...clinical staging (see p 10) Provide appropriate investigations/treatment of OIs (see p 13 ) If pregnant, refer to PPTCT Screen for TB Screen for STI Identify need for: CTX prophylaxis (see p 16 ) ART (see p 18 ) No Pre ART care (see p 15 ) Yes Give patient education on treatment and adherence (see p 54 ) Arrange psychosocial, nutrition and community support (see p 56) Start ART, (see p 19 ) Arrange follow-up + monitoring (see p 25 ) Assess adherence every visit Provide positive prevention advice and condoms Provide patient information sheet on the ART regimen prescribed (see annex 7, 8) Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO National AIDS Control organisation Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India with support from CDC . Clinton Foundation . WHO TAble of T A b l e o f Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction....... ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Objectives of the Guidelines ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Section A - Management of Antiretroviral Therapy of Adults and Adolescents ........................................ 5 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5...
Words: 42414 - Pages: 170
... July 17, 2013 Ramiro Sandoval, MBA Demographic AIDS have made an impact in every community within the United States. Almost every person at some point has been affected by the preventable, but incurable disease. This paper is will address the targeted population with people who have AIDS. Also, data about the population demographics, and the general impact that changing demographics may have on the health care market, why and how will changes in the demographics of this population affect health care. Furthermore, identify two key health care-related challenges with patients with AIDS, and describe how a chronic disease wellness programs may affect the cost for the demographic. And last, how can an individual patient in the community and society as whole address these challenges. The Center for Disease Control (CDC), has estimated that there are more than one million people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States (Center of Disease Control, 2011). AIDS arrived in the United States in 1969 through an infected immigrant from Haiti. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an estimated one million or more people that were infected with AIDS and half million individuals had died from AIDS in the United States. HIV is a silent disease that can be undetected. CDC stated that roughly fifty thousand annual infections between 2006 and 2009 in the United States are infected with AIDS. The largest number of AIDS was among white men who have sex with men followed by African-American...
Words: 1022 - Pages: 5
...and soul she can easily be snatched up by a violent individual and never heard from again. Prostitution should not be allowed because there are several dangerous situations that it could put women in. A prostitute could be easily used for a sick pervert’s nasty fantasy. Not to mention that they can be raped or even robbed for everything that they worked so hard for. I could only imagine living the lifestyle of a prostitute and getting robbed for everything I ruined my mind, body and soul for. Prostitution should not be allowed because they are putting not only themselves in danger but also others. They could easily give and catch a disease. What’s even worse is catching or giving someone something that you can’t get rid of such as aids or HIV. A prostitute could risk getting pregnant by someone they don’t even know on the count of them sleeping with so many people. The prevalence of HIV infection among IDUs has reached up to 52%. Although the prevalence of HIV is still less than 5% among women selling sex, their sexual behaviors and practices place them at high risk of acquiring and spreading HIV and STIs (UNAIDS, 2008). The National Sexually Transmitted Infections/Reproductive Tract Infections (STI/RTI) study of Pakistan revealed a high burden of STIs among female sexworkers (FSWs) (Family Health International [FHI], 2004). A prostitute is a bad...
Words: 801 - Pages: 4
... Consider the AIDS and River Blindness cases. Merck ultimately decided to distribute the drug themselves instead of making the patent available for generic use (as suggested in the AIDS case). According to UNICEF, they have donated over 2 billion Mectizan pills and over 80 million people are treated annually. Given that Merck is using corporate funds for this program, is Merck's donation of these drugs morally acceptable? Morally required? Explain. Do Merck's stockholders have any cause to complain when Merck spends their money on these ventures which are not aimed at profit? If this action is morally acceptable (or required) for Merck, then would similar charitable actions be acceptable (or required) for other companies that produce products which would benefit impoverished people? (Ex. food companies, clothing companies, water filtration tech companies, etc) Explain. Answer As a pharmaceutical company, Merck saw an opportunity when the River blindness epidemic first arose and focused their attention on countries most affected by the parasite. At the time of the breakout, Merck had become part of the Fortune 500, giving them credibility and an obligation to reach out to people most affected by River Blindness. As many companies focus on profit, Merck saw an opportunity to earn some prestige instead, by treating patients over seas. To morally justify the companies decision, managers looked back on what the founders of the company believed in. Former president of the company...
