...activities can be categorized as reader and text factors (National Reading Panel, 2000). Reader factors include the background knowledge that readers bring to the reading process as well as the strategies they use while reading and their motivation and engagement during reading. Text factors include the author’s ideas, the words the author uses to express those ideas, and how the ideas are organized and presented. Both reader factors and text factors affect comprehension. This table presents an overview of the two comprehension factors. Type Factor Role in Comprehension Reader Background Knowledge Students activate their world and literary knowledge to link what they know to what they're reading. Vocabulary Students recognize the meaning of familiar words and apply word-learning strategies to understand what they’re reading. Fluency Students have adequate cognitive resources available to understand what they’re reading when they read fluently. Comprehension Strategies Students actively direct their reading, monitor their understanding, and troubleshoot problems when they occur. Comprehension Skills Students automatically note details that support main ideas, sequence ideas, and use other skills. Motivation Motivated students are more engaged in reading, more confident, and more likely to comprehend successfully. Text Genres Genres have unique characteristics, and students’ knowledge of them provides a scaffold for comprehension. Text Structures...
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...Common Factors that affect the reading comprehension and abilities INTRODUCTION Reading comprehension is a learned skill that is dependent upon several factors. While there are certain factors that significantly aid reading comprehension, there are also factors that affect reading comprehension. Not every child or adult will glean the same amount out of a given text, for several underlying reasons. Aside from a learning disability, there are some more common factors that affect reading comprehension, such as focused attention span, experience, vocabulary level, and ability to make connections. A learning disability (such as Dyslexia) will severely hamper your ability to comprehend that which you read, but if there is not a disability present, the next major factor contributing to reading comprehension is focused attention span. A short attention span will severely cramp your ability to understand what you are reading. As you read, if you are not able to follow along with each word, you will eventually drift off topic and interest will not have been sustained. Reading requires focused attention, and you have to be able to make sense of each word and sentence. Written works typically follow a progression, and if you are not attending to it while reading, it will become easy to succumb to distractions. This is a major factor that affects reading comprehension. Experiences are another factor that greatly impact reading comprehension. If you have many life experiences that you...
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...Reading comprehension is a learned skill that is dependent upon several factors. While there are certain factors that significantly aid reading comprehension, there are also factors that affect reading comprehension. Not every child or adult will glean the same amount out of a given text, for several underlying reasons. Aside from a learning disability, there are some more common factors that affect reading comprehension, such as focused attention span, experience, vocabulary level, and ability to make connections. A learning disability (such as Dyslexia) will severely hamper your ability to comprehend that which you read, but if there is not a disability present, the next major factor contributing to reading comprehension is focused attention span. A short attention span will severely cramp your ability to understand what you are reading. As you read, if you are not able to follow along with each word, you will eventually drift off topic and interest will not have been sustained. Reading requires focused attention, and you have to be able to make sense of each word and sentence. Written works typically follow a progression, and if you are not attending to it while reading, it will become easy to succumb to distractions. This is a major factor that affects reading comprehension. Experiences are another factor that greatly impact reading comprehension. If you have many life experiences that you can draw upon from your memory bank, you may be more apt to follow along with a given...
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...engaged in a novel, pouring over a newspaper or a just looking at a sign, reading skills allow you to interpret and become engaged in the world around you. According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, “Reading is the single most important skill necessary for a happy, productive and successful life.” But developing those skills takes active engagement from an early age and of course it is also dependent upon several factors that might affect one’s reading achievements so it is important for us be knowledgeable about those things because awareness is the best way to become more responsible in everything or even for anyone around us. So speaking of “Reading is the single most important skill necessary for a happy, productive and successful life.” we need to first find out thus factors that might affect or hinder one’s reading achievements in order for us to achieve a happy, productive & happy life not just for ourselves but also for the people around us and for our nation. Definition Of Terms Body What is the benefit of reading without comprehension? Below are factors that affects reading achievements which we must consider when seeking to improve one’s comprehension skill. Environmental - Children's' home life and parental involvement will affect their academic ability. Students who come from low socio-economic backgrounds may struggle with reading comprehension for several reasons. Their parent(s) may not be good readers themselves...
