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title, extent and commencement. 1. Short title, extent and commencement. called the Factories Act, 1948. (1) This Act may be 2*[(2) It extends to the whole of India 3***.] (3) It shall come into force on the 1st day of April, 1949. 2. Interpretation. 2. Interpretation. In this Act, repugnant in the subject or context,(a) (b) "adult" means year of age; unless there is anything a person who has completed his fifteenth a person age but who has has not completed completed his his "adolescent" means fifteen year of eighteenth year; 4*[(bb) "calendar year" means the period of twelve months beginning with the first day of January in any year;] (c) "child" means a person fifteenth year of age; who has not completed his 5*[(ca)] "competent person", in relation to any provision of this Act, means a person or an institution recognised as such by the Chief Inspector for the purposes of carrying out tests, examinations and inspections required to be done in a factory under the provisions of this Act having regard to(i) the qualifications and experience of the person and facilities available at his disposal; or (ii) the qualifications and experience of the persons employed...
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...BLL Teacher’s Presentation Presentation Notes Industrial & Commercial Employment (Standing Orders) Ordinance, 1968 & Factories Act 1934 (Mir Akbar Ali Khan, Faculty PAF-KIET) Applicability * Applies to every Industrial/Commercial Establishment, wherein 20 or more Workmen are employed, directly or through any other person whether on behalf of himself or any other person, or were so employed on any day during the preceding twelve months. * Also applies to such classes of the Industrial & Commercial Establishments as Government may, from time to time, by notification in the official Gazette, specify in this behalf. Non-Applicability * Provisions of Standing Orders Section 10 B (Compulsory Group Insurance), Section 11 (6) & (8) (Stoppage of Work) & Section 12 (Termination of Employment), & Section 15 (Punishment) shall not apply to any Industrial Establishment, wherein Not more than 49 persons were employed, on any day during the preceding 12 months. * Nothing in the Standing Orders shall apply to Industrial & Commercial Establishments, carried on under Federal or any Provincial Government, where Statutory Rules of Service, Conduct or Discipline applies to Workmen Employed. * Also not applicable to Welfare Organization/Charitable Service Workman – Defined * Only persons doing skilled or unskilled, manual or clerical work are covered by the Ordinance. * Those engaged in supervisory administrative or managerial capacity...
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...Assignment on Apparel Industry Compliance System Author: Md. Nasir Uddin, Md.Mozammel Haque, Md.Fakhrul Islam Sumon, Saiful Islam, Kazi Mahbubul Hoq Department of Textile Engineering Daffodil International University Introduction: Bangladesh has emerged as a key player in RMG (Ready Made Garment) sector since 1978. Textiles and clothing account for about 85% of total export earnings of Bangladesh. Out of which, 76% comes from the apparel sector which covers the major products of knit and woven shirts, blouses, trousers, skirts, shorts, jackets, sweaters, sports wears and many more casual and fashion items. |[pic] | |Chart : Bangladeshi RMG export thourghout the decade | The pivotal factor in the apparel industry is the workforce i.e. the sewing operators, the helpers, cutting masters, pattern makers, finishers etc.. Bangladesh is endowed with abundant and cheap labour force that is easily trainable and convertible into semi-skilled and skilled workforce |[pic] | |Fig: garments Manufacturing | Quality of goods exported from Bangladesh has always been questioned by the foreign buyers due to lack of experience and awareness of Garment manufacturers associated in the trade....
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...Factory reform was very controversial; there was a variety of views on the subject which made it particularly difficult to decide whether it was or wasn’t in the best interests of the population. Many families were in desperate need of money and to some factory reform appeared to economically starve them further while others views were more associated from the well-being of the workers. In this essay I will compare two sources from politicians in the House of Commons that opposed factory reform. The sources do provide, to varying extents, evidence of opposition to factory reform; both sources A and B agree that the passing of the act will result in wages falling for all workers, not just the children. In Source A John Charles Spencer says that the effect of the measure proposed must ‘necessarily be a fall in the rate of wages” which shares the same notion as Henry Thomas Hope’s quote in source B; ‘the manufacturers must either raise the price of the manufactured article or diminish the wages of their workmen.’ Essentially, they have derived these points from the idea of lowering the hours of child labour coincides with the lowering of production, thus the factories make less money to distribute. This was one of the key elements of the controversy; in this period of history working class people barely made any money so it was probable that the deduction of even more money would cause a wide-spread refute amongst them. Although the nature and usefulness of the sources are very...
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...The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on Western society and the effects were numerous and mainly positive. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1790’s and spread throughout Europe and eventually to America. The extensive effects of the Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of daily life and human society in some way. During this time period, widespread transportation such as railroads became available and important for the movement of goods and people. Also, new social reforms came about, dealing with critical issues including that of child labor. In addition, the effects of the revolution resulted in a great improvement in living standards for many people. Although the positive affects of the Industrial Revolution were plentiful, there were also several negative affects concerning the issues of railroads, child labor, and certain living conditions. The railroads built during the Industrial Revolution allowed for widespread transportation to now be available for goods and people. Consequently, the coal burned in train engines created great pollution resulting in an unhealthy and dangerous environment for the people. In addition, as European governments became involved with the creation of railroads, taxes increased resulting in the lower classes experiencing greater burdens. Despite these negative repercussions, railroads were beneficial to society in a variety of ways. Railroads created a way for people to quickly and easily move throughout...
