...According to Berns (2010), socioeconomic status refers to the “rank or position within a society, based on social and economic factors” (p. 97). There are different classes to describe a person’s socioeconomic status. They are upper class, middle class, lower class, and underclass. Upper class families tend to have inherited their wealth. They have a family tradition of social prominence that goes back throughout several generations and puts emphasis on the external family. Countless upper class families consider proper rearing more important than formal schooling in preparing to achieve adult roles. Children of upper class who do receive schooling normally attend private schools and colleges. Their focus of education is usually on an occupation that holds a high status, such as business, medicine, and law. Children of upper class families may be perceived as more knowledgeable because of this. In addition, children receive proper health care because their parents can afford it (Berns, 2010). Underclass families tend to have a feeling of hopelessly regarding their ability to gain wealth. They feel as though they are stuck where they are at and cannot get out. “The underclass is composed of many faces: female-headed families; street-living homeless alcoholics, drug users, and the mentally ill who have been deinstitutionalized; the destitute elderly, illegal aliens, rural families from economically depressed areas; and any other group who, for whatever reason, cannot get...
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...well enough to be considered valid and, therefore to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” (as cited in Guzman, Stam, & Stanton, 2008, p. 34). Therefore, IT managers must consider that organizational culture is an important factor to be taken into consideration within the value chain. As stated by Schein, culture is relevant and it matters because it is a powerful, latent, and often unconscious set of forces that determine both our individual and collective behavior, ways of perceiving, thought patterns, and values (Guzman et al., 2008). In order to take a look deep inside an organization’s social and technical dynamics, via value chain we turn our attention to “The Mini-cases: 5 companies, 5 strategies, 5 transformations”. This unique interaction case study was conducted by Balu Bagopal, Maurice Berns, Zayna Khajat, Martin Reeves and Andrew Townsend a MIT Sloan Management Review and knowledge partner. The Boston Consulting Group, with sponsorship support from business analytics provider SAS, are collaborating on a project called the Sustainability Initiative. This case study is a survey of five corporate executives and managers about their perspectives on the intersection of sustainability and business strategy (Berns, M., Townsend, A., Khajat, Z., Bagopal, B., Reeves, M., et al. (2009). The researchers started their analysis by separating the case study participants...
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...Kimberly Yaeger CHLD 210 Topic Paper March 5, 2011 Affects of Divorce on Children Introduction Divorce can have a devastating impact on a family. Children are particularly vulnerable when their parents are divorced. For many years, experts in the field of child psychology and child development have researched the impact of divorce on children. They have found that children of divorce can have a wide range of problems including behavioral, emotional and adjustment difficulties. For the purposes of this discussion, I will explore the impact of divorce on children. According to current data, nearly 51% of all marriages in the United States end in divorce (Love and Murdock , 2008). In addition, the divorce rate began to increase in the 1960’s. Many factors may have contributed to this increase including women feeling a sense of greater independence and ability to support themselves (Love and Murdock, 2008). Along with these factors is the increase in the number of stepfamilies because many who remarry already have children (Love and Murdock, 2008). The introduction of the stepfamily into a divorced situation can lead to even greater problems for children of divorce (Love and Murdock, 2008). Another researcher reports that there are differing opinions concerning the impact of divorce on children. Jeynes (2005) reports some experts believe that most children heal from divorce 2 to 3 years after the divorce has occurred. While others have concluded that the...
