...When considering the history of democracy, Ancient Athens is perhaps the culture that came closest to direct democracy. Although they excluded women, slaves and foreigners, the democratic system required all citizens to vote on all major issues in a general assembly. The boule consisted of 500 citizens commissioned to carry out these decisions and run the city. Even the verdict of every court case was decided by a vote of the Assembly. With this system, all citizens were actively and constantly involved in the running of all political life. Since the French Revolution, representative democracy has spread throughout most of the world. These governments consist of complex structures, in which the legislature is carried out by a parliament. With the influence of media and the overall advancement of technology, such as the Internet, the voting behaviour of citizens in contemporary democracies has caused many transnational bodies, such as the EU, to question the sovereignty of each country and its chosen representatives. As a result, one could ask what structures of direct democracies can exist in such a time where the conditions have changed drastically since old Athens? Furthermore, do they constitute meaningful alternatives to representative democracy? For this investigation, a line needs to be drawn between the different types of instruments used by direct democracies. In the first part, I will focus on instruments of direct democracies that influence the executive branch...
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...delivered competitive growth and strong margin expansion through a sustained focus on innovation, in-market execution and robust cost management." He, however, said that there are near term concerns due to slowing market. "While there are near term concerns particularly around slowing market growth, we are confident of the medium to long term growth prospects of the FMCG sector and our strategy of driving growth and profitability through innovation and operational excellence," he added. During the quarter, revenue from soap and detergents increased by 7.33 per cent to Rs 3,407.66 crore, personal products increased by 1.96 per cent to Rs 1,883.38 crore. HUL CFO R Sridhar said that the discretionary products are under pressure. "Fair & Lovely sales declined in the quarter but there are clear plans to...
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...CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION- The fascination of Indians for fair skin is well known. As several social commentators have pointed out, if there is any doubt about this, then people could just take a look at the matrimonial column of any newspaper. The preference for fair (or gori in the vernacular) brides screams at you from such columns. Social commentators go on to say that this preference is perhaps a hangover from the British colonial days, when the ruling colonizers, who were fair-skinned, had a higher status than the darker-skinned locals. Several social gatherings, clubs etc. were earmarked as being 'for whites only'. Perhaps the long years of colonial occupation have ingrained this fascination for white skin in the psyche of Indians. Or perhaps it is the fact that the traditionally higher castes in the country were of a somewhat fairer complexion than the lower castes. India Today, a popular magazine which did a story on fairness creams, mentioned that even the gods supposedly lamented their dark complexion as in a myth in which the popular dark-skinned god Krishna sang plaintively, 'Radha kyoon gori, main kyoon kala?' (Why is Radha so fair while I am dark?). The feature also mentioned that the ancient Ayurvedic sage Charaka wrote thousands of years ago about herbs that could help make the skin fair. This is what Sudarshan Singh, a brand manager with Nivea, has to say: 'Whitening emerges as the prime need. Since Indian men spend a lot of time outdoors, they desire to reverse...
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...Doing Well by Doing Good Case Study: ‘Fair & Lovely’ Whitening Cream Aneel Karnani Stephen M. Ross School of Business The University of Michigan 701 Tappan Street Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1234 Phone: (734) 764-0276 Fax: (734) 936-8715 E-mail: akarnani@umich.edu March 2007 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Doing Well by Doing Good SMJ 07-6615 rev Doing Well by Doing Good Case Study: ‘Fair & Lovely’ Whitening Cream Abstract According to the ‘doing well by doing good’ proposition, firms have a corporate social responsibility to achieve some larger social goals, and can do so without a financial sacrifice. This paper empirically examines this proposition by studying in depth the case of ‘Fair & Lovely,’ a skin whitening cream, marketed by Unilever in many countries in Asia and Africa, and, in particular, India. Fair & Lovely is indeed doing well; it is a profitable and fast growing brand. It is, however, not doing good, and I demonstrate its negative implications for public welfare. I conclude with thoughts on how to reconcile this divergence between private profits and public welfare. Key Words: Corporate social responsibility; bottom of the pyramid 2 Doing Well by Doing Good SMJ 07-6615 rev The idea that companies can do well by doing good has caught the attention of executives, business academics, and public officials. The annual report of virtually every large company claims its mission is to serve some larger social purpose besides making profits. The theme...