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...became “Nike” in 1971. Since they began, they have expanded their products from solely running shoes into athletic shoes for a variety of sports as well as fan gear, workout gear, athletic equipment, and athletic gear for sports teams. Nike has grown from their World Headquarters in Oregon to several branches located in the Netherlands, Shanghai, and Japan. Each headquarter is focused on innovating their products to fit the consumers’ needs in their respected demographic and ultimately grow in those markets. With Nike’s success comes a high demand for their products. As a result of the high demand there are 774 factories located in 42 different countries in North and South America, Australia, Europe, and Asia. A large percentage of the factories are based in the emerging markets like Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brazil, and Argentina. China claims a large percentage of the factories with over 213 compared to the United States with only 65. With the theme of inspiration and innovation, Nike has been able to significantly expand across the globe and affect every country it touches. Nike made headlines after several instances of documented child labor violations were exposed that took place in several countries including Pakistan, Cambodia, and Indonesia. The child labor violation story that took place in Pakistan was carried out by Life magazine in June, 1996. The article included a photograph of a...
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...the Chinese factories where Apple — and almost every other consumer electronics company — has their products made. It was a nice editorial, but I disagree with it completely. Well, almost completely. I do agree that it’s an important issue and that the discussion is good. He took a position and argued it well, that China was the story, and Apple merely link-bait. And it’s that position I disagree with. First of all, just because almost every other consumer electronics company uses the same factories in no way lets Apple off the hook. If anything, it just means those hooks are awfully crowded. Each and every one of those companies, including Apple, are accountable for their own actions, or lack of action, concerning the working conditions in the factories where their products are made. If Apple were to pull out of these factories, it’s true that a lot of other companies would remain, but so what? Apple will have done something, and even more pressure could be exerted on the ones that remained, and they’d look even worse because they remained. Change often comes from a single, courageous act that disrupts the status quo and sets into motion a new course of action that others simply must follow. If staying engaged proves to be a better strategy, however, Apple could still be a greater agent for change. They could see to it workers were paid more, for example, or insist upon more reasonable working schedules. Of course, Apple can’t just give the factories more money...
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...An important example of how the textile industry was before the Industrial Revolution and the British textile invasion, is Iran before the 1820s. Before the 1820s, Iran’s cotton and silk industries were flourishing to an extent to where they could provide a living for thousands of spinners and weavers. However, as soon as British textile products started to enter the Iranian market after the 1820s they quickly became more popular and appealing than the Iranian textile products. The British cotton cloth was not only of better quality, it was also cheaper due to the fact that British factories were able to produce large quantities of goods which resulted in cheaper products. Ultimately, British products became so popular there that Iran started exporting raw silk and cotton instead of exporting silk and cotton cloth. (McNeil and McNeil 236). Street urchins were singing: “Everyone who earned his bread by weaving would be better off dead than living” (Floor 119). However, unlike India which was under British domination, the Irani government tried to protect their spinners and weavers by trying to ban foreign-made cloth, and instead demand the Irani population to wear Iranian fabric (McNeil and McNeil 237). Unfortunately, these measures did not help prevent the flourishing of the British...
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... resulting in injury and death. The treatment of children was often cruel and unusual. Many faced beatings and various forms of punishment to ensure good productivity. * Through closer examination, the text proves that entire families were forced to work long hours, with little or no pay to ensure survival. * In 1833 a factory act was passed allowing a maximum number of hours for certain age groups, allowing for more satisfied and productive employees. Argument Statement 2 By the 1820s, Britain saw their population double in the industrial hubs. The increase in population and decreased standards of living meant civilians were confronted with disease. * As raw sewage and chemical bi-products from factories made its way into drinking water, Cholera began to infest the population killing thousands. Argument Statement 3 Because of the high demands for labor during the revolution, all family members were required to work in order to produce the basic necessities of life. Women were no longer able to stay at home and care for their children, men could not compete with the automated productivity of machines in factories to produce and sell final goods, and children had no time to learn and develop properly. Because of this, the industrial revolution had socially impacted many families. * For the first...
