...is the sixth largest producer of oil and gas in the world, but the average Nigerian on the street is poor and there is poor infrastructure like power supply, roads, hospitals etc. This study examines the efficiency and accountability of public sector revenue and expenditure in Nigeria (1970-2014). Data on total federal government revenue and expenditure, state governments’ revenue and expenditure were collected from Statistical bulletin from the Central Bank of Nigeria from 1970-2014. The results were analysed using relevant statistical tools. The findings reveals that the level of accountability is very poor in Nigeria because the attributes of accessibility, comprehensiveness, relevance, quality, reliability and timely disclosure of financial information, social and political information about government activities are completely non available or partially available for the citizens to assess the performance of public officers mostly the political office holders. Conclusively and evidently the study has revealed that there is significant relationship between efficiency of public sector expenditure, recurrent expenditure and capital expenditure in Nigeria from 1970-2014. On the basis of these, the paper recommends among others that for accountability to be successful in the management of public funds...
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...Introduction: BEXIMCO Pharmaceuticals Limited’ belongs to BEXIMCO Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. Over the last thirty years the company was making good profit. In this paper, the last two years financial statement of BEXIMCO Pharmaceuticals Limited has been analyzed.. Company Profile of ‘BEXIMCO Pharmaceuticals Limited’: BEXIMCO Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BPL) is a leading manufacturer of pharmaceutical formulations and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in Bangladesh. The company is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals in the country and its state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities are certified by global regulatory bodies of Australia, Gulf nations, Brazil, among others. The company is consistently building upon its portfolio and currently producing more than 400 products in different dosage forms covering broader therapeutic categories which include antibiotics, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, antireretrovirals, anti asthma inhalers etc, among many others. Ensuring access to quality medicines is the powerful aspiration that motivates more than 3000 employees of the organization, and each of them is guided by the same moral and social responsibilities the company values most. Key Company Information: Year of Establishment :: 1976 Country of Incorporation :: Bangladesh Commercial Production :: 1980 Status :: Public Limited Company Business Lines :: Manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical Finished Formulation Products...
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...Management, Control & Accountability for Financial Resources INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to identify the information needs of the internal and external stakeholders in a manufacturing concern and how they can be met. All stakeholders of a firm require different types of information to help them in the decision making process. The top management which comprises of the Chief executive officer and the board of director require information pertaining to the finances of the firm, the key issues of the firm and the performance of the firm to formulate the strategic policies and strategies of the firm. The middle management consisting of the marketing manager, production manager etc will require information to effectively fulfill their job responsibilities and take actions accordingly. The external stakeholders such as the shareholders have invested their hard earned money in the business and would want to be informed about how well the firm is doing and the return that they will be getting for the money that they have invested. The shareholders are usually interested in the financial reports of the firm to see how profitable and liquid the firm is and will it be able to provide dividends to them. Financial reporting is necessary for management, control and accountability purposes. It helps to assess whether the resources of the firm are being utilized in the most efficient manner and the firm is meeting its objective of generating the maximum profit. Information...
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...SELF-CONTROL, FINANCIAL LITERACY, AND THE FINANCIAL BEHAVIORS OF YOUNG ADULTS Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jodi C. Letkiewicz, B.S., M.S. Graduate Program in Human Ecology ******* The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jonathan Fox, Advisor Dr. Catherine P. Montalto Dr. Robert Scharff Dr. Caezilia Loibl Copyright by Jodi C. Letkiewicz 2012 ii ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to determine whether financial literacy can moderate the effects that self-control has on financial outcomes. Financial literacy is an oft cited solution to the myriad financial complexities faced by consumers. If financial literacy is effective it should help consumers overcome issues of self-control to encourage more fiscally responsible behaviors. Both economic and psychological theories of self-control are explored, and a conceptual model using the Big Five personality trait of conscientiousness as a measure of self-control is utilized. Data for this study come from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Asset data in the study was collected in Rounds 9-13 when the respondents were 25 years old. The measure of conscientiousness was collected in Round 13 as part of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory...
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...CHAPTER 6 INTERNAL CONTROL IN A FINANCIAL STATEMENT AUDIT Answers to Review Questions 6-1 From management's perspective, the internal control provides a way to meet its stewardship or agency responsibilities. Management also needs a control system that generates reliable information for decision-making purposes. The importance of internal control to the auditor is rooted in the second standard of fieldwork. The controls that are relevant to the entity's ability to initiate, record, process, and report financial data consistent with management's assertions are the auditor's main concern. The auditor needs assurances about the reliability of the data generated within the entity's internal control system in terms of how it affects the fairness of the financial statements and how well the assets and records of the entity are safeguarded. 6-2 The potential benefits and risks to an entity’s internal control from information technology include (see Table 6-1): Benefits: • Consistent application of predefined business rules and performance of complex calculations in processing large volumes of transactions or data. • Enhancement of the timeliness, availability, and accuracy of information. • Facilitation of additional analysis of information. • Enhancement of the ability to monitor the performance of the entity's activities and its policies and procedures. • Reduction in the risk that controls will be circumvented. ...
