...2 Positive Accounting Theory 5 3.2 Efficient Market Hypothesis 7 4.0 Discussion and findings 8 5.0 Conclusion 10 Reference 12 Relationship between Fair Value Measurements with Investor Confidence during Global Financial Crisis Abstract As investor, the needs of information which can reflect accurate financial information matching with current market condition is essential. Using fair value methods and measurement for asset valuation is one of the best accounting methods which can reflect current market condition accurately. But FVA cannot be separated from the critique especially when global financial crisis hit the world. Critique said FVA decrease investor confidence to invest in market which made more illiquid market during the time. In this paper, our aim is to find the relationship between fair value accounting, method, and measurement with investor confidence. We have been searched the data from previous journal that has been worked before to prove our assumption which are Fair value has decrease investor confidence and investor rely on information which is provided only by fair value measurement. 1.0 Introduction and Motivation There have been many studies on the role of FVA to global financial crisis (GFC) which may result in different opinion and open debate in the future. Most of the past research papers consist of the focus of this paper which is to find in depth more on how the fair value (FV) measurement may or may not affect recent GFC and how it...
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...AFX 5860 Assignment International Studies in Banking & Finance Visit 1: UN Food and Agricultural Organization [pic] Place: Rome Italy Brief Introduction: The Food and Agriculture Organizaiton of the United Nations (FAO) is a special agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. FAO acts as a forum where all nations meet equally to negotiate agreements and debate policy, it also a source of knowledge and information which help developed and developing countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices and ensure good nutrition for all (FAO, 2010). Rome Italy is head quarters. It has 191 member states as well as Europe Union and the Faroe Islands, which are associated members (FAO, 2010). FAO is composed of 8 different departments, the meeting is conducted by finance division. Relevant Key Points & Issues The fist half of the presentation briefly introduced the FAO’s role as UN’s agency, its structure, business environment and management. FAO’s mandate is contribute to the growth of world economy and to increase the level of nutrition, with the mission of helping build a food secure world. In order to achieve such mandates, they involves 4 activities which are putting information within reach, sharing policy expertise, providing a meeting place for nations and bringing knowledge to the field. It used result- based management which is an approach that integrates strategy, people,...
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...ACCTG20040 Auditing and Ethical Practice Assessment item 1: Term 3, 2013 Understanding Companies and Their Business Risk Prepared by: Timothy Supandji Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Factors in understanding company and business risk before accepting as New Client 4 Comparison of the Overall Financial Conditions of BHP Billiton Ltd and Rio Tinto Limited during the GFC 6 Explanation of risks associated with BHP and Rio Tinto Ltd during GFC 8 Managing Business Risk: BHP Billiton Ltd Vs Rio Tinto Limited 10 CONCLUSION 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There are four purposes for this report. It attempts to provide description of what factors that the auditors need to consider in understanding a company and assessing business risk before attempting any audit work on a particular client. The second aim is to explain the comparison of financial conditions between BHP Billiton Ltd and Rio Tinto Limited during the Global Financial Crisis that occurred in 2007 to 2008. Further, the risk that is associated with BHP and RIO during the Global Financial Crisis will be explained. Finally, this report intends to explain of which company is better in handling and managing the business risk during the Global Financial Crisis. Factors in understanding company and business risk before accepting as New Client Generally speaking, at the time when there was a Global Financial Crisis, it has detrimental effect to the companies globally with downfall of share prices. Because...
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...influence 2 Risk Exposures 3 Foreign Exchange Exposure 4 Transaction Exposures 4 Translation Exposures: 5 Interest Risk Exposure 5 Borrowing exposure 5 Investment exposure 6 Gross Profit exposure 6 Recommendations for Two Risk Exposures 6 Foreign exchange risk 7 Interest rate risk 7 Appendices 8 Reference list 11 Executive summary Company background Global Financial Crisis influence The impact from the global financial crisis(GFC) on us is complex. Compared to our competitors, the situation showed that little was the overall operation of our company negatively affected. It was both the positive and negative effects of GFC that contribute to this. From the downside, we do experienced significant loss in several areas. Our share price has going down from $22.4 to $16 per share during the financial year 2008-2009. Our equity decreased 28.5% on its value, and apparently, stroked the worst record in years. In addition to the impaired equity value, GFC also challenged us with a lower investment yield, a decreased risk margin, as well as increasing claims of large individual risk. First, due to the fall in equity market, lower interest rates and the loss on our property (account 29.5% of our portfolio), we keep a low yield from our investment. Only 2.9% was the investment yield in 2009, which dropped from 5.9% in 2007. Second, in 2008, company’s risk margin showed a great unfavorable result aggregating an 800 million decrease. Third...
