...Discuss the roles and motivations for separately filtering ingress and egress traffic in the enterprise network. Describe separate conditions for both ingress and egress traffic as they transit the network. Discuss: What roles do ingress and egress filtering play in protecting a network? How do protective isolations help to protect a network? Why do we need to separate and isolate the types of traffic? Ingress filtering is the filtering of any IP packets with untrusted source addresses before they have a chance to enter and affect your system or network. It can protect users from malicious attacks based on spoofing, where a hacker attempts to make a packet look like it originated from somewhere else. Internet service providers (ISPs) typically use ingress filtering to defend their customers and an individual home or office network can have additional safety measures in place. One major use for ingress filtering is to combat denial of service (DOS) attacks. These attacks rely on flooding networks with packets, many of which are spoofed to conceal their origins. The network can catch packets an ISP may not have identified as a problem, depending on the type of filtering used. This adds an extra layer of security for individual users, along with other safety measures like scanning incoming information for viruses and other malicious software that may pose a risk to the safety of computer systems or data on the network. It is also possible to compare the spoofing information against...
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...Content This chapter is concerned primarily with helping the reader develop a basic understanding of the Fourier transform and the frequency domain, and how they apply to image enhancement. Background Introduction to the Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain DFT Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters 4.1 Background • Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as the sum of sines and/or cosines of different frequencies, each multiplied by a different coefficient (Fourier series). • Even functions that are not periodic (but whose area under the curve is finite) can be expressed as the integral of sines and/or cosines multiplied by a weighting function (Fourier transform). • The advent of digital computation and the “discovery” of fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm in the late 1950s revolutionized the field of signal processing, and allowed for the first time practical processing and meaningful interpretation of a host of signals of exceptional human and industrial importance. • The frequency domain refers to the plane of the two dimensional discrete Fourier transform of an image. • The purpose of the Fourier transform is to represent a signal as a linear combination of sinusoidal signals of various frequencies. = Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as a sum of sines and cosines of different frequencies each multiplied by a different coefficient – a Fourier series 4.2 Introduction...
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...Packet Filtering Index Should arriving packet be allowed in? Should a departing packet be let out? Filter packet-by-packet, making decisions to forward/drop a packet based on: Functions of Packet Filter Control: Allow only those packets that you are interested in to pass through. Security: Reject packets from malicious outsiders Watchfulness: Log packets to/from outside world In a software firewall, packet filtering is done by a program called a packet filter. The packet filter examines the header of each packet based on a specific set of rules, and on that basis, decides to prevent it from passing (called DROP) or allow it to pass (called ACCEPT). There are three ways in which a packet filter can be configured, once the set of filtering rules has been defined. In the first method, the filter accepts only those packets that it is certain are safe, dropping all others. This is the most secure mode, but it can cause inconvenience if legitimate packets are inadvertently dropped. In the second method, the filter drops only the packets that it is certain are unsafe, accepting all others. This mode is the least secure, but is causes less inconvenience, particularly in casual Web browsing. In the third method, if the filter encounters a packet for which its rules do not provide instructions, that packet can be quarantined, or the user can be specifically queried concerning what should be done with it. This can be inconvenient if it causes numerous dialog boxes to appear...
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...they will not auto-run content from USB tokens (i.e., "thumb drives"), USB hard drives, CDs/DVDs, Firewire devices, external serial advanced technology attachment devices, mounted network shares, or other removable media. If the devices are not required for business use, they should be disabled. Configure systems so that they conduct an automated anti-malware scan of removable media when it is inserted. All e-mail attachments entering the organization's e-mail gateway should be scanned and blocked if they contain malicious code or file types unneeded for the organization's business. This scanning should be done before the e-mail is placed in the user's inbox. This includes e-mail content filtering and web content filtering. Apply anti-virus scanning at the Web Proxy gateway. Content filtering for file-types should be applied at the perimeter. Deploy features and toolkits such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET), products that provide sandboxing (e.g., run browsers in a VM), and other techniques that prevent malware...