Words: 382 - Pages: 2
...about. The author will identify environmental factors related to the chosen disease. The author will discuss what kind of influence the communicable disease will have on a person’s lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and how to manage the disease. The author will identify gaps and methods for linking to other resources to meet the needs that are not locally available to the population. The author will include recommendations to expand community programs if there is a gap. In conclusion the author will proved three or more references. The communicable disease the author chose to write about is Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency (HIV/AIDS). HIV is a virus that is transmitted from one person to another person through the exchange of body fluids such as blood, breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions. AIDS is an advance state of HIV. HIV can be spread from one person to another person when he or she has unprotected sex with different partners, have anal sex, being stuck by a contaminated needle on accident, blood transfusions, mucous membranes, sharing needles when doing drugs, and from a infected mother to her child (CDC Center for Disease...
Words: 900 - Pages: 4
...Culture differences can create different thinking’s. Living on the creative edge of our culture means being at the forward reach of how we think and act toward the world in which we live int. We all come from different cultures, and have different beliefs. Keep in mind that the way you think is not going to be the same as the others around you. All of us are confronted with various decisions to make on a daily basis. Some are small and of minor consequence, while others are huge and potentially life changing. Decision making is a very personal business, freedom of choice is a wonderful thing and I support it but I believe choices should be made after carefully weighing benefits and risks. And this is how I bring up the theme on Birth control. Birth control, is designed to prevent pregnancy. Your choice of birth control should depend on several factors. These include your health, frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners and desire to have children in the future. Whether you are male or female, your life can suddenly be changed forever by pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Think for a moment what this would be like for you. To protect yourself and your future, many people think ahead about birth control methods and STD protection. You should never have sex without protection. When considering into starring doing birth control you need to start taking charge of your health and your future. Even if you plan not to have sex until you're older, take...
Words: 522 - Pages: 3
...1. IMPACTS OF HIV/AIDS The impacts of HIV/AIDS on poor rural populations are many and intertwined. The impacts can be felt most dramatically in entrenched poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition, in the reduction of the labour force, and in the loss of essential knowledge that is transmitted from generation to generation. And the impacts are felt disproportionately among women. What's more, these same consequences of HIV/AIDS - poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, reduced labour force and loss of knowledge - contribute to making the rural poor more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection. This devastating cycle must be broken, and the agricultural sector has a critical role to play. It is estimated that 42 million people in the world are infected with the HIV virus. Assuming that each HIV/AIDS case directly influences the lives of four other individuals, at least 168 million people are likely to be affected by the epidemic. And approximately 95 percent of them live in develping countries. Food security HIV/AIDS takes its toll on food security in a number of ways. For example: HIV increases fatigue and decreases work productivity, which means less food on the table. In households coping with sick family members, food consumption generally decreases. As adults fall ill, families face increasing medical and health care costs, thus reducing the possibility for them to purchase the food that they can no longer produce. While the number of productive family members decline...
Words: 2747 - Pages: 11
...My major focus and point of discussion for my report is Cytomegalovirus (CMV). I chose this Contagious Disease because it hits very close to home. This disease is also linked to other members of the herpes virus family that cause chickenpox, infectious mononucleosis, fever blisters (herpes simplex type I) and genital herpes (herpes simplex type II). Like other herpes viruses, CMV infection can become dormant for a while and may reactivate later. The virus is carried by people and is not associated with food, water or animals. The high numbers of multiple people infected with Cytomegalovirus is about 50-80 percent at some time during their lives. In my report I will focus on key pints such as: • What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)? • How is CMV spread? • What are the symptoms of CMV infection? • How long can a person carry CMV? • How it’s diagnosed and what treatments are available? • Precaution and Prevention of CMV. In a recent article that was brought to my attention by a colleague referencing Cytomegalovirus; it goes on to explain that CMV is associated with cardiovascular diseases, in line with risk factors such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Several viral infections are linked to hypertension, including human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and HIV-1. By focusing on this subject, I hope to convey to my audience the importance of this topic and also the severity in immune-compromised and pregnant patients. Key Points: • What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)? Cytomegalovirus...