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...1.0 Introduction This case study analysis focuses on misplacement of cultural imperatives bymounting unethical advertisement campaign by two Indian package mass consumptioncompanies - Hindustan Lever Ltd and CavinKare Ltd. The development of revolutionary skinlightening technology brand; Fair & lovely by Hindustan Lever Ltd opened up a new chapter onapplication of unethical promotional strategy to generate large volume of sale and maintainmarket leadership position in India skin care industry. Hindustan Lever Ltd (HLL) holds 90%market share of the skin care industry but when CavinKare Ltd (CKL) lunched its Faireverproduct within two years CavinKare Ltd was able to gain 15% of the market.Hindustan Lever Ltd exploited the cultural preference of light skin complexion todark skin color in India and lunched an unethical promotional campaign that portrayed light skinsuperiority and gender inequality. The advertisement campaign created a strategic weakness forHLL which CavinKare Ltd capitalized on to lunch a counter attack by developing anadvertisement that is culturally more appealing to a wider segment of the Indian society. Catora,Gilly & Graham (2011) pointed out that “many countries, the international marketer faces the dilemma of responding to sundry situations where local law does not exist, where local practicesappear to condone a certain behavior, or where a company willing to do what is necessary isfavored over a company that refuses to engage in certain practice”...
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...the current Indian market for fairness cream. - To asses whether advertising is influencing the buying behavior of the consumer. - To find out the brand preference for fairness cream among people. - To study factor influencing brand preference for fairness cream. Fairness Cream has become a vital product for the Indian companies in increasing their overall sales due to the importance given by Indian consumers towards fairness. As India is a country known for its diversity different consumers from different parts of the country prefer different brands. The leading players in the market includes Hindustan Lever Ltd., (HLL's) 'Fair & Lovely' with 76 percent of the market share and Cavin Kare' s 'Fairever' with 15 percent of the market share. Other important players like Godrej' s 'Fairglow', Emma's 'Fair and Handsome', Vicco and Himalaya share the rest of the market share. There are number of fairness creams and other skin whitening products in the market such as peel-offs, serums, lotions etc. All the fairness creams have similar basic ingredients but the several additions make them more suitable to some particular skin type and may irritate other skin types. All the companies are reaching out to the target customers through its wide range of fairness creams....
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...Psychographic segmentation: The psychographic profile of a consumer segment can be thought of as a composite of consumers measured activities interest & opinions (AIOs). In term of Psychographic segmentation, Consumer responses to a large number of statements those measures…… Activities: how the family spending time? Example: golfing, volunteering to a local blood bank. Interest: the consumer’s family preferences & priorities. Example: Ecstasy for cloth & Pizza hut for party. Opinions: how the consumers fell about a wide variety of events & political issues, the state of the economy AIO Psychographic segmentation use a battery of statements designed to identify relevant aspects of a consumer’s personality, buying motives, interest, attitudes, beliefs & values. Three advertisements that are targeted at a particular Psychographic segment…….. Bata [pic] In these advertise, It is trying to capture the market by highlighting Bangla culture & tradition; It promoting that consumer should buy sandal & shoes from bata for celebrating Bangla New Year. In term of segmentation, these advertise shows & promotes Consumers activities: celebrating pohela boishakh , Consumer’s interest: trying to capture the family preference by showing several of sandals that they have. Frutika juice [pic] In these advertise, It is trying to capture the market by promoting that their juices have extra pureness In term of segmentation, these...