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...Childcare: Understanding How it Affects Children Patricia L. Johnson SOC 312 Instructor Okantey May 21, 2012 Non-Parental Childcare: Understanding How it Affects Children There are many different types of childcare available in society today and most are much different than childcare that was experienced a few decades ago. Today’s parents are having to work outside the home more than ever before and need others to help care for their children while they are at work. Non-parental childcare comes in to play at this point. Non-parental childcare is childcare that is provided for children that comes from someone other than the child’s parents. (Berns, 2013) Non-parental childcare usually comes in three main types, child-care centers, family day-care homes, and in-home care: nannies. (Berns, 2013) These three types can include a variety of subtypes of non-parental childcare, including having a friend or relative watch a child, hiring a sitter, using a neighborhood cooperative to care for children, using a childcare (commonly known as a daycare center or preschool program) center, hiring an in-home nanny, or using before and/or after school programs. Non-parental childcare that takes place in daycare centers or preschool programs and most in-home nannies that are hired usually have been trained in how to care for a child. All types of non-parental childcare contribute to the socialization of children, as well as enhancing other areas of development. Most parents...
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...they spend most time away from home. Describing three different kinds of non-parental childcare and analyze the influences it may have in a child’s psychological, social and cognitive development. With today’s economy, many parents cannot afford childcare so they seeking for at homecare with a family member. The child may or may not being getting the same behavior or activities that a school or day care will provides. There are some studies about children care that indicated a childcare center they are more likely would do better when they start school and develops their social skills with others. Social skills is a main factor for a child development, they need to have the knowledge of what is acceptable and what is not. Many parents do feel that they children are a lot safer with a family member than with a person they do not know much about. This is an ideal situation because someone they trust with reduces the stress of leaving the child provides the non-parental care. Thinking about the real tics of the situation this relative or friend, is probably not licensed, nor has received any type of formal childcare training. The drastically decreases the probability of the child being privy to developmentally appropriates or...
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...the fourth of July a lot of fireworks. * Strong local government. * The Swiss National Park, founded in 1914, is the oldest in the Alps. * Bellinzona are among the most important examples of medieval defensive architecture in the Alps. With its castles, walls, towers, battlements and gates, this impressive fortress is a source of wonder and amazement. Bellinzona was a very important line of defence for the ancient Romans, and the first written reference dates back to 590. Population: * 7.5 million people * 55% Catholic. Others are Jews, Buddhists, and Mormon. Religion is not discussed in public. * Bern: Bern Historical Museum (Bernisches Historisches Museum) * This museum features furniture and other antiques that demonstrate how people have lived in Switzerland for the past two centuries. * Capital of Switerland is Bern * Largest city is Zunich which has 1,143 million people * Zurich, the most populous city of Switzerland, is famous for its financial institutions and shops on "Bahnhofstrasse" as well as for its superb art galleries - all coexisting happily side by side. Lake Zurich offers endless opportunities for swimming, sunbathing and pick nicking. * * Some of the highest mountains in the...
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...Parent Style Attachment An Overview of Parenting Styles and Attachment The quest to explore the connection between parenting styles and attachment styles was an eye opening journey. We have traveled with the psychologists who have helped us along the way in our pursuit to recognize the parent child dynamics, as it relates to parenting styles and attachment styles. Through the use of literature and my real world observations, I will show some links between attachment styles and parenting styles. The four basic parenting styles are as follows: Authoritative Parent An Authoritative Parent is described by Baumrind as parents who "monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperative” (Baumrind, The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use, 1991). This parenting style is the most popular in the United States, although in specific races, cultures and socioeconomic groups this parenting style may not be very popular. The authoritative parent is one who understands a child’s mind to be tabula rasa. These parents provide a positive emotional climate. They commonly use induction and socialization to mold, grow and correct a child’s behavior while preparing them to be responsible...
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...Falls in love with Mileva Maric, a Serbian classmate at the ETH. 1900 Graduates from the ETH. 1901 Becomes a Swiss citizen and, unemployed, searches for work. Meets Maric in northern Italy for a tryst, and she becomes pregnant. In the fall, he finds work in Schaffhausen, Switzerland as a tutor. Maric, moves to Stein am Rhein, three miles upriver. She then returns to her parents' home to give birth to her child. Einstein moves to Bern. 1902 In January, Maric gives birth to their daughter, Lieserl, who they eventually put up for adoption. Lieserl apparently becomes ill, and then all record of her disappears. Einstein takes a job at the Swiss Patent Office. Hermann Einstein becomes ill and dies. 1903 Marries Maric in January. 1904 Maric gives birth to their first son, Hans Albert. 1905 Publishes, five outstanding papers, making this his "annus mirabilis," or miracle year. One of the papers introduces his special theory of relativity and another E = mc2. , at age 26 1906 Continues working as an examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. 1907 Begins applying the laws of...