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...SEMESTER 2 2011 CPA 118 ETHICS AND GOVERNANCE CPA - ETHNIC SEMESTER 2 2011 MODULE 1 ACCOUNTING AND SOCIETY 1.05 1.05 Part A: Ineraction with society Depictions of A/cting Depiction Defeating depictions defeat Fig 1.1 new bean counter How to become professional? 3 aspects 1.06 Recruiting the best Beard(1994),Smith and Briggs(1999) and Simnik and Felton(2006) Friedman& Lyne(2001);Albrecht and Sack(2000);Coate et al.(2003) Jeacle: colourful accountant linked to corporate collapses 1.07 Moral agency Biddle(2006) Value creation - key to maintain high standards Moral agent - refer to individual making moral judgement for others Moral agent theory based on concept " act appropriotely and professionally" 1.08 Technical functions and social impact Understanding A/cting A/cting defination - Macquarie Dictionary - Technical practice - bookkeeping Not Prefect def - AAA(American A/cting Association) -communication skill… 1.09 Social impact of A/cting + impact - based on historic A/cting info professional capabilities - technical knowledge,soft skill & experience 1.10 Social impact example - A/cting and the GFC "mark-to market" Lonergan (2009) - if A/cting causative factor in GFC 2008/2009 1.11 Q 1.1 Logergan 'standard setters'slow reaction only cause GFC ? NO How wisdom come out? - experience /knowledge Distinguishing feature - building relevant wisdom over time Parker et al. (1989) - induce other behaviour Miller(1994) - intrinsically and inredeemable social impact IMPACT Macro level:...
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...Qantas was then examined utilising SWOT analysis to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats particular to the airline. Qantas has a strong competitive position with a recognisable brand and loyal customer base through the use of the Frequent Flyer program. However, expansion into the Japanese domestic market could jeopardise future profitability. Other threats could arise from further technology failures, natural disasters and labour disputes. Accounting analysis of Qantas focused on the treatment of the Frequent Flyer program, hedging accounting and the adjustment of estimates relating to aircraft. It appears that management has applied prudent estimates which accurately reflect the financial position whilst allowing some flexibility. Discounted cash flow analysis was utilised to determine intrinsic equity and firm value. Key assumptions included the cost of equity, market risk premium and company beta, which were determined from economic forecasts and market observation. The intrinsic value of Qantas is valued at $1.79 per share. Following an analysis of the airline industry and detailed DCF and comparables valuations, this report does not recommend the inclusion of Qantas in a diversified portfolio. Considering the uncertainty surrounding the strategic...
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...SEMESTER 2 2011 CPA 118 ETHICS AND GOVERNANCE MODULE 1 ACCOUNTING AND SOCIETY 1.05 1.05 Part A: Ineraction with society Depictions of A/cting Depiction=描述 Defeating depictions defeat =挫败 Fig 1.1 new bean counter How to become professional? 3 aspects 1.06 Recruiting the best Beard(1994),Smith and Briggs(1999) and Simnik and Felton(2006) Friedman& Lyne(2001);Albrecht and Sack(2000);Coate et al.(2003) Jeacle: colourful accountant linked to corporate collapses 1.07 Moral agency Biddle(2006) Value creation - key to maintain high standards Moral agent - refer to individual making moral judgement for others Moral agent theory based on concept " act appropriotely and professionally" 1.08 Technical functions and social impact Understanding A/cting A/cting defination - Macquarie Dictionary - Technical practice - bookkeeping Not Prefect def - AAA(American A/cting Association) -communication skill… 1.09 Social impact of A/cting + impact - based on historic A/cting info professional capabilities - technical knowledge,soft skill & experience 1.10 Social impact example - A/cting and the GFC "mark-to market" Lonergan (2009) - if A/cting causative factor in GFC 2008/2009 1.11 Q 1.1 Logergan 'standard setters'slow reaction only cause GFC ? NO How wisdom come out? - experience /knowledge Distinguishing feature - building relevant wisdom over time Parker et al. (1989) - induce other behaviour Miller(1994) - intrinsically and inredeemable social impact IMPACT Macro level: all types of business...