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...internal control Qver Financial Reporting CASES INCLUDED iN THIS SECTiON 1. Simply Steam, Co. 155 Evaluation of Internal Control Environment 2. Easy Clean, Co. 155 Evaluation of Internal Control Environment 3. Red Bluff Inn & Café 165 Establishing Effective Internal Control in a Small Business 4. St. James Clothiers 169 Evaluation of Manual and IT-Based Sales Accounting System Risks 5. Collins Harp Enterprises 177 Recommending IT Systems Development Controls 6. Sarbox Scooter, Inc. 185 Scoping and Evaluation Judgments in the Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting 7. Société Générale 195 How a Low-Risk Trading Area Caused a $7.2 Billion Loss case5.!-2 Easy Clean/Simply Steam, Co. Evaluation of Internal Control Environment Mark S. Beasley • Frank A. Buckless • Steven M. Glover • Douglas F. Prawitt INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1] To reinforce aspects relevant to the internal control environment. 2] To illustrate the degree of judgment involved in making internal control environment evaluations. 3] To provide students experience in making subjective evaluative judgments. 4] To provide a forum to discuss inquiry techniques as well as inquiry as a form of audit evidence. 5] To provide students direct experience with, and discovery of, issues surrounding the control environment, making inquiries, and the framing (e.g., positive or negative) of information provided by management. 6] To illustrate...
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...Case: Capital Controls in Chile in the 1990s (A) Name Course Date Institution Why did Chile institute capital controls in 1991? Despite the impressive economic performance by Chile in the 1990’s, dramatic changes in the external environment call for a review of its capital controls. For instance, in 1991 the country instituted the “encaje” to control excessive speculative capital inflows. In addition, these controls would help the country efficiently manage her exchange rate regime and pursue an autonomous monetary policy. Due to the low prevailing global interest rates at the time, excess capital inflows exposed the Central Bank's capacity to manage the exchange rate within acceptable margins. Indeed, if the influx continued, Chile's inflation would drastically rise to unmanageable levels (Alfaro & Tella, 2007). Before the 1997 Asian financial crunch and the Russian debt crisis of 1998, the Chilean economy had thrived despite these controls. However, in the aftermath of these crises, the country suffered both trade and financial deficits. For instance, since Asia nations served as her important export destination, Chile’s current account deteriorated massively. Moreover, the declining price of cooper saw a plummeting of foreign exchange due to dwindling demand from traditional export markets. Certainly, these unpredictable changes in the dynamic economic environment force Chile to reassess its capital control strategies (Alfaro & Tella, 2007). Did...
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...Cendant Corporation Evaluating Risk of Financial Statement Fraud and Assessing the Control Environment • Describe the auditor's responsibility for considering a client's internal controls • Describe the auditor's responsibility to detect material misstatements due to fraud • Identify red flags present during the audits of CUC International, Inc.'s financial statements, which suggest weaknesses in the company's control environment (CUC was the predecessor company to Cendant Corporation) • Identify red flags present during the audits of CUC's financial statements suggesting a higher likelihood of financial statement fraud • Identify management assertions violated as a result of the misstatements included in CUC's 1995 through 1997 financial statements (prior to its merger with HFS, Inc.) • Identify audit procedures that could have been performed to detect misstatements that occurred One can only imagine the high expectations of investors when the boards of directors of CUC International, Inc. and HFS, Inc. agreed to merge in May 1997 to form Cendant Corporation. The $14 billion stock merger of HFS and CUC, considered a marriage of equals, united two large service organizations. CUC was a direct marketing giant with shopping, travel, automobile, and entertainment clubs serving more than 68 million members worldwide, whereas HFS was a franchisor of brand-name chains such as Ramada, Days Inn, Avis, and Century 21, with more than 100 million...
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...Goal of Managerial Accounting http://edugen.wileyplus.com/edugen/courses/crs4637/rc/jiambalvo3341c... GOAL OF MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 State the primary goal of managerial accounting. Virtually all managers need to plan and control their operations and make a variety of decisions. The goal of managerial accounting is to provide the information they need for planning, control, and decision making. If your goal is to be an effective manager, a thorough understanding of managerial accounting is essential. Planning LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Describe how budgets are used in planning. Planning is a key activity for all companies. A plan communicates a company's goals to employees aiding coordination of various functions, such as sales and production.A plan also specifies the resources needed to achieve company goals. Budgets for Planning The financial plans prepared by managerial accountants are referred to as budgets. A wide variety of budgets may be prepared. For example, a profit budget indicates planned income, a cash-flow budget indicates planned cash inflows and outflows, and a production budget indicates the planned quantity of production and the expected costs. Consider the production budget for Surge Performance Beverage Company. In the coming year, the company plans to produce 5,000,000 12-ounce bottles. This amount is based on forecasted sales. To produce this volume, the company estimates it will spend $1,500,000 on bottles, $400,000...