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... MRS.EJELE BSE-I Cognitive Factors That Affect Reading Comprehension Reading comprehension refers to the ability of a reader to construct meaning from text. Expected levels of reading comprehension vary throughout a reader's lifespan. When children first learn to read, the emphasis is on understanding the meaning of words and how they form sentences to communicate simple ideas. As children grow into adults, reading comprehension grows to include semantic and symbolic understanding of written text. 1. Decoding and Word Recognition Speed * One cognitive factor that can affect reading comprehension is the speed at which the reader decodes and recognizes words. Decoding refers to the reader's ability to make sense of letter-sound relationships, including proper word pronunciation and noticing common letter combinations, in order to quickly recognize familiar words. Readers who experience difficulty with decoding and recognizing words read at a much slower pace and find it more difficult to comprehend the meaning of reading passages than their peers without decoding difficulties. Vocabulary * Vocabulary breadth can also have an impact on reading comprehension. Readers use decoding skills to figure out the pronunciation and approximate meaning of words they haven't seen before, but this process takes far more time than recognition of a familiar word. Individuals with a wider vocabulary can interpret the meaning of reading passages faster and more thoroughly...
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...areas in rural setting or in areas with high pupil population but few teachers. Honestly speaking, it is very hard to teach pupils with combined levels and different age groups. Sometimes it is where the slow readers can be found because it is really hard to teach the pupils individually especially when the teacher has many multi grade pupils. A skill for reading is very significant that one must acquire in gaining access and understanding the printed text. It is a skill that is very important for every learner for if he/she doesn’t have this skill, the learner is automatically in trouble. But if the learner has this skill, surely he/she may become an independent learner. It is generally accepted that the ability to read is an important skill that a learner must possess for the reason that all kinds of learning activities, reading is a tool by which a learner gains success to the different fields of study(Campo, 2001.) Every human endeavour utilizes the skills in reading. Everywhere in the community requires reading as a tool for understanding. Yet, the country is facing a huge problem regarding proficiency in reading. Philippine curriculum is always in motion for changes and still it is left behind by other south-east Asian...
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...What are the factors affecting the academic performance of the students in English Communication? BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Once a pupil reached Grade Three level, teachers are expecting that this pupil can already comprehend on what he/she is reading, whether in English or in Filipino. The researcher had found out based on the final rating of Grade Three pupils in his school that almost 75% are low performing pupils. Despite of several programs by the Department of Education, the problem on reading comprehension still prevails. When a pupil has a reading comprehension difficulty, it could be observed that all the subjects that he/she is studying are being affected. Thus, the researcher decided to find out if reading comprehension has a significant relationship to the academic performance of Grade Three pupils. LITERATURE RELATED TO THE STUDY: As cited by Wilson and Cleland in their Theory of Diagnosis, “the first step in dealing reading difficulties is the identification of the difficulty. That classroom diagnosis can take place before, during and after instruction was clearly expressed by Wilson and Cleland. It is impossible to give any recommendation when one does not know what to remediate. Diagnosis may begin with a simple observation and possibly as survey test which will be followed by a hypothetical remedy to the disability.” To diagnose the difficulty in reading, there are several factors that affect the reader in the reading comprehension of the reader...
