...Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND The terms less-than-lethal, less lethal, and non-lethal are frequently and inappropriately used interchangeably. Almost anything can become lethal if used improperly or if circumstances are extremely unlucky; weapons that are considered to be of Non-Lethal force only decrease the odds of deadly injury. The court addresses the use of less lethal force in the “objective reasonableness standard,” where questions regarding excessive use of force are to be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer coping with a tense, fast-evolving situation. (Graham, Conner, 2009) This revised standard alleviates some of the “Monday morning quarterbacking” that would otherwise result and respects that officers possess sound judgment skills. (Graham, Conner, 2009) In some arrest situations and other law enforcement activities, the use of force may be required to protect the safety of the officer or the public. Occasionally, the threat to an officer or the public justifies the use of deadly force an amount of force that is likely to cause either serious bodily injury or death to another person. (Graham, Conner, 2009) When use of force is required, but deadly force may not be appropriate, law enforcement officers may employ less-lethal weapons to gain control of a subject. Less-lethal weapons are designed to induce a subject to submit or to comply with directions. These weapons give law enforcement officers the ability to protect the safety of...
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...Japan's whaling fleet was headed home from the southern ocean after ending its annual Antarctic hunt with only a third of its expected catch, news reports from Japan said Friday. The hunt ended three days ago with a catch of 266 minke whales and one fin whale, officials from Japan's Fisheries Agency said, according to one report from Australia's ABC news online. The Sea Shephed Society, which sent a fleet of vessels to the southern ocean to block the hunt, proclaimed victory on its website. "Operation Divine Wind is over! The Japanese whalers are going home!" the Sea Shepherd headline read. "There are hundreds of whales swimming free in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary that would now be dead if we had not been down there for the last three months. That makes us very happy indeed," Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson is quoted as saying on the organization's website. News of the Japanese whaling fleet's withdrawal comes four days after the Institute of Cetacean Research, which oversees the Japanese whaling program, reported a confrontation between the Japanese ships and Sea Shepherd's ship Bob Barker. The Bob Barker fired more than 40 flares and aimed a "high-powered" laser beam at the Japanese ships for more than 50 minutes, the institute said in a news release. Watson said that with the high-seas showdown, "the whaling season was effectively over for the season." Japan hunts whales every year despite a worldwide moratorium on whaling, utilizing a loophole in the law that allows...
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...captivity. Some of the differences between the two environments are the whales behavior, how they eat, and their dorsal fins. Killer whales are amazing creatures that can live up to 29 years. What exactly determines how long they live? The main factor is usually if they are kept in captivity or in the wild. In the wild, killer whales’ swim up to 100 miles a day. They socialize with other members of their pod and usually have close ties with their families. Most whales are very playful and rely mainly on their hearing. In the wild, whales spend close to 90% of their time under the water. Whales eat various types of fish throughout the day. This animal is around hundreds of different species of marine life throughout a single day. Whales dorsal fins, in the wild, usually stick straight up....
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...about the Whaling Debate on whether countries should be allowed to continue to hunt whales or should we leave them protected and my beliefs on the subject. This debate has also focused on issues of sustainability and conservation as well as ownership and national sovereignty. Some of the issues included in these debates is the question of cetacean intelligence this refers to the Cetacea order of mammals, which includes whales, porpoises, and dolphins; and the level of suffering which the animals undergo when caught and killed (The Whale Debate: Whale Wars, 2014). Another hot topic in the debate right now is the right to kill a certain amount of whales for scientific research, Japan kills 1000 minke whales a year and about 100 endangered fin and humpback whales. Whales are mammals the same as we are and they are intelligent and have feelings such as pain and a sense of loss. Before I get into my opinion I will list the pros and cons of this particular activity. There are a few of each so I will start with the reasons for whaling, many indigenous people, such as the Inuit’s of Alaska, rely on whales for food and other materials to survive in such harsh environments and they are...
