...Current financial crisis Economic growth involves metamorphosis of the financial system. Forms of banks and bank money change. These changes, if not addressed, leave the banking system vulnerable to crisis. There is no greater challenge in economics than to understand and prevent financial crises. The financial crisis of 2007-2008 provides the opportunity to reassess our understanding of crises. All financial crises are at root bank runs, because bank debt—of all forms—is vulnerable to sudden exit by bank debt holders. The current crisis raises issues for crisis theory. And, empirically, studying crises is challenging because of small samples and incomplete data. *Written as a contribution for Trade, Globalization and Development: Essays in Honor of Kalyan Sanyal, edited by Sugata Marjit and Rajat Acharya (Springer Verlag; forthcoming). Some of this essay draws from material in my book Misunderstanding Financial Crises (Oxford University Press; forthcoming November 2012). I worked at AIG Financial Products as a consultant from 1996-2008. I thank Doug Diamond, Bengt Holmström, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Guillermo Ordoňez for comments.1 1. Introduction Economic development does not result in the elimination of financial crises. The recent financial crisis of 2007-2009 in the United States and Europe shows that market economies, however much they grow and change, are still susceptible to collapse or near-collapse from financial crisis. This is a staggering thought...
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...FINS5522 - Emerging Financial Markets Essay Assignment| Week 4 (11th August 2010) Essay Question: Why did the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) take many by surprise? Explain the major contributing factors that caused the crisis (and their effects), and discuss the lessons that can be learned in relation to preventing and/or responding to future crises. The Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) of 1997 was a period of financial turmoil and volatility that spread across Asia. Prior to July 1997, most of the South East Asian currencies were tied to the US dollar. The crisis began primarily in Thailand when the Thai baht came under pressure that its value would not hold. The pressure on the Thai baht caused a widening of the Thailand’s Current Account Balance (CAD) and the using up of Thailand’s foreign reserves. This forced the Thai government to float its currency and lead to its devaluation. Real estate and real asset value began to fall and foreign investors began pulling out of South East Asia, triggering the financial crisis that would spread across Asia. The next section of this paper will attempt to answer questions of why the AFC was unanticipated by so many economists and experts. It will also attempt to address the major contributing factors that lead to the AFC and in turn its effects. Lastly this paper will conclude with the lessons that could be learnt from one of the most shocking currency crises of recent times. Upon careful reflection, many experts (Krugman 1998; Radelet...
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...research questions, literature review, conceptual framework, methodology used and justification, research methods and ethical considerations. Having an understanding of the food and beverage sector within Novotel Hotels in the Sydney Metropolitan area and the challenges it faces is important, in this selected case study it not only is effected by the Hospitality industry but also the tourism industry as well. Both these industries have felt hard and negative impacts from the global financial crisis and have definitely had an impact on our case study. This business research report identifies the need to evaluate the relationship between a decline in international tourist, the change in food and dining trends and the revenue of Novotel in the Metropolitan area. The research follows the deductive research method. For the purpose of this report the hypothesis is Novotel food and beverage sector in Sydney metropolitan areas is making a loss and losing customers because of the global financial crisis. The research was conducted through a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methods including; the report samples the primary research methods such as sample questionnaires, observational research and interviews. The secondary research methods mainly included personal communication and researching the hospitality databases, tourism and Australian Bureau of Statistics Website. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. Research Questions 4 2. Literature...
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...The Role of Financial Institutions & Risk Management in Subprime Crisis Vikrant Joshi The Role of Financial Institutions & Risk Management in The Subprime Crisis This paper discusses the role of financial institutions & their risk management strategies in the subprime mortgage crisis. The downturn in the housing and mortgage markets precipitated the first phase of the financial crisis in August 2007 when the solvency of a number of large financial firms was threatened by huge losses in complex structured financial securities. Why did these firms have such high concentrations in mortgage-related securities? Given the information available to firms at the time, these high concentrations in mortgage-related securities violated basic principles of modern risk management. Introduction: This paper analyzes the role of financial institutions in the light of risk management and corporate governance in the events leading to the subprime crisis. This paper explores the following question: Given the tremendous advances in financial risk measurement and management, why was the solvency of large and complex financial firms threatened by large losses in the mortgage market? First, the subprime mortgage market was about $1.3 trillion. Even a very high percentage loss in this market seemed manageable, given the overall size of U.S. and world debt markets. Commonly cited reasons such as high mortgage defaults in 2006 and 2007 do not provide a sufficient...
