...of skeletal muscles. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 1 shows the components of a cross section of muscle. Each muscle belly is made up of thousands to tens of thousands of muscle fibers (cells). The fibers are grouped into bundles of as many as 150 fibers called fasciculi. The bundles have a connective tissue around them called perimysium, and the fibers are also surrounded by connective tissue called endomysium. The fibers or cells each have a membrane called sarcolemma and contain multi nuclei. Within the sarcolemma membrane there are hundreds or thousands of myofibrils surrounded by sarcoplasm. (2,3) The myofibrils are made up of two types of filaments, a thick filament made of the protein myosin and a thin filament made up of the proteins actin and to a lesser degree troponin and tropomyosin. The actin and myosin run parallel to each other along the fiber. Myosin has tiny globular heads throughout the length that create cross bridges that play an important roll in the contraction process. (4) A Closer Look at Myofibrils From an article in Nature Reviews on molecular cell biology, (4) you will see the contractile elements of the muscle are the myofibril. A closer look shows a striated pattern running the...
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...Norah Carr Co-ordination and movement Lo3. March 2012. 3:1 eplain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction with reference to the antagonistic muscles of the upper arm. 3:2. Draw and label a diagram of a synovial joint, explaining the functions of each structure. 3:3. Distinguish between a hinge, pivot and a ball and socket joint with reference to named examples, shapes of bones and the ranges of movement possible. To understand the sliding filament theory, one should first look at the muscles. All movement through the body is created and stopped by muscles. Muscles work in antagonistic pairs, that means that when one muscle relaxes, it antagonistic pair will contract and vice versa. Muscle fibres are found in bundles wasting very little space. The muscle fibres which have bunches of myofibrils, which house myofilaments within.(thick myosin and thin actin filaments). Once the brain decides it wants to contract a muscle, it sends a series of electrical impulses via chemical reactions called Action potentials, down to motor neurons which innervate muscle fibres. through a process called 'lateral inhibition' the brain will send an exictatory (contract) signal to one motor neuron and an inhibitory (relax) signal to the other. Once the 'signal' (action potential) reaches the muscle fibre a series of events takes place, and very quickly: The Action potential travels along the axon of the motor neuron to the synaptic end bulb. This is an area of the neuron...
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...How Fat Is Digested Dietary fats, like those in butter, meat or cooking oils, are basically organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They consist of complex molecules and are the most highly concentrated source of energy in our daily diet. They belong to a class of substances called lipids. Unfortunately, dietary fats do not dissolve in water, as a result they are not easily broken down by fat-digesting enzymes (lipase) in the watery content of the gastrointestinal tract. Thus fats tend to take longer to digest than carbohydrates or proteins. How Fat Is Digested Although a small amount of lipase is secreted by Ebner's glands on the tongue, and by the stomach, these digestive actions are not significant, as almost no real breakdown of fat occurs until the fats reach the duodenum in the form of gastric chyme. Fat Breakdown In The Small Intestine Fat digestion and absorption requires that the complex fat molecules be broken down into smaller more manageable molecules. This is done by mixing the fat with the digestive enzyme lipase, which enters the duodenum from the pancreas - the main source of enzymes for digesting fats and proteins. Lipase chops up lipid molecules into fatty acid molecules and glycerol molecules. However, because fat does not dissolve in water, the fat molecules enter the duodenum in a congealed mass, which makes it impossible for the pancreatic lipase enzymes to attack them, since lipase is a water soluble enzyme and can only...
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...Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed for hand or machine embroidery. “A yarn is an assemblage of fibres or filaments having asubstantial length and relatively small cross section, with orwithout twist, being the end product of a spinning andwinding process” Yarn may be any of the following- • Number of fibers twisted together • Number of filaments without twist • Number of filaments twisted with more/less twist •Single filament •One or more strips cut by length of a sheet of material of natural/ synthetic or any polymer Classification of Yarns TERMS Spun yarn is made by twisting or otherwise bonding staple fibres together to make a cohesive thread, or single. Spun yarns may contain a single type of fibre, or be a blend of various types. Combining synthetic fibres (which can have high strength, lustre, and fire retardant qualities) with natural fibres (which have good water absorbency and skin comforting qualities) is very common. Filament yarn consists of filament fibres (very long continuous fibres) either twisted together or only grouped together. Silk is a natural filament, and synthetic filament yarns are used to produce silk-like effects. Texturized yarns are made by a process of air texturizing, which combines multiple filament yarns into a yarn with some of the characteristics of spun yarns. Multifilament Yarn is a filament yarn made from multiple...