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...The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has one main role; this main role is to promote the use of accounting standards and to bring convergence of international financial reporting standards and national accounting standards. Other roles IASB consist of develop drafts of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and to carry out tasks alongside with the International Financial Reporting Committee (IFRIC), where the IASB role is to approve the interpretations by the IFRIC. Australia has joined the revolution of accounting integration by the intention to adopt IFRS in 2003, with implementation required for reporting periods on or after 1 January 2005 (Nobes & Zeff, 2008). Intention of adopting IFRS is to embrace international harmonisation by having a single universal set of accounting rules and to optimize accounting quality reducing diversity in accounting practices and information asymmetries. Concurrently, many scholars has raised doubts and speculation of this ideology of accounting standardisation stirred up by the adoption of the controversial International Accounting Standards (IAS) 39 or in Australia, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) 139: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement which has been subject to much criticism (Armstrong, Barth, Jagalinzer, & Riedl, 2008; Barth, Landsman, & Lang, 2006). Due to this uproar, the IASB has decided to review the standards for financial instruments formulating a new financial...
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...Wesfarmers Financial Strategy 1. Pro-forma Financials assuming that Wesfarmers re-financed the $4bn bridging facility with debt. i) Pro-forma financial statements [pic] Comments on results: Under the alternative financing scenario, the $4 billion bridging facility used to fund Coles acquisition and working capital is replaced by a long term debt facility. The debt facility has the same terms as the USD650 million (i.e. AUD $711 million) bond issue which has a 5-year duration at 6.998% p.a. interest rate. The interest bearing debt will increase by $3,289 million from the 2009 level, assuming the USD650 bond issue is treated as long term liabilities in the 2009 report. The interest expense will increase by AUD$230 million (6.998% of $3,289 million equity funding equivalent). Shareholder equity is $3,289 million less under the alternative scenario, which also means that annual dividend payout is reduced by $470 million assuming $1.10 per share payout for FY2009. Financing Cash Flow [pic] Interest Expense increases with increased debt from $737m to $938m Profit after Tax reduces by $313m from $1,535m to $1,224m. This is due to the increase in interest which is partially offset by the tax benefit of interest. Interest Bearing Debt will increase by $3,289m Shareholder Equity reduces by $3,289m. This is due to the rights issue being replaced by long-term debt, increasing the debt-holders interest in WES. Financing Cash Flow increases by...
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...2014 TOPIC PAPERS NO. 1 TITLE Inflation PAGE 3 2 External Stability 5 3 Unemployment 7 4 Labour Markets 9 5 Financial Markets 11 6 Economic Growth 13 7 Ecologically Sustainable Development 15 8 Globalisation 17 9 Income Distribution 19 10 Developing Economies 21 Produced by “Plain English Economics Pty Ltd” PO Box 522 Jannali NSW 2226 Email: plain.english@bigpond.com Disclaimer: While every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of information contained in this publication, no liability is held by the producers as a result of any use of the contents of this document. Topic one: Inflation Inflation (%pa) 5% Inflation remains within target 4% There has been some volatility in the actual official or “headline rate” of inflation over the past 3 years. There was a spike in inflation in mid 2011, when the CPI hit 3.5%.This primarily reflected higher food prices as floods around the country and the North Queensland cyclone in early 2011 caused supply shortages of several fruits and vegetables. Over the course of 2012 there was a reversal of this effect, as food supply levels normalised and prices fell as a result. The CPI hit a low of 1.2% in mid 2012. Since then, the headline CPI growth rate has generally been on an upward trend. At 2.9%, the March 2014 CPI is at the upper end of the Reserve Bank target range. Growth Rate % Consumer Price Index March ...
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...being able to pay back what you owe due to the inability to convert assets into cash quickly, without materially moving the price. Example Holding long-term property investments that cannot be converted into cash quickly to pay obligations as they fall due. Funding The risk of funding support not being met by investors or bankers. An existing financier (e.g. bank) withdraws its funding commitment as a result of poor performance by the entity. Interest rate The risk of a change in interest rates impacting borrowing costs, interest income and/or asset/debt values. Central bank increases the cash rate and your company has a floating rate loan pegged to the cash rate. Foreign exchange The risk of the foreign exchange rate fluctuating, impacting the currency conversion of revenues, expenses, assets and/or liabilities. Includes transaction, translation, competitive/economic and accounting exposures. If the AUD falls, an Australian importer of clothing from the US pays more AUD for the same amount of clothing. Commodity price The risk of the change in price of a commodity, whether used as an input or generated as an output. The price of iron ore falls as a result of a lack of confidence in general economic conditions, reducing revenues for an iron ore producer. Credit The risk of another party to a contract not meeting its obligations (i.e. defaulting). A debtors declares bankruptcy, resulting in an uncollected receivable. Operational ...