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...organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. But if we try to look from closer, Mothers are the best managers if one wants to learn from. Here I am taking example of my own mother. She is a doctor so she handles her hospital work and daily routine activities of my house. I have divided the activities performed by my mother on daily routine basis (weekdays) and tried to put them into management functionalities comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading /directing, and controlling our organization (in this case my house). All this is done by resourcing, encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. |My Mother “The Best Manager” | |Time |Activity |Functionality |Learning | |0500-0530 Hrs |Waking up on time despite of |Planning |Time management | | |working late last night |Organising |Organisational commitment | | | |Leading |Consistency | | ...
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...a) Why has Citibank introduced its performance scorecard? What benefits does Citibank does Citibank expect the performance scorecard to provide? Strategy is to buld relationship with customers, but financial measures don’t do that, or show that 2) Signalling to employees the importance of these measures • Everyone comparing all managers or branches performance , so others can see and try to beat everyone else’s performance Assumed linkages If customer satisfaction increases it’ll increase the bank’s profit If controls increase it’ll increase the financial performance People = increases customer satisfaction- financial performance , control Standards > people Control > strategy implementation Characteristics Financial measures = objective Strategy implementation = objective Customer implementation =subjective, gets a number based on the customers the firm’s survey. Just because it’s a number it’s doesn’t mean it’s objective People = subjective = based on the area manager’s or boss thought Control: subjective based on the internal auditor’s evaluation and ratings Standards, subjective based on the managers view Rated ATMs out of control of branch managers Services not provide adequate support to the branch Person in branch not dedicated to greet customers and helping with problems that may arise Subjective = it’s biased, favouritism, Advantage = it’s a demanding branch; objective many not reflect the actual performance...
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...over the world fraud cost more than 2,9 trillion dollars every year (Win A. Van der Stede, 2011, p. 11). This essay will provide evidence from theoretical management and accounting theory to describe in which way corporations there are centralized, should be run best and most efficiently. Most corporations is multinational and divided in divisions and business units, because it makes them more efficient and easier to control. All these divisions make them highly complex and they operate probably in many different countries. I my opinion, centralized corporations should have the exact opposite characteristics, they should be small, probably founder-owned and operate in highly changeable environments, e.g. high-tech or service companies. I think they need a vertical organizational structure, where the information line is very close from the management to the employees. The main issue in my opinion, and the foundation to these companies success is that the employees and the management defines and create the strategy together. Then the strategy is defined, the control systems should be defined to together as well. I think it is important to notice that this only can work in small and centralized...
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...BTEC Level 3 Diploma in Business [pic] |UNIT |Unit 2: Business Resources | |UNIT CREDIT |10 Credits | |ASSIGNMENT |Assignment 1- The Role of Financial Resources – Costs & Budgets | |TUTOR NAME | | |STUDENT NAME | | |DATE ISSUED |Please refer to your scheme of work. Dates are recorded when handed out (as assignment is issued at different times | | |for different programmes). | |DEADLINE |Please refer to your scheme of work. Dates are recorded when assignment needs to be submitted (as assignment are to be| | |handed in at different times for different programmes). ...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week One Health Care Financial Terms Worksheet Understanding health care financial terms is a prerequisite for both academic and professional success. This assignment is intended to ensure you understand some of the basic terms used in this course. Complete the worksheet below according to the following guidelines: In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care management. You must define the term in your own words. In the space provided after each term’s definition, summarize a health care management scenario that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool to which the term refers. In the scenario, you may wish to consider the following: o Why is the skill, concept, procedure, or tool necessary for accurate record keeping, operational efficiency, excellent patient services, employee management, regulatory compliance, reducing costs, forecasting, and so forth? o What successes are enabled by an adequate understanding or appropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool? o What risks or failures are associated with an inadequate understanding or inappropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or tool? Save the completed worksheet as a Microsoft® Word document with your name in the file name. Submit the file to your instructor. Worksheet Submitted By: [Kim Benke] |Term |Definition...
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...studying accounting very well, I think the job of managerial is very suitable for me. Therefore, I would like to talk something about my future job, accounting of managerial. By the influence of the trend of globalization, the foundation of the enterprise business operation happened great change, enterprise management environment uncertainties in the increase, the competition between enterprises as hot as ever, the enterprise had to its business decision and management control system adjustment. To strengthen internal management of the realistic requirement to management accounting put forward new challenges. On the one hand, in the contemporary globalization trend influence, management accounting more and more be external information and the financial information on the impact of the correlation between decision-making, management accounting must adapt to the change; On the other hand, the enterprise organization the internal structure of the change also forced the management accounting in the management control aspect to have the new breakthrough, in order to meet the needs of the management decisions. First, the structure of organization often adopts international division structure. Along with the international sales total sales proportion of growth, many success from the international division structure evolution into regional division structure. However, when the globalization trend of global efficiency to bring to enterprise rich global benefit, the structure of organization...
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