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...MEMORANDUM TO: Senior Accounting FROM: Staff Accountant DATE: June 29, 2015 SUBJECT: Shared-Based Payment Reporting and Special Purpose Entities (SPE) CC: Team members ______________________________________________________________________________ As an Accounting Firm it is very important that we follow the most recently changed or amended regulations and standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). As of 2009 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has made amendments to Shared-Based Payment Reporting and Special Purpose Entities. The amendments made were to Statements No. 123 and 95 which covers the Share-Based Payments and Statements No. 123 and 95; the FASB. Also revised, Statements No. 166 and 167 which pertains to Special Purpose Entities (SPE). Share-Based Payment Reporting In the process of an audit, it is important to review the accounting process in terms of how share-based payment is reported to Sensure the entity processes are in line with Generally Accepted Accounting Policies (GAAP). Share-based payment is a complex area to both report on and audit as almost every transaction is unique and referencing IFRS No.2 for the purpose of the audit is not always clearly defined. Defined, share-based payment is an arrangement in which an entity purchases goods or services in exchange for issuance of the entity’s equity instruments or cash payments based on the fair value of those equity instruments. IFRS No.2 has two defined...
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...But in reality the whales that are captured for this company are very capable of living with their pods in the ocean, once they enter the tanks is when mental and physical problems start to occur. Less than 1% of wild orcas have a collapsed dorsal fin, and all the males and about 50% of females in captivity have collapsed dorsal fins. Orcas in captivity do not have enough space to swim around which can cause their fins to fall and they are fed an unhealthy diet of dead thawed fish. The chlorine amount in the pool also hurts their skin and the trainers have seen mucus come from the orcas’ eyes. Trainers have also reportedly had problems with the chlorine levels in the pool. According to a trainer, he was directed to not open his eyes for at least 7 days or he would risk going permanently blind. Being transferred from the ocean to the chlorine filled pool, the orcas have a hard time adjusting to a drastic change like this because their skin and eyes are so sensitive. People can also say it is a good learning experience to see these beautiful creatures up close. In reality...
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...spaces, and families being torn apart. However, zoos and aquariums say education is provided along with helping endangered animals. One reason animal captivity should be banned is animals suffer both mentally and physically. The different environment causes issues for example, orcas and dolphins use echolocation; but, the tank causes the reverberations to bounce off and hit the cetacean which results in frustration and mental issues (“Aquariums and Marine Parks”). Cetaceans who are in a tank are restricted, not being able to perform their normal tasks will get frustrated. Physical issues can occur for example, orcas will experience a collapsed dorsal fin which is very rare for a wild orca. Collapsed dorsal fins occur from the gravity pulling on the fin where the water is too shallow because there is not proper support for the fin (“Aquariums and Marine Parks”). A reason they suffer psychologically is they are not allowed to have social bonds. Naturally, the cetaceans will live in pods. Since they are naturally social creatures, if one animal in the tank dies the other has to be transferred because if they are isolated from other animals they will suffer mentally. Behavioral patterns known as “zoochosis” will occur which have signs like bar-biting, circling, repetitive head swaying, aggression, and self-mutilation. If behavioral patterns are being repeated the animals’ needs are not being met (“Wild Animals in Entertainment”). In conclusion, both physical and mental issues are...
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...Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: International Whaling Commission Introduction Just recently on May 31st 2010, Australia opened a court case against Japan in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) with regards to a dispute relating to Japan’s JARPA II program on ‘Scientific Whaling’. The case was dubbed the ‘JARPA II Case’ and was primarily based on a dispute between Australia and Japan over interpretation of the 1946 International Convention of Whaling (ICRW). JARPA refers to Japan’s Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic to carry out research in the marines. The first was introduced in 1987 in the Southern Ocean Whaling Season of 1987-1988. JARPA II was to commence some 18years later from and it started in 2005. During that period of 1987 through 2005, Japan had apparently ignored the Moratorium sanctioned by IWC against Whaling and it is consequently some six thousand eight hundred minke whales were taken under JARPA. That led to a longtime dispute between whaling states and anti-whaling states over limited whaling v no whaling at all. Among the cases is the one between Australia and Japan of 2010. This article will look into the case between Japan and Australia in a bid to answering the following questions; one, how is the International Whaling Commission policy determined and influenced, secondly, what is the role of scientific advice in policy making, thirdly, what are the arguments for both Japan and Australia in the International Court...