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...Education Excellence In order for our children to succeed in life they need an education. With the need to improve education in the United States, the government saw a need to improve the national educational achievement rates. The best place to start when improving the national educational achievement rates is when the children first begin school. “In a 1983 report, titled A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform, by the National Commission on Excellence in Education, helped create a public demand for change in the public schools.” (Berns, 2010, p. 212) This report is what encouraged the government to make the change. “To address the charges made by the report, government, business, and educational leaders developed six national educational goals, announced in 1990 and reconfirmed in 1999 in the Educational Excellence for All Children Act” (Berns, 2010, p. 213). The Educational Excellence for All Children Act (1999) stated that by the year 2000 they wanted to achieve what they created. The first goal was to have all children in America start school ready to learn. Part of this goal is to have all children have the access to high-quality and developmentally appropriate preschool programs that will help to prepare the children for school. This is a great idea and goal, but unfortunately it is not directed to all children. In most cases, this is only for the children who are in the upper class and the lower class families. Therefore, this goal...
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...The Role of Motivation, Commitment and Leadership in Strengthening Public Service Performance Adrian Ritz University of Bern Centre of Competence for Public Management Schanzeneckstrasse 1, P. B. 8573 CH-3001 Bern Switzerland Objective •This correlation between leadership behavior, motivation, and commitment in public institutions is examined in this article. It is highly relevant, both theoretically and practically, for explaining in a better manner the basic area of conflict between managerialistic steering principles and incentive mechanisms, on the one hand, and the public interest for managing state institutions, on the other. • In this article, prior research is augmented by new perspectives and empirical results from Switzerland on the relationship between motivation, leadership behavior, and performance in the Swiss federal administration. The article deals, on the one hand, with the relationship between public sector motivation (PSM), job satisfaction, organizational commitment (OC), and leadership behavior and, on the other hand, with the influence of these variables on the internal efficiency of public administrations. Hypothesis H1: The higher the Public Service Motivation, the higher the organization’s internal efficiency. H2: The greater the Organizational Commitment, the higher the internal efficiency of the organization. H3: Employees with higher Public Service Motivation exhibit greater Organizational Commitment. H4: The greater the job satisfaction...
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...Constructing Knowledge Together (21-45). Extract from Telecollaborative Language Learning. A guidebook to moderating intercultural collaboration online. M. Dooly (ed.). (2008) Bern: Peter Lang. Chapter 1 Constructing knowledge together Melinda Dooly Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. (Henry Ford) Summary In this chapter, we briefly explain what we propose as a working definition of cooperative and collaborative learning and why it is important. This chapter gives an overview of how the premise of constructivism provides an important axis for collaborative and cooperative work. We also examine how this type of approach easily fits with online language learning projects. Basic points for setting up online collaborative projects are given, however these examples are quite general in this chapter. Specific examples of how collaborative and/or cooperative learning can be explored with network-based learning are provided in Chapters 3 and 4, which describe some ICT tools in more detail. Constructing knowledge together: collaborative or cooperative learning? Collaborative learning requires working together toward a common goal. This type of learning has been called by various names: cooperative learning, collaborative learning, collective learning, learning communities, peer teaching, peer learning, or team learning. What they have in common is that they all incorporate group work. However, collaboration is more than...