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...from: http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/sk_musc_macro.jpg, http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/neur_musc_junc.jpg Spaces between the myofibrils are filled with intracellular fluid called From:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma. sarcoplasm, containing large quantities of potassium, magnesium, ultranet/BiologyPages/S/sarcomere.png and phosphate, plus multiple protein enzymes. Also there are tremendous numbers of mitochondria… n Myofibril is composed of about 1500 adjacent thick (myosin) filaments and 3000 thin (actin) filaments, which are large polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for the actual muscle contraction. (Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton & Hall, Elsevier 2006) Modified from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1022_Muscle_Fibers_(small).jpg From:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma. ultranet/BiologyPages/S/sarcomere.png Interaction between these cross-bridges and actin filaments causes contraction. Myofibril is composed of about 1500 adjacent thick (myosin) filaments and 3000...
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...BIO 566 INTRODUCTION TO BIOPHYSICS QUIZ 2 MAC-JULY 2012 Question 1 Write an essay on spectroscopy which includes : (15 marks) Basic principles, nature of electromagnetic radiation, types of spectra-(absorbance, emission and fluorescene) types of spectroscopy – (principle, instrumentation and applications of atomic absortion spectroscopy, UV Visible Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy) Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter, as related to the dependence of these processes on the wavelength of the radiation. More recently, the definition has been expanded to include the study of the interactions between particles such as electrons, protons, and ions, as well as their interaction with other particles as a function of their collision energy. Spectroscopic analysis has been crucial in the development of the most fundamental theories in physics, including quantum mechanics, the special and general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics. Spectroscopy, as applied to high-energy collisions, has been a key tool in developing scientific understanding not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the strong and weak nuclear forces. The basic principle shared by all spectroscopic techniques is to shine a beam of electromagnetic radiation onto a sample, and observe how it responds to such a stimulus. The...
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...limestone, colemanite) at 1600°C, liquid glass is formed. The liquid is passed through micro-fine bushings and simultaneously cooled to produce glass fibre filaments from 5-24μm in diameter. The filaments are drawn together into a strand (closely associated) or roving (loosely associated), and coated with a “size” to provide filament cohesion and protect the glass from abrasion.By variation of the “recipe”, different types of glass can be produced. The types used for structural reinforcements are as follows:a. E-glass (electrical) - lower alkali content and stronger than A-glass (alkali). Good tensile and compressive strength and stiffness, good electrical properties and relatively low cost, but impact resistance relatively poor. Depending on the type of E-glass the price ranges from about £1-2/kg. E-glass is the most common form of reinforcing fibre used in polymer matrix composites.b. C-glass (chemical) - best resistance to chemical attack. Mainly used in the form of surface tissue in the outer layer of laminates used in chemical and water pipes and tanks.c. R, S or T-glass – manufacturers trade names for equivalent fibres having higher tensile strength and modulus than E-glass, with better wet strength retention. Higher ILSS (interlaminar shear strength) and wet out properties are achieved through smaller filament diameter. S-glass is produced in the USA by OCF, R-glass in Europe by Vetrotex and T-glass by Nittobo in Japan. Developed for aerospace and defence industries...