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...entries clearly and use additional sheets if necessary. Do not leave blanks. Indicate N/A if not applicable. Attach the following: resumé, photocopy of transcript of records, photocopy of proof of eligibility, and two pieces 1x1 ID pictures (staple one picture in the box provided on this page) Respondent to: | | Newspaper Advertisement | | Referral by DBP Employee | | Date: | April 11, 2011 | | | Campus Recruitment | | Name: | | | | | / | Walk-in | | Dept: | | | Salary Desired (do not leave blank): | | / | Write-in / Email | | Others: | | | PHP 12,000.00/monthly | PERSONAL DATA | Last Name | First Name | Middle Name | Maiden Name (if married) | Esteves | Lovely Lorane | Ora | N/A | Age | Date of Birth (MM-DD-YY) | Place of Birth | Citizenship | Civil Status | Religion | Sex | 21 | September 18, 1989 | Casiguran, Aurora | Filipino | Single | Roman Catholic | F | Present Address | Telephone/Fax | 1413 Sisa St., Sampaloc, Manila | N/A | Provincial Address | Telephone/Fax | Zone 1 Brgy. Bianoan, Casiguran, Aurora | N/A | Business Address | Telephone/Fax | N/A | N/A | Email Address | Mobile/Cellphone | ren_ren918@rocketmail.com | 09297843012 | Educational background | Level | Name of School / Address | Course / Degree / Major(indicate number of units if undergraduate) | Year Graduated | Honors / Awards | Post-Graduate | N/A | | | | College | Polytechnic University of the Philippines/Mabini Campus Sta. Mesa...
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...Fairever Fruit Fairness Cream Date: April 18th, 2008 ( Submitted in partial fulfilment of the II semester course Requirements of MBA 2008-2010 batch) Submitted by Group No:10 K. ASWINI NAIR (CB.BU.P2MBA08043) NANDAGOPAL N (CB.BU.P2MBA08059) SINDHUJA DURGA R (CB.BU.P2MBA08099) SOORYA SOMAN (CB.BU.P2MBA08101) SOUMIA S (CB.BU.P2MBA08103) SREEDEVI AJITKUMAR (CB.BU.P2MBA08105) 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that we, the students of Amrita School of Business, are submitting the following document as part of the partial fulfilment of the Marketing Management course requirements of second semester MBA for the batch of 2008-10. The report stands genuine to the best of our knowledge and a tool to be used, only with the objective of academic reference. Any deviation from the above stated, is liable to be termed unethical malpractice and subject to forfeiture of the acknowledgement of the efforts of the students responsible. The following work has been carried on under the able guidance of our Professor Dr. Deepak Gupta. Date: April 18th, 2008 Students, Amrita School of Business Attested by (Signature) Prof. Dr. Deepak Gupta Professor (Marketing) Amrita School of Business 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT We have a great pleasure in thanking prof.Deepak Gupta for giving us an opportunity to do a project on Market Reasearch.We would also thank our mentor, Mr.Karthikeyan for his sustained and adequate guidance. We would like to thank staffmembers for their support We thank them for their readiness...
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...prophecy seems to have changed. In 2004, Emami conducted a survey to study the attitude of Indian customers towards the use of cosmetics products. They found out that the Indian male takes an average of 20 minutes in front of mirror to groom them compared to an Indian female who takes an average of 18 minutes in front of mirror every morning. They also found out that 25-30% of the fairness products available in the market were purchased and used by male customers. Hence, identifying a need in the market for men specific fairness creams, Emami launched ‘Fair And Handsome’ – the first men fairness cream to be launched in India in 2005. Emami roped in Shahrukh Khan as its brand ambassador two years later and came out with the popular ‘Hi Handsome’ television commercial. The product was a success and instantly led to a plethora of men grooming products including fairness creams to enter the market. HUL came with Fair & Lovely Menz Active in 2006 and next came Nivea for Men Whitening Moisturiser and Nivea for Men Multi-White Whitening Facial Foam. In 2009, Garnier India entered men's skin care with the Men's Powerlight range that also includes face wash and moisturiser followed by HUL extending its presence by introducing the Vaseline Men range. According to latest statistics, the men's fairness products market is estimated at Rs.175 crore (nearly $40 million) and is growing at the rate of 25 per cent while women's fairness market is growing at 7 to 8 per cent. Over the last...