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...they will not auto-run content from USB tokens (i.e., "thumb drives"), USB hard drives, CDs/DVDs, Firewire devices, external serial advanced technology attachment devices, mounted network shares, or other removable media. If the devices are not required for business use, they should be disabled. Configure systems so that they conduct an automated anti-malware scan of removable media when it is inserted. All e-mail attachments entering the organization's e-mail gateway should be scanned and blocked if they contain malicious code or file types unneeded for the organization's business. This scanning should be done before the e-mail is placed in the user's inbox. This includes e-mail content filtering and web content filtering. Apply anti-virus scanning at the Web Proxy gateway. Content filtering for file-types should be applied at the perimeter. Deploy features and toolkits such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET), products that provide sandboxing (e.g., run browsers in a VM), and other techniques that prevent...
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...Water may be treated differently in different communities depending on the quality of the water that enters the treatment plant. Typically, surface water requires more treatment and filtration than ground water because lakes, rivers, and streams contain more sediment and pollutants and are more likely to be contaminated than ground water. Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate treatment to remove disease-causing agents. Public drinking water systems use various methods of water treatment to provide safe drinking water for their communities. Today, the most common steps in water treatment used by community water systems (mainly surface water treatment) include: Coagulation and Flocculation: Coagulation and flocculation are often the first steps in water treatment. Chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. The positive charge of these chemicals neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs, the particles bind with the chemicals and form larger particles, called floc. Sedimentation: During sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to its weight. This settling process is called sedimentation. Filtration: Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on top will pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles, such as dust, parasites...
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...CIPA: Internet Filtering in Schools and Libraries Minors are being exposed to more adult content today due to the Internet. The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was created to prevent children from accessing obscene or harmful content in schools and libraries. Yet there are groups that want to abolish the law because they feel it violates their first amendment rights of freedom of speech. CIPA is trying to protect children from viewing content not intended for them just like an R rated movie is not for children under seventeen years of age. Internet filters are needed in schools and libraries to keep minors from accessing sexually explicit, violent or otherwise adult in nature content. CIPA ("Federal Communications Commission: Children’s Internet Protection Act," 2014) was first passed into law in December of 2000. Schools and libraries that received federal E-Rate funding and discounts must certify that they have internet filtering to prevent minors from viewing obscene or harmful content. “Schools subject to CIPA have two additional certification requirements: 1) their Internet safety policies must include monitoring the online activities of minors; and 2) as required by the Protecting Children in the 21st Century Act, they must provide for educating minors about appropriate online behavior, including interacting with other individuals on social networking websites and in chat rooms, and cyberbullying awareness and response.”("Federal Communications Commission...
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...Physical Security The devices are highlighted in red and placed in a green box represent the DMZ which is needed to establish secure email and web ingress traffic. The green box around the red devices represents the physical security of the devices in the DMZ. The devices that are highlighted blue and placed in the yellow box represents the devices on the network that controls egress traffic. The yellow box represent the physical security for those devices. Filtering Schema The Ingress traffic will flow through the router where its filter through the firewall then Proxy Server. After its filter by the Proxy Server it will flow to the Web and Email Servers where it makes contact with the switch-first network device. Anti-virus, malware, and intrusion detection software will be implemented to discover any harmful traffic that may have been missed by the firewall or was a product of an end-user inadvertently downloading malicious malware onto the network. It’s critical to close all unused ports on the network to reduce the risk of attack. There will be a policy in place that updates patches for all VPN and remote-access end-users to ensure that the devices security corresponds with the rest of the network. A layered approach would be to also implement account threshold, attempts, and reset authentication policies. The Diagram below is an example of what devices would be in a DMZ and the position that the Ingress traffic would flow to in order to maintain security...