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...Parenting style is one major influence and the foundation on social skills development and peer interaction. Children whose parents are authoritative develop a higher level of social skills and they tend to be likeable and sociable to people more than children whose parents are authoritarian and permissive.(Berns, 2010). Social skills start to develop from infancy. When parent are very responsive to their infants by attending to their every need and form a close relationship with them, they teach them to have trust, feel safe and have security. These help them to develop confident social skills. There is a saying that children live what they learn. Children who are ridiculed all the time, who are always blamed for everything they do, and children who are always called names turn out to be very shy to make friends, very aggressive that nobody wants to play with them, and very lonely children. Parents and adults should encourage children by praise and positive words at all times and help them feel good about themselves. Adults should train children to be responsible and independent at an early age. They should set clear goals and values that will be easily followed. Another way adults can intervene is by modeling positive relationships with others and also encourages children to make friends. Parents can invite their children’s friends to come to the house and play with them or even have sleepovers. Taking children out to social gatherings and have them participate in social...
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...Annotated Bibliography “What is the evidence of positive benefits with using T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) unit for pain management?” Bi, X., Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27: 23-25 (2014). Xia Bi, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, China, focused his research on investigating the effectiveness with using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on patients in pain due to a spinal cord injury. Bi states that there have been many clinical papers that have reported positive effects of TENS in pain management but controversy exists over which conditions can be treated using this method. He states that if TENS were shown to be effective method of alleviating pain in Spinal Cord Injury (SPI) patients, it would decrease medical costs and improve quality of life. Bi discusses how their results are consistent with those of previous studies (Celik EC, The effect of low frequency TENS in the treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury) which reported the effectiveness of TENS in the pain relief of SCI patients. The study had several limitation which were mention in the paper stating that the sample size of subjects was insufficient for generalization of the results, a follow up was not performed, and lastly they did not compare the efficacy of low frequency TENS...
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...lives. He is the creator of law, as He created the first laws and revealed them to us in His Word. Roger Bern, A BIBLICAL MODEL for ANALYSIS of ISSUES of LAW and PUBLIC POLICY: With ILLUSTRATIVE APPLICATIONS to CONTRACTS, ANTITRUST, REMEDIES and PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES, 6:103 Regent U. L. Rev. 108 (1995). The authority of God in an individual’s life is mentioned numerous times in the Bible: “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom: And the knowledge of the holy is understanding.” Proverbs 9:10. “The law of the LORD is perfect, converting the soul: the testimony of the LORD is sure, making wise the simple.” Psalm 19:7. It is clear from these verses that God’s reason is the best ultimate authority for an individual. Regarding whether the ultimate authority is different for individuals and society as a whole, it is important to remember the type of society that we live in. Our society today is governed by (mostly) secular leaders. In America, the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States calls for separation of Church and State. U.S. Const. n. (1791). In the case of Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court cited Thomas Jefferson as saying that “the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ‘a wall of separation between Church and State.’” 330 US 855, 91 L. Ed. 711, 67 S. Ct. 962 - Supreme Court, 1947. Because of this, I feel that, although it is what myself and most Christians would prefer, we cannot expect a secular society...
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...Latonia Barnes Reflection Paper Two Instructor: Pat Morrow EDU 440 Mount Olive @ New Bern March 10, 2013 “I pledge that I have neither given nor received unapproved help on this paper” Latonia Barnes Reflection Two In this field of childcare there are many questions that I ponder on, will I continue to stay in this field? Will I get move to a different position as I complete educational requirements? And will I want to pursue a leadership position with a center in the Early Childhood field? With all the questions that I have asked myself the one that I know for sure that I will not want to pursue is a leadership position with a center. In this essay I will give 5 reasons for my answer. Reason one is that I am not the conformational, leader type of person. I don’t think that I am the type of person that can handle the aspects of leading or managing a center. When it comes to being in authority I am the type of person that lets people push over me and tell me what to do instead of me taking a stand and not being scared and frail of what people have to say. I have been in leadership in different positions in my church and could not keep order with the assignments that I was over. I do not have the confidence in myself to lead a people or to make decisions that will be right for a center. Reason two is that the whole aspect of being in control will be difficult and challenging for me. Just knowing that I have to be the one to make the overall decision will...
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