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...output of 10-15 W [2]. It can also produce a torque level of 4 nN-nm, which is two hundred times higher than that of an F1-ATPase. Flagellar motors are found in nature, used by many species of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to rotate the flagellar filaments on their bodies for locomotion purpose (Figure 1). Each motile E. coli cell has an average of 6 helical flagellar filaments that arise at random points on the cell body [3]. Each flagellar filament is about 20 nm in diameter and 10 μm long. It is driven at the base by a rotary motor, which rotates the filament at a speed of about 100 rps during free swimming. Normally, each flagellar filament turns counterclockwise about 80% of the time. However, mutations that affect the chemotactic signaling pathway can lock the motors in one direction of rotation. The high power and high torque capability of tethered flagellar motors suggest the possibility of using flagellar motors as microfluidic actuators in MEMS type devices. - General about flagellar motors - Structural diversity of bacterial flagellar motors The flagellum consists of a motor also known as the basal body, a flexible linker termed the hook, and a filament that behaves as a helical propeller and is typically many times the length of the bacterium itself. The motor converts ion flux across the cytoplasmic membrane into a torque that rotates the flagellum. In some organisms such as Escherichia coli, counterclockwise rotation generates...
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...credit Thomas Edison with the invention of, actually had several inventors who built models of it before Edison. In 1809, Humphry Davy invented the first electric light bulb. He connected wires to a battery, and subsequently connected a strip of charcoal to the opposite ends of the wires. Miraculously, the tiny amount of charcoal produced light, and became known as the arc lamp. However, the arc lamp was not what historians deem as a true incandescent light bulb. The first true incandescent light bulb was invented by a German watchmaker named Henricg Globel, and he used carbonized bamboo as a filament (Bellis, n.d.). Leading historians have actually created a list of 22 inventors who accomplished this feat before Thomas Edison. Edison was, however, the first to create the industry standard of the incandescent light bulb on account of the durability of his model. He tried many different filaments inside an oxygen-vacant (reducing oxidation drastically) glass bulb while on his way to accomplishing his goal of producing a durable light bulb....
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...LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW We can observe the nature of the flow of a fluid by injecting a fine filament of dye into the stream of flow and taking note of what happens to this filament. It was found in experiments that at low velocities the dye filament remained intact and that the filaments made parallel lines in the stream of flow. This is known as Laminar flow (or viscous or streamline). If the velocity of flow is gradually increased, the dye filament is eventually broken up and spread over the cross section of the pipe. This is turbulent flow, in which the particles of fluid are not moving in parallel lines but are moving across the general direction of flow. If a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertia will tend to move it in a new direction, however the viscous forces from the surrounding fluid will tend to move it in the general direction of flow. If the shear forces are large enough to overcome any deviation, then we have viscous or laminar flow. However, if the shear forces are relatively weaker, and not sufficient to overcome the inertia of the particles, then we have turbulent flow. [pic] Therefore it is the ratio of the inertia to the viscous forces which determines whether flow will be laminar or turbulent. The ratio of the inertia forces to the viscour forces is given by: [pic] c l (Reynolds Number) μ Therefore, it is the Reynolds number which determines whether a flow will be laminar or turbulent. As Kinematic Viscosity...
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...the emergence of mining and coal changed the industry. Next came the race for filament bulb lighting that could be used commercially and in homes. After the basic bulbs were introduced to the bulb, innovations were still occurring that lead to the invention of neon, florescent and LED lights (John Bessant, 2011). In the late eighteenth century, Humphrey Davy introduced the carbon arc lamp which changed the lighting industry in a few ways; it made mining safer, it supported the idea of domestic illumination starting the gas lighting era, and it sparked innovations such as the first street lamp in Cleveland, Ohio (John Bessant, 2011). These innovations created a radical change, creating the discontinued use of illuminates such as oil lamps. The next large change came about when Thomas Edison and Joseph Swann started researching the possibility of incandescent filament light bulbs and patenting their ideas (John Bessant, 2011). While it is accepted that Edison was not the first inventor to create the light bulb it is argued that he created the first viable, long lasting bulb that could be sold for domestic use by using bamboo as a filament in commercial lamps (Electric Lamp, 2014). These commercial light bulbs created a radical change towards a well-established industry with some big names that we still see today such as General Electric (GE) and Philips (John Bessant, 2011). Once the filament bulb became widely accepted and used commonly in every home, incremental changes...