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...Call for Papers for a Special Issue of Journal of Information Technology Information Systems and the Financial Crisis and After Special Issue Editors: Chrisanthi Avgerou, Alexandros-Andreas Kyrtsis and Frank Land In various reports and newspaper articles – however only sporadically in academic publications – questions have been raised regarding the relationship between ICT and the 2007-2009 financial crisis and its continuing fallout on the financial markets. The expansion of electronic delivery channels for financial products and services as a consequence of the overbanking of the wealthier societies, the accelerating dependence of public finances on the operations of international computer supported financial networks, the growing importance of derivatives for investment and hedging, the exponential growth of the trading of complex financial instruments in globally interlinked exchanges; algorithmic trading; the break in the traditional link between debtor and lender, the use of electronic platforms for over-the-counter trading; the digitization of clearing, settlement and custody services, are among the developments which have revolutionized the technological landscapes of finance. These developments of the last thirty years have created not only advantages; they have also exposed the financial system to technological and managerial risks on top of the main financial risks. Does this mean that we are justified to blame technology for at least part of the processes which...
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...Mortgage and Financial Crises: The Role of Credit Risk Management and Corporate Governance William W. Lang Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Ten Independence Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106 Phone: 215-574-7225 E-mail: William.Lang@phil.frb.org Julapa Jagtiani Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Ten Independence Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106 Phone: 215-574-7284 E-mail: Julapa.Jagtiani@phil.frb.org February 9, 2010 Abstract This paper discusses the role of risk management and corporate governance as causal factors in the onset of the financial crisis. The downturn in the housing and mortgage markets precipitated the first phase of the financial crisis in August 2007 when the solvency of a number of large financial firms was threatened by huge losses in complex structured financial securities. Why did these firms have such high concentrations in mortgage-related securities? Given the information available to firms at the time, these high concentrations in mortgage-related securities violated basic principles of modern risk management. We argue that this failure was a result of principal-agent problems internal to the firms and to breakdowns of corporate governance systems designed to overcome these principal-agent problems. Forthcoming in Atlantic Economic Journal (2010) JEL Classification Numbers: G01, G18, G21, G28 Keywords: Financial Crisis, Risk Management, Corporate Governance, Subprime Crisis _________________________ The opinions expressed in this paper are the...
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...REVIEW ESSAY QUESTION Introduction As the well-known 2008 Global Financial Crisis swept through the world, Australian and Canadian financial institutions performed relatively well, with operating stability in financial industry, and no emerge of any banks that are on the verge of bankruptcy or need government rescue. In this paper, in order to retrospect the intrinsic reasons, I will firstly explore the common features of the banking systems in Australia and Canada. Then I will compare their banking systems in structure and regulation with United States. Finally, the different ways mortgage lending is conducted in these three countries will be emphasized. Common features The common features of the banking systems of Australia and Canada are embodied in the high concentrated banking system along with intensive supervision and sound regulation. It is the common features that contribute to the resilient performance in these two countries’ banks through the global financial crisis. Generally speaking, the whole banking sector in either Canada or Australia is monopolized by a few large-scaled national banks. In Australia, there are mainly four banks, Commonwealth Bank, Westpac Banking Corporation, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group and National Australia Bank, which dominate Australian banking market. They are individually and collectively huge compared with the size of banking system and their total assets are vast compared with GDP. These four banks occupy 75% of...