Words: 1003 - Pages: 5
...HIV infection, primarily through safe sex and needle-exchange programs, is a key strategy to control the spread of the disease. There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. While antiretroviral treatment reduces the risk of death and complications from the disease, these medications are expensive and may be associated with side effects. Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Since its discovery, AIDS has caused nearly 30 million deaths . As of 2010, approximately 34 million people are living with HIV globally. Signs and symptoms There are three main stages of HIV infection: acute infection, clinical latency and AIDS. Acute infection The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome. Clinical...
Words: 5105 - Pages: 21
...Assignment 6 Competency: Interpersonal Skills and Healthcare Practice Interpersonal skills in the healthcare setting are a must. You as a medical provider no matter how big or small must know how to communicate with the patrons your facility services. According to Beverly Davis (n.d.) defines interpersonal skills in the healthcare setting as skills that can relax a patient during data gathering and promote the patient's confidence in the health care worker, establish trust and reduce resistance to therapy and improve the ability of the patient to cope with and recover from injury or illness. In my military occupation within the U.S. Navy there are plenty of occasion when I deal with patients. The main part of my job as a Preventive Medicine Technician is education. I potentially can be called to educate Marines and Sailors along with their family members and at random times other Department of Defense employees on such things as proper hand washing technique, deployment readiness, immunizations, and preparing food in a sanitary manner. The education process may also include field sanitation, disease outbreak investigating procedures, and sexually transmitted disease along with human immunodeficiency virus. For this week’s assignment I have chosen option B. I will provide a how to example for healthcare professionals on getting and giving the patient information on sexually transmitted infection (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The first step as...
Words: 917 - Pages: 4
...the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS). On July 13, 2010 the White House in coordination with the CDC released the nations first-ever comprehensive coordinated HIV/AIDS roadmap with measurable targets that need to be achieved by 2015. The vision for the NHAS is that “The United States will become a place where new HIV infections are rare and when they do occur, every person, regardless of age, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity or socio-economic circumstance, will have unfettered access to high quality, life-extending care, free from stigma and discrimination (White House)”. The National HIV/AIDS strategy was developed to address three main goals: “Reducing the number or people who become infected with HIV, increasing access to care and optimizing health outcomes for people living with HIV, and reducing HIV-related health disparities” (White House). In order to decrease the number of people who become infected with HIV it is important to know who currently has the virus, what risk factors increase a person’s likelihood of contracting the virus, and where the virus is most prevalent. This information is obtained by the CDC through surveillance. Surveillance is the “ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data regarding a health-related event. HIV/AIDS surveillance observes records and disseminates reports about new cases of HIV and AIDS” (HIV/AIDS Statistics and Surveillance). The CDC’s HIV/AIDS surveillance system...
Words: 969 - Pages: 4
...Edwards 1 Courtney Edwards Research Paper November 13, 2011 Pros and Cons of Sex Education in Schools Sex education in public school has been a controversial issue in the United States for quite a while now. I feel like it really needs to be into schools with so many teen pregnancies, HIV and STD’s cases sex education is needed. Most of the American public believes that sex education should be taught at home by the children’s parents. They feel this way because the sex education programs in schools do not emphasize on abstinence instead they encourage the children to have sex instead. American culture is very sexually oriented. When you turn on your TV or listen to music sex is all you can hear. The pros of sex education in school are countless. Sex education in school gives the kids opportunities to express themselves with their sexuality. It also prevents them from becoming parents at an early age. Each year, U.S. teens experience as many as 850,000 pregnancies, and youth under age 25 experience about 9.1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs). By age 18, 70 percent of U.S. females and 62 percent of U.S. males have initiated vaginal sex. When expressing comprehensive sex education is effective at assisting young people to make healthy decisions about sex and to obtain healthy sexual behaviors. No abstinence-only-until-marriage program has been shown to help teens delay the initiation of sex or to protect themselves when they do initiate sex. The U.S. government...