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...------------------------------------------------- trenhths ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SWOT Analysis(Eureka Forbes)------------------------------------------------- | Strengths-Spends Rs 120 million on all sales activities.- The most established competitor in the water Purifier market.- A well established brand name Aquaguard. -Recent introduction of a second brand of water purifier called “Pureslip”. - No electricity required for Pureslip.- Broad line of modern lifestyle products including water purifiers, vacuum cleaners, and mixers/grinders. -Huge sales force was, highly motivated, and well managed.-Television commercials, advertisements in magazines and newspaper supported the personal selling efforts. | Weakness-Aquagurad will not function without electricity. -Consumers mistakenly used it to refer to other water purifiers or to the entire product category.- Its product contains small amounts of activated carbon that cannot remove strong odors or inorganic solute.-Overall, the product has no storage capacity and a slow flow rate for consumers. -This product can only be mounted on the kitchen wall and requires electricity of 190 volts or higher.-Overall, the product has the weakest strategic component.- Enormous fixed cost & limited sales efforts to large urban areas. | Opportunities-Market is focused on one...
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...2.1 Packet Filtering Firewall. Firewall systems are used to filter traffic with the help of different devices and components. Packet Filtering Firewall acts as a security guard between the Internet and the Internet network. It is one among the technique to be implemented to secure firewall as it allows controlling access in a network by checking the incoming and outgoing of packets. A packet acts as an important unit of communication. When a person is transferring data between networks, these data are broken into packets for it to reach its destination. Packets can be filtered either in a router or a bridge. Packet Filtering System route the packets between internal and external users by applying the filter rules. Filter rules also known as a security policy where it can be added, modified or deleted only by an administrator of the concern system. Now, based on these rules, certain types of packets are allowed or blocked to secure and maintain the system. Therefore, Packet Filtering Firewall is the best solution to protect a network as it is commonly used as...
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...In researching the needs for Abbon Laboratories in regards to their email server, I researched Naïve Bayesian Filters. Bayesian spam filtering; is a statistical technique of e-mail filtering. It makes use of a naive Bayes classifier to identify spam e-mail. The Bayesian classifiers work by associating the use of tokens (typically words, phrases, etc), with spam and non-spam e-mails and then using Bayesian inference to calculate a probability that an email is or is not spam. Bayesian spam filtering is considered to be a powerful procedure for dealing with spam, that can be tailored to the email needs of individual users, and gives low false positive spam detection rates that are generally acceptable to users. The process of Bayesian spam filtering works in the way of distinguishing particular words which have a higher probability of occurring in spam email. This filter however, doesn’t know these probabilities in advance, and must be first trained so it can build them up. In order to train the filter, the user must first manually indicate whether a new email is spam or not. For all the words in each training email, the filter will adjust the probabilities that each word will appear in spam or legitimate email in its database. After training the system, the word probabilities are used to compute the probability that an email with a particular set of words in it belongs to a particular category. Each word in the email contributes to the email’s spam probability, or only...
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...and the users. The system recommends to the users the areas they might be interested in during browsing. The system is responsible for solving the problem that is being experienced today of information overload (Hang, Hsiao, 2013). There are different algorithms, and they are responsible for producing the different systems. There is the system that collaborates and filters, the system that is based on content, the hybrid system, and the structure based system. All the four systems are determined by the different algorithms operating in each (Pu, Chen, & Hu, 2012). Introduction This recommender system is a subclass of the information filtering system that is responsible for predicting and rating the weight of an item as per the user requirements. In the recent years, the systems have become extremely important and are applied in a variety of areas. These areas include books, movies, and news. As the user searches a given book, then the system is responsible for giving the various options to a book or the goods he is searching. The systems have simplified the work of searching on the internet. The recommender systems are also available for experts, jokes insurance, online...