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...respond to your email message, that means I did not receive it. Please send it again. Email: butcher@ups.edu Required Course Materials Text: Madura, International Financial Management, Abridged 10th Edition, South-Western, 2011 Book: Lewis Michael, Boomerang: Travels in the New Third World, Norton, 2011 Calculator: A calculator is required. A financial calculator would be preferable, as it would have functions for bond valuation, net present valuation (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), present value (PV), and future value (FV). A suitable calculator, the HP10-B, is available in the bookstore for about $30. Harvard Business School Cases https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/access/17920074 The above is the URL for Harvard Business School so that you can obtain discounted student pricing for the cases: Group Ariel S.S.: Parity Conditions and Cross-Border Valuation (Note that there is no need to purchase the audio version of this case.) Pixonix Inc. Addressing Currency Exposure Recommended: 1. Subscription to the Wall Street Journal. Several class sessions will utilize information from the Wall Street Journal. See syllabus for the dates. 2. Subscription to or regular reading of the Financial Times....
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...Financial markets development and bank risk: Experience from Thailand during 1990–2012 1. Introduction a) Origion of concept: The longitudinal study aims to understand the impact of the evolution of financial markets development bank behavior. The focus on Thailand during the period 1990–2012 b) Theoritical background: captures the events surroundingthe Asian financial crisis of 1997–19982and the global financial crisis of 2007–2009. c) Significance/ Importance: Several studies have highlighted the benefits and costs of financial markets development. Essentially, financial markets development is thought to lead to economic growth by providing firms with better access to financing, thereby promoting domestic investments. Financial markets development (e.g., changes in bank regulations) can also affect the way in which banks operate and behave which, in turn, may have either positive or negative ramifications for the health of the banking system and the stability of thefinancial system. d) Research objective: This paper adds to the literature by analyzing the changes in financial markets development and the changes in capitalization ratios of commercial banks in Thailand over the period 1990–2012. e) Research question/ Problem statement: During this period, there were two major financial crises – the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 and the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 – both of which directly affected emerging market countries. While the former mainly...
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...Research in Higher Education Journal Centering the business capstone course on the banking crisis: concrete integrated pedagogy Khalid A. Razaki Dominican University Wayne Koprowski Dominican University Peter Alonzi Dominican University Robert Irons Dominican University Abstract The recent financial crisis offers instructors rich material for business programs regarding the relations between accounting, business law, economics, and finance, as well as ethical issues. This paper offers a concrete approach to developing a business capstone course built around the financial crisis and the lessons it offers business students. Complete pedagogical modules are offered for each discipline, including suggestions for specific assignments in each discipline. Key Words: Capstone Course, Banking Crisis, Pedagogy Centering the Business Capstone Course, Pate 1 Research in Higher Education Journal INTRODUCTION A capstone course is essential in the business school curriculum. It provides each student the time to refresh their grasp of and to hone their ability to apply the principles, tools, and methods of the fields comprising the business curriculum. Further, it gives students the opportunity to integrate the insights of the various fields. The effectiveness of the capstone course can be enhanced by centering the capstone course on the 2008 financial crisis. All students share the common experience of the 2008 crisis’s violent shaking of the economy. It immediately affected each...
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...FINC 6016 Financial Instruments and Markets Final Exam Guide * The final exam for FINC6016 Financial Instruments and Markets will be held on Thursday, November 13, 2014 at 1:50 pm. Please check the location for your specific exam on the Sydney Student section of the University of Sydney website. Note that there are multiple venues for the final exam due to the large class size – you may not have the same room as other students in the class. * The final exam is worth 50% of your total mark for the course. It will last for three hours, plus ten minutes reading time. You are allowed a non-alphanumeric calculator for the exam (which will be checked). Please ensure that you bring your student ID card as well. The formula sheet you will receive is attached to the end of the exam. * The exam consists of two parts * Part A: 45 Multiple Choice Questions, worth a total of 15 marks. These questions cover material from later portion of semester only (since the second multiple choice mid-term examination), but there will be obvious benefits to understanding material from earlier in the course.. * Part B: 5 short-answer questions with multiple parts, worth a total of 35 marks. These cover material mainly from the second half of the course, but an understanding of some parts of the first half of the subject would help (particularly the management of financial institutions, capital accords and the problems with Basel II, and duration gaps, duration measurement...