Words: 1706 - Pages: 7
...The Role of Social Support in Coping with HIV/AIDS The topic of HIV/AIDS is particularly relevant in a South African context due to the rate of infection in this country, as well as the government’s stance on HIV/AIDS policy. South has Africa has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. The Mbeki regime’s policy has only recently been changed to increase the availability of antiretrovirals to those infected. While these antiretrovirals may be used to treat the virus itself, they are ineffective in dealing with the stressors associated with the virus. Indeed, it can be argued that environmental factors, specifically social support, have the greatest positive influence in this regard. This essay will consider whether this is the case by examining the role of social support in dealing with the HIV/AIDS diagnosis, related health decline and infections and the prejudice and stigma attached to said diagnosis. In order to do this, one must first examine the definition of social support. Thoits (1995) as cited in Mizuno, Purcell, Dawson-Rose, Parsons & The Sudis Team (2003 p.690) defines social support as “instrumental, emotional or informational assistance from significant others” and goes on to find social support “one of the major coping resources for people experiencing stressful life events or chronic strains.” “Significant others” is generally understood to mean partners, friends and family, but could also refer to traditional caregivers in a hospital environment. Friedland...
Words: 317 - Pages: 2
...African Americans with HIV/AIDS African American with HIV/AIDS One of the most important issues in an individual’s life is their health. The question that many individuals are wondering is how many different diseases are affecting millions of individuals throughout the world? These sometimes harmful diseases are affecting new born, young children, teens, adults, and elderly. Some of these diseases syndromes, disorders, and ect are curable and others can’t be cured which is only increasing the death rate around the world. According to science and health observations there are over 100,000 human diseases that have been discovered throughout the world. HIV/AIDS are the second most deadly diseases out in the world. Scientists believe that HIV came from a particular kind of chimpanzee in Western African. Scientists also believe humans came in contact with HIV as early as the 1800s because individuals used hunting as survival skills and a way of living. They ate food that was infected by HIV that soon was discovered as a harmful disease. Decades later the virus slowly spread across African and later into many other parts of the world infecting thousand and then millions. HIV/AIDS is an epidemic that affects both men and woman of all ages. In 1985 scientist discovered the human immunodeficiency virus which is also known as HIV. HIV is a virus that attacks the human body’s immune system. It also affects the blood cells within an individual’s body (lymphocytes) and cells of the...
Words: 803 - Pages: 4
...HCS/490 Demographic Paper: AIDS Population demographics throughout the United States affect health care tremendously. Patients who are diagnosed with chronic diseases, those who require long-term care, and those who require emergency management each present versatile affects. Just as these particular demographics affect health care, patients with HIV/AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, does as well. There has been an impact in each community, and globally, from AIDS as it is an incurable disease. It is presumed that HIV was presented in the United States through one infected immigrant from Haiti. Since this was new to our society, many diagnosed and treated presented cases as a type of cancer. Due to an increase of those affected through intravenous drug users, blood transfusions, and heterosexuals, it was later defined by the CDC, Center for Disease Control, as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). This is a virus that attacks a person immune system, and the body’s security force that fights off infections. Basically, the immune system in an individual’s body breaks down and loses the protection which can lead to several deadly infections, even including cancers. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome has been deemed as one of the most difficult challenges for health care. This disease has the ability to reduce fertility and increase mortality. There is however medications which have been created that give an individual with AIDS a life with better quality...
Words: 1323 - Pages: 6
