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Factors of Financial Bubbles

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Submitted By velichkopv
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Национальный Исследовательский Университет
Высшая Школа Экономики
Факультет Экономики
Кафедра экономики и финансов фирмы

Эссе по курсу «Принципы инвестирования» на тему:
«Признаки финансового пузыря (на примере романа Эмиля Золя «Деньги»)»

Выполнил
Студент группы 61-СУФФ1
Величко Павел

Москва 2013

Ошеломляющее развитие экономики, колоссальный рост благосостояния, грандиозное увеличение производительности – именно так можно охарактеризовать континентальную Европу, в том числе и Францию, 19 века. Кроме того, бурное развитие финансовых рынков и бирж, неимоверно ускорило темпы роста мировой экономики, хотя и вносило определенную дестабилизирующую нотку в природу их бытия – делало их крайне волатильной, что связано, в первую очередь, с неимоверной жаждой наживы и бесконечным числом биржевых спекуляций. Далеко за примером ходить не надо – достаточно вспомнить, каким образом был разорен Данглар в произведении Александра Дюма «Граф Монте-Кристо».
Предпосылками к всеобщему капиталистическому сумасшествию явилось множество факторов. Дело в том, что середина XIX века во Франции характеризуется уже сломанным феодальным строем. Капитализм увлекал грандиозностью своего технического прогресса, масштабом происходящих событий. Уже тогда начавшаяся глобализация заставляет приводить в движение многочисленные ресурсы, благодаря которым сооружались заводы, фабрики, рудники. Люди, захваченные идеей подчинить и максимально использовать природу, ищут возможные пути осуществления своих грандиозных целей. Сам автор отмечает: «Каждый хотел получить свою долю и ставил на карту свое состояние, чтобы удесятерить его, а потом наслаждаться жизнью, как многие другие, разбогатевшие за одну ночь». В связи с этим за рассматриваемый в книге период возник ряд финансовых пузырей, ставших критическим для многих предприимчивых людей.
Произведение Эмиля Золя «Деньги» с первых же строк увлекло меня настолько, что было прочитано на одном дыхании. Настолько поразительно схожими мне показались признаки финансовых пузырей того времени с характерными чертами современных пузырей.
Действие произведения происходит в Париже, в середине XIX века, во время бурного развития биржевых отношений на фоне многочисленных спекуляций и значительного увеличения значимости денег на планете автор пытается дать свое понимание этого нового витка развития человеческого общества.
Неудивительно, что главным героем произведения стал человек, олицетворяющий описываемую в произведении эпоху. Зовут его Саккар, что в переводе с французского означает Грабитель. И уже здесь мы видим отношение автора к своему герою. Но Саккар - это уже не разбойник, затаившийся в лесу, ожидающий добычу, каким его описывает автор в другом произведении. Это человек, рожденный рыночной экономикой, лишенный нравственных установок в погоне за деньгами. Вместе с тем он храбр, обладает поистине неиссякаемой энергией, здоровьем, острым умом. Это полководец нового времени, как высказывается о нем сам автор. Его войско уже не бесстрашные воины, а деньги. Его добыча уже не царства, а опять-таки деньги. В процессе зарождения капитализма он находит применение своим неисчерпаемым силам - он становится спекулянтом большого масштаба, биржевым игроком.
Что касается непосредственно признаков финансового пузыря, рассмотренных на примере истории развития событий, связанных с акциями Всемирного Банка, то следует отметить, что они полностью соответствуют теории финансовых пузырей.
Прежде всего, необходимо выделить создание самой идеи такого актива, перспективы бурного роста которого должны быть очевидны для каждого человека с позиции получения сверхприбылей. С другой стороны, невозможность или крайняя затруднительность оценки фундаментальной стоимости такого актива, приводят к всеобщему заражению идеи его уникальности. Невозможность оценки безумных перспектив роста, озвучиваемых Саккаром на каждом шагу, привело ко всеобщей одержимости. Проводя аналогию со стартапами, их стоимость в большинстве случаев определяется их дальнейшими перспективами роста, а не текущими активами. И в данном случае невозможно не привести пример кризиса дот-комов, появление которых способствовало зарождению новой парадигмы оценки фундаментальной стоимости, принципы которой впоследствии оказались ошибочными, что и привело к схлопыванию этого пузыря.
Во-вторых, невозможно переоценить роль харизматичного лидера спекуляций, игры на повышение. Захваченный идеей обогащения, Саккар, используя все свои связи, ищет путь к богатству, имея пытливый ум, коммуникабельность, отсутствие совести, он без труда вступает в сотрудничество с абсолютно разными людьми. Он умеет убеждать, причем не только словом, но и делом завоевывая авторитет. Неутомимый делец, он ищет и всегда находит выход своей энергии, и не всегда исключительно себе на пользу. Саккар служит своего рода мощным двигателем стремлений - математически выверенный шахматный механизм его рассудка толкает его в бой за капиталы. Между тем, по ходу всего романа, Саккар движется к своей заветной цели - финансовому господству, власти на бирже. Он осознает, что способен сломать себе шею в борьбе за миллиард, но это не останавливает его, а наоборот ещё более увлекает предвкушаемым успехом.