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...Introduction Since the indefinite commercial whaling moratorium was introduced in 1986, the whaling nations have killed around 15,000 whales between them. At the time of writing, the Japanese whaling fleet has just returned from Antarctic waters where a further 300 or so minke whales have been killed for so called ‘research’, in open defiance of world public opinion and the IWC which has never validated the Japanese programme. The meat from those dead whales will end up on sale in Japanese restaurants and on supermarket shelves. Japan is not only defying the global moratorium on commercial whaling, it is killing whales in a sanctuary agreed by the IWC in 1994. Japan has ‘recruited’ many countries to the IWC to support the resumption of commercial whaling using foreign aid packages. If the ban is lost it will be a disaster for whale conservation efforts. This report presents the many reasons why the ban on commercial whaling must be maintained and properly enforced. We cannot wipe away the tragic history of commercial whaling, but we can, and must, prevent its repetition. The Natural History of Whales Whales belong to the order of mammals known as Cetacea. There are about 80 species of cetaceans, including all the dolphins and porpoises, as well as the ten so-called ‘great’ whale species, which have borne the brunt of commercial whaling. Cetaceans are believed to have evolved from land mammals, which adapted to an aquatic existence about 50 million years ago. They are superbly...
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...There are many endanger marine species. one species that is endangered is the blue whale. The blue whale evolved around 45 million years ago, thats 40 million years before humans (marinebio.org-Blue Whales). Blue Whales are members of the Order Cetacea family. Blue whales can live in. According to wwf.panda.org The blue whale is found mostly in cold and temperate waters, and it prefers deeper ocean waters to coastal waters. Like many other baleen whales, it feeds in cool waters at high latitudes, and generally migrates to warmer temperate and tropical waters to breed and give birth. The blue whale is considered an endangered because of its population size, they have a population of 10,000-25,000. They weigh about 200 tons and can grow to be 80-100 feet long. Blue whales are Lightly mottled blue-grey, with light grey or yellow-white undersides (Alagiyawanna 1). Blue whales also can live in all of the oceans. According to SCIcyclopedia, A female blue whale, which is larger than the male, gives birth to a calf that averages 25 feet in length and weighs about 2 tons. The calf drinks about 106 gallons of milk every day (Katona 1). A blue whale can eat up to 8,000 lbs. of krill during its consumption period. It is estimated to take 2,200 lbs. of food to fill a blue whale's stomach. Blue whales can swim normally at five miles per hour but can reach speeds over 20 miles per hour when agitated. Blue whales are one of the earth’s loudest animals they emit a series of pulses, groans and...
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...The roar of the crowd, the splash of cool blue water, and the spectacular stunts that are performed by the killer whale and his trainer may leave you speechless. Killer whales have spent more than 50 years in captivity, and has caused much controversy as to whether they should be freed. What some people don't think about is what the effects are of having killer whales in captivity versus keeping them in the wild. Some things that differ wild killer whales from captive killer whales are how much they travel, the diet of the whales, amount of injuries, and their family dynamics. Killer whales that are in the wild travel many miles every day alongside their families, also known as pods. Infact, “Southern Resident Killer Whales travel on average of seventy five miles a day.” (“Center for Whales”). They can also reach speeds as fast as thirty miles per hour. Killer whales in the wild are free to roam wherever they desire with their families. On the flip side, killer whales that are captive are trapped and ripped away from their families. Also, killer whales have a lifespan in the wild of about fifty to eighty years, while in captivity the killer whale’s lifespan is much shorter, being twenty to thirty years. This is caused by stress and not being cared for the way they should. Additionally, killer whales that are in the wild hunt for their prey. Killer whale pods work together to capture and kill their prey. However, in captivity they are handed food for performing a stunt successfully...
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...Métodos Cuantitativos para la Toma de Decisiones Ejercicio Asignado: Este será parte del Examen Parcial #1 El Director de Publicaciones de los “Yankees de Nueva York”, está tratando de decidir cuántos programas imprimir para la serie de tres juegos del próximo fin de semana contra los Medias Rojas de Boston. Cada programa cuesta $0.25 y se vende por $1.25. Cualquier programa que no se venda al final de la serie debe ser descartado (pérdida). El publicista ha estimado la siguiente distribución de probabilidad para las ventas de los programas, de pasados programas de ventas. Programas Vendidos 25,000 40,000 55,000 70,000 Probabilidad 0.10 0.30 0.45 0.15 Qué número de programas minimiza la pérdida esperada del equipo? Ganancias 1.25 - .25 = $1.00 Pérdidas Condicionales Posible Demanda Posible Inventario (25,000) Posible Inventario (40,000) Posible Inventario (55,000) Posible Inventario (70,000) 25,000 $0.00 $3,750.00 $7,500.00 $11,250.00 40,000 $15,000.00 $0.00 $3,750.00 $7,500.00 55,000 $30,000.00 $15,000.00 $0.00 $3,750.00 70,000 $45,000.00 $30,000.00 $15,000.00 $0.00 Perdidas Esperada para 25,000 Posible Demanda Pérdida Condicional Probabilidad de Demanda Pérdida Esperada 25,000 $0.00 .10 $0.00 40,000 $15,000.00 .30 $4,500.00 55,000 $30,000.00 .45 $13,500.00 70,000 $45,000.00 .15 $6,750.00 Total 1.00 $24,750.00 Perdidas Esperada para 40,000 Posible Demanda Pérdida Condicional...