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...EFFECTS OF SOME SELECTED FACTORS ON THE READING PROFICIENCY LEVEL OF GRADUATING STUDENTS OF COMMONWEALTH HIGH SCHOOL SY 2012-2013 An Action Research Project Presented to Dr. Victoria C. Naval of the Open University System Polytechnic University of the Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila In Partial fulfillment of the Requirement of the Course MEM654 Economics of Education By Cleofe R. Manuel CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM Introduction Literacy is a fundamental human right and the foundations for lifelong learning. It is fully essential to social and human development in its ability to transform lives. Reading is the magic key to the world of enlightenment and enjoyment. It is the basic tool for learning in all subject areas. It is through reading which enables man to ponder the mysteries of the world. The true aim of reading is quality, not quantity. High literacy qualifications should be combined with it. On the other hand, it should not be combined with dull thoughts, an indolent mind and a loose memory. It must constantly seek higher attainments, better methods and continuous growth. To attain this, reading should not be forced on unready and unreceptive mind. The mental powers must be awakened, the interest must be aroused. This needs particular method provided in this study. The value of reading proficiency as a means of educating should never be lost sight of. As a miner digs for the golden treasure on earth, so persistently must we seek for the golden treasure...
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...into a public library or a café these days it’s hard not to notice a sea of white ear-buds and other headphones. Some find the music relaxing, others energizing, while others simply find it pleasurable. But does listening to music while working really improve focus? It seems like a counterintuitive belief–we know that the brain has inherently limited cognitive resources, including attentional capacity, and it seems natural that trying to perform two tasks simultaneously would cause decreased performance on both. Music can affect us in many different ways.Several students listen to music while studying. Music can affect our moods as well as our ability to concentrate depending on how often we listen to music and the type of personality we have, according to some of the research. One factor that may affect studying with music is the complexity of the music that is listened to. Kiger (n.d) as cited in by Lee (year)performed a study testing reading comprehension with one of three conditions. One was no sound, second was low information-load music and the third was high information-load. He characterized the information-load as the amount of loudness, variety, complexity, and tonal range of the music. The results of his study showed participants who read passages in the presence of low information-load music performed significantly better than either that who read in silence or with high information-load...
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...University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate School Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 6-1-2010 Effects of reading comprehension and fluency abilities on the N400 event-related potential Annie Hirt Nelson University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Nelson, Annie Hirt, "Effects of reading comprehension and fluency abilities on the N400 event-related potential" (2010). Graduate School Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1721 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate School Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu. Effects of Reading Comprehension and Fluency Abilities on the N400 Event-Related Potential by Annie Hirt Nelson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Childhood Education and Literacy Studies College of Education University of South Florida Major Professor: Mary Lou Morton, Ph.D. Jacqueline Hinckley, Ph.D. Jim King, Ed.D. Richard Marshall, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 1, 2010 Keywords: syntax, semantics, ERP, N400, sentence structure, children, indexical hypothesis Copyright © 2010, Annie Hirt Nelson ...
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...UTILIZATION OF CHUNKING AND BASAL READING APPROACHES IN DEVELOPING PUPILS’ READING COMPREHENSION Research Proponent : DR. HENRY T. LEGASTE, M.O.S. School : Esperanza Central School Position : Teacher III Division : Sultan Kudarat Region : XII Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Chunking and Basal Reading Approaches in developing the reading comprehension among Grade IV Pupils at Esperanza District I, Division of Sultan Kudarat school year 2014-2015. The quantitative and qualitative research design was employed in the study. The experimental method was utilized for quantitative analysis; on the other hand, structured interview method was utilized in qualitative approach. This study employed the quantitative and qualitative research design to determine the effectiveness of Chunking and Basal Reading Approaches in developing the reading comprehension among Grade IV Pupils. The participants of the study were one hundred (100) Grade four pupils officially enrolled at Esperanza District I for the school year 2014-2015. The instrument used was the standardized reading test of the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory passages for Grade Four pupils. Approved letters from the District Supervisor and School Heads for permission to conduct the study was secured. The descriptive statistical tools employed were the mean and standard deviation. The inferential statistics used was T-test with level of significance set at 0.05...