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... Looking for Love in All the White Places: A Study of Skin Color Preferences on Indian Matrimonial and Mate-Seeking Websites Sonora Jha Seattle University Mara Adelman Seattle University Abstract A preference for light skinned females is a global bias that affects all areas of human relationships, especially in marital mate selection. Further intensified by the meteoric rise in Internet dating and mate selection, this bias often serves an invalidating function for darker-skinned women. This study (1) analyzed ‘profiles’ and ‘preferences’ of brides and grooms (N=200), and (2) coded ‘success story wedding photos’ (N=200) posted on four Indian matrimonial websites. Results showed an overwhelming bias among males for brides lighter-skinned than themselves. Males were also more likely than females to state a preference for skin color in their prospective brides, and to use qualitative words like ‘beautiful’ and ‘lovely’ to describe their preferred match. Most significantly, the ‘success story’ wedding photos consistently had lighter-skinned brides than grooms. Darkskinned women were almost non-existent in these ‘success stories.’ This research points to a technology-abetted intensification of colorism. That is to say that the powerful profile ‘menu’ options and the visual imagery of predominantly lightskinned, ‘successful’ brides illustrated on current websites visually reinforce the invalidation of dark skinned women. Keywords Internet matchmaking Colorism Indian marriage market...
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...MARKET SURVEY REPORT ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION ON [pic] INPARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION M.J.P.R.U, BAREILLY (SESSION: 2010-2011) SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Mrs. Sandhya Tripathi Pragati Dixit IIMS Faculty BBA-VI sem-C 915584 contents: 1. introduction 2. objectives 3. research methodology 4. company profile 5. literature review 6. data presentation and analysis 7. FINDINGS 8. conclusion 9. limitations 10. RECOMMENDATION 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 12. ANNEXURE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION: L’Oreal is the global leader in cosmetics, with 25 brands. They have 5 key areas of expertise − hair care, hair colorants, skincare, make-up and fragrances. There is a huge motive behind the study of L’Oreal. The study will help us to understand the operations which are carried out by L’Oreal. The operations such as marketing strategies, business plans, company at a glance, business structure, management and operating structures , competitors position as...
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...someone who can be influenced by marketing and advertisements. Any time someone goes to a store and purchases a toy, shirt, beverage, or anything else. They are making that decision as a consumer. Consumer Association of Penang (CAP) is established since 1970 with a slogan “giving a voice to the little people”. CAP is a consumer organization with a difference. Fighting for fair prices and good quality products and services is just one of their many activities. Their main concern is ensuring the right of every consumer to basic needs such as food, housing, health care, sanitation facilities, public transport, education and a clean environment. CAP want to encourage within the people, especially the poor whose needs often go unnoticed and represent their case to government, to the public and to the private companies that oppress them. CAP’s objective emphasized in advice individual consumers and protects their right. Besides, they are in charge to educate consumers, balance consumer needs and degree of protection and to provide relevant consumer rights and entitlements. CAP always ensures prices of goods are fair and appropriate with relevance to its quality and value. CAP works with the existing laws in order to protect consumer’s interest and general health. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), every year 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted. While in Malaysia, Penang is the state that the food wastage statistic is the highest. As the official CAP website...
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...SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad DigitalCollections@SIT Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad 10-1-2011 Fair and Lovely: Standards of Beauty, Globalization, and the Modern Indian Woman Rebecca Gelles SIT Graduate Institute - Study Abroad, gellesr@carleton.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Other Film and Media Studies Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, Social Influence and Political Communication Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Gelles, Rebecca, "Fair and Lovely: Standards of Beauty, Globalization, and the Modern Indian Woman" (2011). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. Paper 1145. http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1145 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at DigitalCollections@SIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of DigitalCollections@SIT. For more information, please contact digitalcollections@sit.edu. FAIR AND LOVELY: STANDARDS OF BEAUTY, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE MODERN INDIAN WOMAN Rebecca Gelles Academic Director: Tara Dhakal ISP Advisor: Pramada Menon, independent lecturer School for International Training India Sustainable Development and Social Change Program Fall 2011 Gelles 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..2 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2...
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.............................................................................. 4 Triết lý kinh doanh: ............................................................................................................... 6 Chiến lược phát triển: ............................................................................................................ 6 Cơ cấu: ................................................................................................................................... 7 CASESTUDY VỀ CÔNG TY UNILEVER: ................................................................................. 7 Fair and Lovely tại Ấn Độ - quảng cáo văn hóa: ...................................................................... 7 Tổng quan về sản phẩm: ........................................................................................................ 7 Những thành công của Fair and Lovely: ............................................................................... 8 Những vấn đề gặp phải: ......................................................................................................... 9 Ứng phó của Unilever và bài học kinh...
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