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...cual tuvo lugar en la republica dominicana. Y toda la familia iva a viajar para el evento el cual era la boda de mi hermana. Ella hizo todos los arreglos para estar alla a tiempo con todos los preparativos de la boda. La fecha de patir se aproximaba y teniamos que viajar de aqui para el aeropuerto de new york. Entonces ya que ivamos a viajarmuchas personas mi hermana decidio adelantarse y se marcho primero para new york a la casa de un tio nuestro. Al siguiente dia de estar alla mi hermana se dio cuenta que no tenia su pasaporte con ella, cuando ya le llegaba la hora de irse, faltando solo un semana para la boda. Mi hermana lamentablemente no encotro su pasaporte y nosotros terminamos viajando primero que ella que era la novia ya que era fin de semana, tuvo que esperar hast el lunes para obtener un Nuevo pasaporte. Pero cuando llego a la agencia se entero de que lamentablemente tenia que esperar hasta el viernes para que le entregaran el pasaporte. Ya estando el resto de la familia alla mientras preparabamos la boda, estavamos desesperados y nerviosos porque el gran dia se acercaba y la novia no estabafinalmente llego el viernes y recibio su Nuevo pasaporte y ella pudo llegar.aunque llego un dia antes de la boda ya todo estaba preparado y solo hacia falta esperar al dia siguiente para casarse. Feliszmente llego el gran dia y todo empezo a marchar bien. La novia se vistio, se peino y se maquillo. Estaba muy bella. El novio un poco nervioso, los padrinos estaban listo y la iglesia...
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...Japan to Apple iPhone "No Thanks" and Would Mickey Mouse Eat Shark Fin Soup these two case studies shows what happens when consumer behavior and marketing mix in globalization goes very wrong. These two studies reveal how marketer think they are giving a wonderful product and service in the case of Apple's the iPhone and Disney the Shark's Fin Soup. Understanding the consumer’s behavior and the customs and values of the culture impacted these two campaigns. Apologies good media press and changes in the strategy to get the approval of the consumers. Both case studies points out the impact of technology and how it at first affected the campaigns for bad with negative that changed the reputation of both companys. Apple's dilemma was very embarrassing for the company with negative reports and predictions of how the iPhone was going to sell in Japan. The propaganda was already put out to the media about the Japanese saying No Thanks to Apple concerning the iPhone 3. Apple thought that Japan would be ecstatic with the new product but supposedly the opposite occurred with reports of weak showing of the iPhone3. Of course with Apple being the cutting edge in technology and innovation in the western world Japan did not feel the same way about Apple's iPhone3. First Japan was a hard market to try to get into the for Apple and their competition Nokia, and Motorola, whose attempts to grab Japanese customers were futile. So this was going to be a difficult campaign for Apple. At the...
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...THE ROLE OF THE INTERPOL ON ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES By: Fangon, Arvee E. Enriquez, David Jay Esguerra,Bon Josef Jaravata, Sherela Calcita, Ranilo What is Environmental Crime? An environmental crime is a violation of environmental laws that are put into place to protect the environment. When broadly defined, the crime includes all illegal acts that directly cause environmental harm. Such crimes are also referred to as ‘crime against the environment.’ What Is The Role Of The Interpol In This Environmental Crimes? Environmental crime is a serious and growing international problem, and one which takes many different forms Broadly speaking, wildlife crime is the illegal exploitation of the world’s wild flora and fauna, while pollution crime is the trade and disposal of waste and hazardous substances in contravention of national and international laws. INTERPOL's response In today’s global economy there is a need for an international strategy to deal with this type of crime. As the only organization with a mandate to share and process criminal information globally, INTERPOL is uniquely qualified to lead these efforts. The INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme: Leads global and regional...
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