Третьим фактором успеха Саккара в развертывании финансового пузыря послужили гениальная реклама и грамотный пиар. Саккар затевает масштабную пиар-компанию для раскрутки акций банка на бирже. Для этого он нанимает Жантру – редактора газеты «Надежда», который организовал широкую рекламную кампанию Всемирного банка, апофеозом которой становится покупка авторитетного издания «Финансового бюллетеня». Он договорился также с крупными политическими и литературными газетами, за определенную плату постоянно помещал в них благожелательные заметки, хвалебные статьи и обеспечивал себе их поддержку, предоставляя им бесплатно акции во время новых эмиссий. При этом было применено несколько новых способов рекламы: бесплатное распространение брошюры, восхваляющей деятельность Всемирного банка, покупка мест в газетах и журналах, подкуп конкурирующих изданий, строительство шикарного особняка. Все эти воздействия на сознание и подсознание масс привели к постепенному всеобщему заражению одной идеей обогащения, когда абсолютно все слои населения начинают вовлекаться в спекулятивную игру.
В-четвертых, ускоряющийся рост цен на акции и уровня спекуляций на рынке является одним из признаков зарождения финансового пузыря. С точки зрения интуиции, пузырь можно охарактеризовать ситуацию, когда уровень цен на активы, который превышает их фундаментальную стоимость по той причине, что их текущие собственники верят в то, что смогут перепродать эти активы по еще более высоким ценам. На протяжении всего произведения стоимость акций банка росла просто неадекватными темпами, но это мало кого волновало, за исключением, может только консервативно настроенных Каролины и Гундермана. Никому не было дела то того, чем обоснован этот рост, конечно, это было связано с трудностью оценки реальных перспектив банка, но, по-моему, никто даже и не хотел пытаться это сделать, стадное чувство захватило абсолютно все. Слишком ранний выход на рынок с целью атаки на растущий курс и открытие коротких позиций может вызвать значительные потери у «медведей», в роли которых выступил Гундерман, игравший на понижение и потерявший большую часть своего состояния. Иными словами, согласно Кейнсу, не следует в одиночку идти против толпы, т.е. есть смысл идти в одном направлении с толпой.
В-пятых, массовая вовлеченность и заинтересованность непрофессиональных участников рынка является неоспоримым свидетельством скорого схлопывания любого финансового пузыря. «В тиши будуаров, на парадных обедах, среди жардиньерок, за чайными столиками, даже в глубине альковов - повсюду очаровательные создания ласково убеждали и поучали мужчин: «Как, у вас нет еще акций Всемирного банка? Да что с вами! Скорее покупайте их, если хотите, чтобы вас любили!» Хотя бы выше приведенная цитата говорит о грандиозном нарастании в обществе стадных инстинктов, когда каждый захудалый дворник становится финансовым и инвестиционным гуру.
Следующим явным признаком наличия финансового пузыря является безрассудное и необъяснимое игнорирование отрицательных сигналов на рынке. Уже давно ходили слухи о том, что Гундерман вступил в игру на понижение со своим огромным капиталом. Кроме того, многие осознавали, что Саккар для поддержания курса манипулирует своими же средствами и акциями через создание подставных счетов, что в итоге и привело к неизбежной катастрофе. Но все как будто закрывали на это свои глаза, слепо веря в нерушимость банка: “Хуже всего было то, что тревожные слухи усиливались, и курс упрямо повышался посреди все возраставшего нестерпимого беспокойства: теперь уже вслух предсказывали неизбежную катастрофу, и все-таки курс шел в гору, непрерывно, в силу упорного, необъяснимого увлечения, которое отказывалось верить очевидности”.
Еще одним признаком финансового пузыря можно назвать массовый отток капитала, в том числе и трудовых ресурсов, от производственной сферы экономики, или реального сектора, к финансовому сектору, когда становится гораздо выгоднее заниматься спекуляциями, нежели просто работать. Такая картина, например, наблюдалась, во время тюльпановой лихорадки в Нидерландах, когда абсолютно все бросали свой привычный род занятий и начинали спекулировать контрактами на поставку тюльпанов. В произведении красочно описана ситуация, сложившаяся в семье девушки Марсель, когда мать девушки, которая изначально была против любых спекуляций, к концу произведения опьяненная всеобщей идеей обогащения, не смотря на самые очевидные отрицательные сигналы, отказывалась продавать акции Всемирного банка.
И наконец, как уже было отмечено ранее, зарождение и развитие любого финансового пузыря происходит лишь при благоприятно складывающейся ситуации в экономике в целом, а так же в условиях низких процентных ставок. Дешевые кредиты сначала способствуют бурному росту предприятий, но за счет большей финансовой нагрузки в период схлопывания пузыря впоследствии оказывают на них фатально смертельную нагрузку.

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