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Measuring Road Transport Performance
1. Aspects of Performance
To a large extent the bottom line indicator of performance of freight and passenger road transport is the operating cost per tonne or tonne-km (or per passenger or passenger-km). Level of service aspects such as travel time, reliability, safety, comfort and security are also important, as well as environmental impacts.
Trucks: In countries where large-scale intercity trucking operates efficiently in medium-income countries with predominantly flat terrain, recent experience is that the transport cost per km for a truck-trailer is between US$0.75 and US$ 1.25. For a typical load of 20 tonnes, this works out at
US cents 4-6 per tonne km. By contrast efficient small-scale transport in rural areas using small trucks may have a cost of US$ 0.20-0.30 per tonne-km, although it is common for the rates to be expressed on an hourly rather than km basis. Inefficient operations may push these costs much higher. Main factors that affect trucking costs are
• economies of scale in truck size, which favor the use of larger trucks,
• back-haul possibilities, which depend strongly on the demand pattern,
• empty running and idle time due to seasonal variations in demand,
• restrictions on working hours, for example due to regulations or safety reasons,
• road conditions such as mountainous terrain, deteriorated pavement and traffic congestion,
• enforcement procedures along the road and at border posts, which can delay trucks and impose high unofficial payments,
• standard of trucks, in terms of design and condition, which affects speed, availability and consumption rates for fuel, spares and other inputs,
• availability of freight forwarding and other services, which is often poor in remote areas,
• quality of service offered (specialized freight services may involve higher costs),
• input or

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