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...graded on the strength of the contractions and the ability to create force. These forces were able to be compared to other forces throughout the experiments. EFFECTS OF STRETCH ON CONTRATION FORCE 1. The effect of stretching the muscle increases the contraction strength to a certain point until the muscle is over stretched. This was where our results stopped. This is known as the optimal length. However if we kept stretching the muscle over time it would of plateaued before decreasing. The muscle stretches to achieve an optimal length. If a muscle has not reached its optimal length less tension can be developed for 3 reasons: The thin filaments of one side of the sarcomere become overlapped with the other which does not allow actin to bind to a large portion of the filaments limiting the action potential. The thick filaments become forced against a Z section and further shortening is caused. The shorter the muscle becomes less and less actin is able...
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...11/28/2015 Chapter 1 Swatch # 1 – Denim [pic] Denim is durable twill woven with colored (usually blue) warp and white filling threads; it is also woven in colored stripes. The name is said to have originated in French serge de Nimes. The word comes from the name of a sturdy fabric called serge. Denim was originally called serge de Nimes, it was then soon shortened to Denim. Denim is yard-dyed and mill-finished and is usually all-cotton, although considerable quantities are of a cotton-synthetic fiber mixture. Decades of use in the clothing industry, especially in manufacture of overalls and trousers were worn for heavy labour such as construction workers and electrical workers. Denim has demonstrated denim’s durability. This quality also made denim serviceable for leisurewear in the late 20th Century. Denim is a rugged cotton twill textile, in which the weft passes under two or more warp fibers. This produces the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse of the fabric, which distinguishes denim from cotton duck. It is a twill-weave woven fabric that uses different colors for the warp and weft. One color is predominant on the fabric surface. Because of this twill weave, it means the fabric is very strong. I believe Denim is the most amazing fabric out there it’s versatile, it’s tough, its durable,, its easy to work with, its fashionable, its warm I mean I can go one with how great denim is. I mean everyone owns denim. Once before...
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...The cell membrane is made up of the outer and inner cell membrane with a trilaminate structure, which enclose the pre nuclear cistern between them by parallel-going process. Darnell J et al (1990) From the one side huddled to the inner nuclear membrane surface and from the other side from the periphrical chromatin of a eukaryotic nucleus there is a high -protein lamination ( thickness 30-100 nm) out of filaments -which is called the nuclear lamina . Newport JW et al (1987) The lamina can be isolated biochemically, and remaining matrix has the same form and size like the treated cell and is only made out of lamina proteins which forms a stable fibular bonding polymer network . Lamina A, B1, B2 and C are those who built the lamina proteins. They belong to the family of the type 5 intermediate filaments. Intermediate filaments are structures built of proteins which increase the mechanic stability of a nucleus. A single monomer of the intermediate filaments is about 48 nm long and very thin. Type 5 is one of the six types of the intermediate filament (online last accessed 29/10/2010). The connection from the lamina with a cell membrane is achieved through lamina B according to Newport et al, because it has a special role when bonding with the membrane, while the other laminas connect to lamina B and transmit interaction between chromatin and the lamina. Dessev GN et al (1992) consider an indirect interaction between non lamina components of the nucleolus membrane and a lamina B receptor...
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...172 Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 2013, 9, 172-177 Removal of Methylene Blue and Malachite Green Dye Using Different Form of Coconut Fibre as Absorbent Y.C. Wong*, M.S.R. Senan and N.A. Atiqah Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Locked Bag 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Abstract: In this study, coconut fibres are grounded and sieved into the size of 150 μm granular form and filament form of uniform size 2.0 cm for absorption test of methylene blue and malachite green dye in single dye solution were studied. As a result, granular form of coconuts have higher percentage removal dye of methyelene blue and malachite green blue which is 98.3% and 99.0%. This study shows a major approach of turning the agricultural waste to an added value product which is absorbent for wastewater treatment especially in textile industries sector. Keywords: Coconut fibre, absorption, melethylene blue dye, malachite green dye. 1. INTRODUCTION Water pollution has become a serious problem around the world including Malaysia. Malaysia is one of the country that fall into this negatively impacts on the sustainability of water resources. Many industries sector in Malaysia such as textile, paper, paint, pharmaceuticals, food, leather, cosmetics, tannery, printing and plastics used wide verieties of dye in order to color their product for example such as batik in textile industry. Among those industries sector in Malaysia, textiles industry ranked...
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