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...Table of content 1 Exective summary 2 Part A Difinition of EWRM Framework of EWRM COSO ERM frame work The comment on the statement Threats and responses of EWRM The corporate culture of EWRM Expensive or not for EWRM 3 Part B Background of Centro Identify risks in Centro Planning in the risk evaluation process Risk register of Centro Mitigation strategy and recommendations 4 Reference 5 Appendix Exective summary In the modern economy, companies are facing various types of risks and they begin to focus on the risk management. In the assignment, I introduce the enterprise-wide risk management in modern companies in part A and analysis the risks in Centro to create risk register. Through the result of risk register, I will give some recommendations and plan some mitigation strategy for risk management of Centro. Part A Difinition of EWRM Enterprise-wide risk managemnet is a buzzword used in the culture of the modern companies. Enterprise-wide, sometimes referred to organisation-wide or integrated though enterprise-wide risk management was also called organisation-wide or integrated risk managemnet. Risk management decribles how the discipline of risk management is partised in contemporary terms. In the definition by James Deloach, “EWRM is a new strategic process which enables you to identify, measure and manage the entire range of business opportunities and risks facing your organization...
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...P. Kapur Adviser, RITES and A. K. M. Sharma General Manager, Marketing & Client Services, RITES. Prologue RITES Journal 22.1 July 2009 Indian Infrastructure : Role of RITES Introduction Much of the industrialized world is currently in the grip of recession due to the ongoing global financial crises (GFC) – allegedly triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis of USA in 2007. According to some analysts the recession is the worst since the great depression of 1930s. The world output and trade is forecast to shrink in 2009 – the first such contraction since the end of World War II. The recession is inflicting job losses and wealth loss on an unprecedented scale. In an era of globalization, the GFC has impacted the economies of practically all countries in varying degrees and India is no exception. After a long spell of growth, the Indian economy is experiencing a downturn. Industrial growth is faltering, the current account deficit is widening, foreign exchange reserves are depleting and the Rupee is depreciating. There is gloom in the job market and stock markets have registered a sharp downward spiral. RITES - the Infrastructure People. The Company has come a long way from its inception in 1974 and, apart from India, has operated in 62 countries. The Authors, who have a wide experience in international consultancy, have forcefully brought out the present spread of its consultancy areas and as also its road map for the future. RITES’ contribution in the ...
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...-1- Anatomy of a Credit Crisis 2009-07-24 This timeline has grown and been amended since it first appeared in the December, 2008, issue of The Australian Journal of Management, as the editorial, under the title of “The Dominoes Fall: a timeline of the squeeze and crunch”. I include below the December preamble. The version of mid-May, 2009, will appear as the editorial of the June 2009 issue of the AJM, under the title “Anatomy of a Credit Crisis.” I include below the June preamble, in which I assay a framework for understanding the genesis of the crisis. December, 2008: IN ITS LEADER of October 13, 2008, the Financial Times characterized the western world’s banking system as suffering “the equivalent of a cardiac arrest.” The collapse of confidence in the system means that “it is now virtually impossible for any institution to finance itself in the markets longer than overnight.” This occurred less than a month after Lehman Brothers (LB) collapsed, without bailout. Six months earlier Bear Stearns (BS) had been bailed out after JP Morgan Chase (JPM Chase) had bought it for $10 a share, at the regulator’s urging. After LB fell, who would be next? And if LB, who was not at risk? Despite the earlier U.S. government bailouts of the erstwhile government mortgage originators (and still seen as government-sponsored enterprises, or GSEs), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), and the later bailout of the...
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...well. (Economic Development Board, n.d). According to Strait Times: Singapore secured position as the second freest economy in the world in 22 straight years, the acceptance to global trade & investment remains to contribute a sturdy support for economic dynamism in Singapore. One of the key events happened past decade in Singapore is the collapse of Lehman Brothers that leads to financial crisis in 2008. The Republic takes the lead among the East-Asian countries to fall into recession in 2008. As a result, the economy declined 0.6% but has bounced back as much as 15.2% in 2010 due to power of resumed exports (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is vital/important in the national income accounting. GDP means the entire market cost of all end goods & services along the time frame provided from different...
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