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...International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 04, April-2015 Illicit Image Filtering and Classification Techniques Miss Anita Parihar PG Student (Digital Systems) Department of E&TC Engineering Sinhgad College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra (India) Dr. D. M. Bhalerao Professor Department of E&TC Engineering Sinhgad College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra (India) Abstract— Adult images have become a threat to social networking, which are having a negative impact, on society. We often hear the stories of blackmailing for adult images which is a serious crime. This should be stopped somewhere, further we will see various techniques to do so. We present a method to classify images into different categories of pornographic content to create a system for filtering illicit images from network traffic. Even though different systems for this application were offered in the past, which are based on simple skin color features and have quite poor performance. Latest advances in the image recognition field in particular for the classification of objects have shown that bag-of-visualwords-approaches are a good method for many image classification problems. Keywords—Bag-of-Visual Words (BoVW), Explicit Content, Neural Network, Region-of-Interest (ROI), Skin Detection I. INTRODUCTION II. The inevitable fact that technology is becoming more intertwined in the daily life of the individual will...
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...Article 1: This Is the First Weekend in America With No Saturday Morning Cartoons (http://gizmodo.com/this-is-the-first-weekend-in-america-with-no-saturday-m-1642441646?utm_campaign=socialflow_gizmodo_facebook&utm_source=gizmodo_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow) * The CW ran its last batch of “Vortexx” cartoons last weekend. Going forward, where there were shows like Yu-Gi-Oh, Dragon Ball Z, and Sonic X, there will be “One Magnificent Morning”, a block of live-action educational programming * NBC ditched Saturday morning cartoons in 1992, CBS followed suit not long after. ABC dropped its run in 2004. The CW was the last man standing, so to speak. * Saturday morning cartoons were killed by a combination of cable, streaming, and the FCC. * The FCC mandated that broadcast networks provide a minimum of 3hrs of “educational” programming every week. * With the addition of many new cable and satellite channels that don’t have to abide by FCC regulations, kids can get their cartoon fix any hour of the day. * Top it all off with streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime, etc. and you’ve got a truly spoiled generation. Article 2: Could ‘Wolverine’ Be At The Center Of A Sharing Plan Between Marvel And Fox? (http://uproxx.com/gammasquad/2014/10/could-spider-man-be-at-the-center-of-a-sharing-plan-between-marvel-and-sony/) * The latest rumor, much like the whole “Avengers 3 will be split into two movies” rumor, this one involves Days...
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...Assignment 3 – Classification Note: Show all your work. Problem 1 (25 points) Consider the following dataset: ID | A1 | A2 | A3 | Class | 1 | Low | Mild | East | Yes | 2 | Low | Hot | West | No | 3 | Medium | Mild | East | No | 4 | Low | Mild | East | Yes | 5 | High | Mild | East | Yes | 6 | Medium | Hot | West | No | 7 | High | Hot | West | Yes | 8 | Low | Cool | West | No | 9 | Medium | Cool | East | Yes | 10 | High | Cool | East | No | 11 | Medium | Mild | West | Yes | 12 | Medium | Cool | West | No | 13 | Medium | Hot | West | Yes | 14 | high | Hot | East | Yes | Suppose we have a new tuple X = (A1 = Medium, A2 = Cool, A3 = East). Predict the class label of X using Naïve Bayesian classification. You need show all your work. Problem 2 (25 points) Consider the following dataset D. ID | A1 | A2 | A3 | Class | 1 | Low | Mild | East | Yes | 2 | Low | Hot | West | No | 3 | Medium | Mild | East | No | 4 | Low | Mild | West | Yes | 5 | High | Cool | East | Yes | 6 | Low | Hot | West | No | 7 | High | Hot | West | Yes | 8 | Low | Cool | West | No | 9 | Medium | Cool | East | Yes | 10 | High | Hot | East | No | 11 | Medium | Mild | East | Yes | 12 | Medium | Cool | West | No | 13 | High | Hot | West | Yes | 14 | High | Hot | East | Yes | (1) Compute the Info of the whole dataset D. (2) Compute the information gain for each of A1, A2, and A3, and determine the splitting attribute (or the best split attribute)...
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