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...PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, appellee, vs. CARMELITA ALVAREZ, appellant. D E C I S I O N PANGANIBAN, J.: In illegal recruitment, mere failure of the complainant to present written receipts for money paid for acts constituting recruitment activities is not fatal to the prosecution, provided the payment can be proved by clear and convincing testimonies of credible witnesses. The Case Before us is an appeal from the January 28, 2000 Decision[1] of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Quezon City, Branch 93, in Criminal Case No. Q-94-58179. The assailed Decision disposed as follows: “WHEREFORE, the foregoing premises, the court finds the accused CARMELITA ALVAREZ guilty of Illegal Recruitment committed in large scale constituting economic sabotage. Accordingly, the court sentences her to serve [the] penalty of life imprisonment and to pay a fine [of] P100,000.00. She is further ordered to indemnify the following complaining witnesses in the amounts indicated opposite their names: Arnel Damian P 16,500.00 Joel Serna P 18,575 plus US$50.00 Antonio Damian P 6,975.00 plus US$50.00 Roberto Alejandro P 47,320.00”[2] The July 18, 1994 Information[3] was filed by State Prosecutor Zenaida M. Lim. It charged Carmelita Alvarez with “illegal recruitment committed in large scale,” under Article 13(b) in relation to Articles 38(a), 34 and 39 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, as follows: “That sometime between the period from November, 1993 to March, 1994, in Quezon City, Metro...
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...all workers. Children were working in coal mines and factories for up to 16 hours a day, 7 days a week. A lot of children were dying from injury, or got lung diseases from breathing in soot, lint, sawdust, or other dust particles. The conditions for the men and women weren't much different, they were also horribly injured from machines because they would get caught in them or would even be so exhausted from their long work shifts that they would fall asleep and lean into the unprotected flywheels or leather bands operating huge machinery, causing horrendous injuries. To add to their exhaustion, the work was and still is ridiculously repetitive, the workers just sit at their machine and do the same thing all day long, then come back and do it again the next day. Not to mention the factories were freezing in the winter and roasting hot in the summer. But in 1819 the “Factory act of 1819” was passed. This act limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 hours per day. But their was still children as young as 6 years old working in the factories. So in 1833 Parliament passed the “Factory act of 1833” which banned children under 9 years old from working in the factories. The next reform came in 1844, with the “factory act of 1844”. The maximum hours a day a woman could work was changed to 12 hours max. 3 years later that number was moved down to 10 hours, and they included women and children. The most recent factory act, which was passed yesterday decreased the maximum hours...
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...Reforms in the 1800’s were common in Britain due to industrialization, changing times, growth of factories, new class of workers, etc. Some of these reforms included the Reform Act of 1832, the Factory Act of 1833, and the Slavery Abolition Act. These reforms all had a contribution in changing and affected Britain and the rest of the empire. These different acts had different effects and purposes. The Reform Act of 1832 introduced changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the Act was designed to "take effectual measures for correcting abuses that have long prevailed in the choice of members to serve in the commons house of Parliament. Another act was the Slavery Abolition Act. This act was an Act of the...
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...worked. It brought new ideas that spurred movements across the lands, changing not only individuals, but societies and nations. Factories were built, imperialism became prominent, transportation was transformed, economies shifted, laws were reformed, and education improved all during this tumultuous time. After the Industrial Revolution, life around the world changed. The revolution first started making its impact as factories were being built all around Britain. Before, a family would all work together by hand to make textiles at their own, leisurely pace in a comfortable setting. This changed when machines were implemented, expediting work; but they were expensive and bulky, so they had to be located in one place where people would commute to: a factory. As a result of factory work, attitudes toward work changed negatively, but speed and efficiency was increased, and many more textiles could be produced. Eventually, the United States saw the potential in industrializing and it stole factory ideas from the successful factories in Britain by posing as investors. The United States then set up its own prosperous factories that particularly thrived in New England because it had the factors of production: land, labor, and capital. Overtime, Lowell, Massachusetts became the leading center of textiles—the commodity American industry was based on. The factories in Britain and America produced a much loftier number of textiles than ever before, thus the demand for raw materials was greater...
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...13 14 15 16 17 The duration of the Participation Committee Member Secretary of the Participation Committee Standard Documents Participation Committee Standard Procedures Election Procedure Role Description Participation Committee Member An implementation programme for the formation or development of a Participation Committee Grievance Procedure Company Suggestion Box – ‘3C Boxes’ (Comments, Complaints, Compliments) Flowchart of Participation Committee Function 28 23 26 8 9 10 13 14 16 17 8 Page 3 3 4 5 5 6 2 Participation Committee Guideline The purpose of this Participation Committee Guideline is to offer recommendations to the Proprietors of the knitwear and garment factories – these are recommendations, not requirements. The Guideline proposes that Worker Representatives employed in the factory are elected to the Participation...
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...Cort James Hargreaves (spinning jenny) Richard Arkwright (water frame) Robert Owen James Watt (steam engine) Friedrich List George Stephenson Friedrich Engels Terms and Events Industrial Revolution Great Exhibition of 1851 Chartist movement Capital Capitalism Luddites Protective tariff Trade union Mass production Domestic system Separate spheres Zollverein Factory Act of 1833 Combination Acts Parish Apprentices Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Craft union Economic nationalism Class-consciousness Mines Act of 1842 Urbanization Part II Review Questions Directions: Check your understanding of this chapter by answering the following questions in about four-five well written and effective sentences each. 1. How did economic and demographic developments in the 18th century cause the Industrial Revolution? In what industry did the Industrial Revolution begin? 2. What factors supported the growth of the Industrial Revolution in England? 3. Describe the energy crisis in England. How was it solved? 4. What impact did the railroad have on (a) the factory...
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