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...plays an important role in reading. Metacognition has been defined as "having knowledge (cognition) and having understanding, control over, and appropriate use of that knowledge" (Tei & Stewart, 1985). Thus, it involves both the conscious awareness and the conscious control of one's learning. In this digest, the implications of metacognition will be discussed as it relates to an important type of learning--reading to learn. In a summary of research on metacognition from the Center for the Study of Reading at the University of Illinois, Armbruster et al (1983) present reading to learn from a metacognitive perspective as it relates to four variables: texts, tasks, strategies, and learner characteristics. 1. TEXT - Text refers to the textual features of learning materials which influence comprehension and memory. Factors such as arrangement of ideas in texts, vocabulary, syntax, clarity of author's intentions, and reader's interest and familiarity with a text all have an effect on students' learning. Salient findings from the research include three basic points: * text structures influence learning even if the learner is unaware of their effect; * knowledge of the effect of text structures on learning is dependent on age and ability; * a reader can optimize learning by becoming aware of text structures and the resultant effect they have on learning. Knowledge of text structure is critical for reading to learn; it is requisite...
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...Assignment I have decided to create an informal assessment regarding fluency and comprehension for my eighth grade class. I chose a lesson found online through www.havefunteaching.com. This lesson consists of a reading passage consisting of 506 words. At the end of the passage there are five questions that have been created to assess the student’s comprehension of that passage. For this assessment I plan to individually pull aside each student and explain to them the purpose of this assessment. I will explain that this will be an ongoing assessment that I will use to measure and set goals to make them more effective readers. I will tell them that they should not focus on being timed because as they become more fluent, they will become metacognitive readers. I will use the following form that I have created to keep a record of their progress for future reference. Reading Comprehension Log Student Name:__________________________________ Date:_____________ Grade Level | Passage Level | Fluency | Comprehension | Notes | Goals for next time | | | | | | | Student Name:__________________________________ Date:_____________ Grade Level | Passage Level | Fluency | Comprehension | Notes | Goals for next time | | | | | | | Student Name:__________________________________ Date:_____________ Grade Level | Passage Level | Fluency | Comprehension | Notes | Goals for next time | | | | | | | I feel that there are many...
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... CHAPTER 2: Rebyu ng mga Kaugnay na Literatura at Pag-aaral And edukasyon ay isang bagay na mahalaga na dapat taglayin ng isang indibidwal. As it defined, it is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training. Moreover, it frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one think, feels, or acts may be considered educational (Wikipedia). That is the reason why, the Philippine government assigns the highest budgetary priority (Article XIV sec. 5 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution) to provide free education to all. According to one of the readings, education is absolutely beneficial for society on the whole. It is a lifelong process to each person that needs to be reinforced throughout life. However, we need education system that may eradicate illiteracy and may provide the common man an access not only to basic education but also to higher and technical education. Education is a teaching and learning process that involves teachers whose function is to teach young individuals and learners who will gain all the learning imparted by the teacher. But if one of them fails to perform his duty in the said process it could not be realized. How does study habit plays a substantial role on student achievement? Study habits defined as the regular tendency and practice that one depicts...
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...Effects of using IPads or Tablets on Children’s Reading Comprehension Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background of the study Reading is often difficult for high school students with special needs. Participation, motivation, and interest in independent reading are low. Reading is an important part of everyday life and is imperative to students’ success in school. Many high school students that struggle in reading do not enjoy it and even have negative associations with reading. Cultivating an interest in reading among grade school students is valuable. Providing students with a variety of options is one way to encourage independent reading. The ability to use technology as a means of reading is one way to provide a different option to students. Technology is an integral part of our lives and can contribute greatly to education. Many schools are beginning to use iPads/Tablets as a way to integrate technology into the curriculum. These devices can be used for a variety of purposes in educational settings. There are several tools that make reading on an iPad easier for struggling readers. Students can change the size of the text by zooming to show larger text which reduces the amount of text on the screen. This can be valuable for students that are intimidated by the length of what they are being asked to read. Students can also easily access the definition of a word they don’t know through the interactive dictionary...
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