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...Article Critique Euro Crisis Fin 311 Certification of authorship “I certify that I am the author of this paper that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed herein. I have also cited any source from which I used data, ideas or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also certify that this paper was prepared by my specifically for this course and is not a replication of a paper submitted for another course. ” Mateo Salazar Abstract The main question about this article that we must ask ourselves is that in what way or how does the European financial crisis affects us. In this article critique we are going to explore and find out how and why is this article relevant to the course and why did I choose it. This article by Martin Feldstein talks about the European economic crisis and how this crisis was foretold long time ago. It analysis the countries involved in this crisis and how did they got there in the first place and how each one is affected by this anomaly. The critique shows us what caused the crisis and what is being done to stop this economic crunch, we will also review what countries are involved, what caused the crisis, what solutions are presented and find out the larger implications and think why and how this will affects people in America. Lately every day seems to bring chaotic news about the way our economy is doing. However, the most shocking or the one that everybody is scared of, would be the Euro...
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...Economy?: A New Look at the Determinants of Growth * Drivers Behind the Scene: Determinants of Economy Growth in Asian Countries Excerpt * Researchers found that private and public investments, lower financial risk, higher FDI and flexible exchange rate regimes appears to support Asian countries' economy growth, while more open capital accounts marginally reduce growth facing financial crisis. Taglines/Pull Quotes: * “The majority of Asian countries have some form of flexible regime that we term an intermediate float” * “The marginal impact of public investment is consistently larger than that of private investment” * “The results confirm our earlier expectation that the recent crisis had little impact on Asian growth” Marketing Recommendations: Relevant handles (@s) * @ IMFNews, @ ManukGhazanchya, @ForeignAffairs, @WorldBank Relevant hashtags (#s): * #Asia, #Economy Growth, #Public Investment, #Private Investment, #FDI, # Exchange Rate Regime, # Financial Risk, # Capital Account Openness, #Floating Regime, #Pegged, # Financial Crisis, #IMF Working Paper, #New Determinants Publication Timing: (Article Source) A New Look at the Determinants of Growth in Asian Countries, Manuk Ghazanchyan, Janet G. Stotsky, and Qianqian Zhang, IMF Working Paper, 2015 August. By Yawen Zhao Following several decades of remarkable growth performance, Asian countries, notably China, are facing a possible slowdown in economy growth. With an average rate of 10% a...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE POLICY RESPONSES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF WHAT WENT WRONG John B. Taylor Working Paper 14631 http://www.nber.org/papers/w14631 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 January 2009 I am grateful to John Cogan, Angelo Melino, John Murray, George Shultz and participants in the Global Markets Working Group for helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2009 by John B. Taylor. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong John B. Taylor NBER Working Paper No. 14631 January 2009 JEL No. E0,G01 ABSTRACT This paper is an empirical investigation of the role of government actions and interventions in the financial crisis that flared up in August 2007. It integrates and summarizes several ongoing empirical research projects with the aim of learning from past policy. The evidence is presented in a series of charts which are...
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...the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 36.6 Trillion. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. There have been various stock market crashes in the past such as the Wall Street crash of 1929, the crash of 1973/74, the 1987 crash; called black Monday, the dotcom bubble of 2000 and the more recent crash in 2008 caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in America. The economic crisis of 2008 which originated in America spread to various economies in the world and their stock markets were affected. It reduced the value of stocks around the world by as much as 41% and affected both major and emerging stock markets. The Nigerian stock market is an emerging market in Africa. After attaining the position of one of the most profitable, efficient and fastest growing equity market in the world, with a return on investment of up to 78% in 2007 the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) was seen as an investment haven. On reaching an all time high of 66,371.2 points and N12.6 Trillion in market capitalisation in March 2008 the Nigerian Stock Market (NSM) began to plummet. By March...
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