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Families and Households Paper Aqa

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What is meant by the term Family? (2)
Family is a group of people related by kinship ties such as blood, marriage/civil partnership or adoption.

Explain how sociologists may understand childhood as a socially constructed concept (4)
The social construction of childhood means that it is not natural as it is a concept with various meanings in different societies. An interactionist known as Aries (1962) suggested that childhood today is a new social invention as during industrialisation children were seen as ‘miniature adults’ as they performed the same work as their parents. Whereas since the 20th century an emergence of a child-centred society is now present. Parents view children as sentimental as they now occupy a central place in the emotional life of home. The state has also contributed to the child-centred society by introducing safe guarding policies as Wells (2009) notes the government of childhood is organised around saving children from internal and external threats. However, not all societies in the world have a concept of childhood which does show that childhood is socially constructed.

Suggest three ways in which the form of the typical family has been affected by demographic factors (6)
Due to changes in fertility rate the average age of woman giving birth over 30 years old has increased – The use of reliable birth control has enabled woman to have power over reproduction, as well as this the educational opportunities has increased for females which woman are putting first before they settle down for a family.
There has been a massive increase of dual-earners within the family, which couples are now combing paid work with family life and childcare. Children are being looked after by other relatives, especially grandparents instead of the mother.
The Family Policy Studies Centred estimated that woman will choose to remain childless as noted

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