...The University of Chicago Red Ink in the Rearview Mirror: Local Fiscal Conditions and the Issuance of Traffic Tickets Author(s): Thomas A. Garrett and Gary A. Wagner Source: Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 52, No. 1 (February 2009), pp. 71-90 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/589702 . Accessed: 12/03/2011 22:11 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. ...
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...Two Abstract This paper explores the issue of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)—the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), allowing marijuana on planes, medical or not. This paper also addresses the issue of what steps TSA aviation security would follow as a procedure of an individual attempting to or boarding an airplane with marijuana. TSA has a “Prohibited Items” policy that specifically lists items prohibited from airplanes (“Prohibited Items,” 2014). This particular procedure would call for an adjustment in the TSA’s budget plan for the fiscal year 2015. Keywords: TSA, airplanes, FAA, prohibited items, medical marijuana According to the Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), have certain items that are prohibited from being brought onto airplanes in carry-on and checked bags (“Prohibited Items,” 2014). Although some items are generally permitted, they may be subject to additional screening or they will even be rejected if they trigger any alarms during the screening process, appear that someone has tampered with it, or pose other security problems (“Prohibited Items,” 2014). Some dangerous items are illegal in certain states and passengers will be subject to the state laws. Each passenger is responsible for obtaining the knowledge that origination and destination cities may have local laws prohibiting the possession of items such as: sharp objects, sporting goods, guns...
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...Fiscal Year 2015 Six Month Border Security Update Statement by PIO LARRY STATON Release Date: April 24, 2015 Today I report on the status of our border security efforts mid-way through Fiscal Year 2015. This status update is part of our continuing effort to provide regular updates on our border security efforts. Border security is a core mission of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Department has deployed historic levels of front-line personnel, technology, and infrastructure to the border to reduce the flow of illegal immigrants and illicit contraband while, at the same time, fostering legal trade and travel. To more effectively secure our borders and enhance public safety, in November 2014, at the direction of the President, I announced a number of administrative actions. As part of these actions, DHS established new Department-wide enforcement priorities focused on securing our southern border as well as the apprehension, detention, and removal of recent border crossers, convicted criminals, and threats to national security. DHS has continued to make significant progress in securing the southwest border through the dedication of unprecedented resources, implementation of our new U.S. Southern Border and Approaches Campaign, pursuit of threat-driven border security and enforcement operations, and as a result of increased cooperation with foreign governments. During the first six months of Fiscal Year 2015, the number of total apprehensions along the...
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...The Executive Branch of the United States is mostly responsible for implementing, supporting and enforcing the laws made by the legislative branch and interpreted by the judicial branch. The executive branch works at both, the federal and state levels. The state level consists of governors and their affiliated staff members; whereas, the federal level is comprised of the President, the Vice President, appointed advisers, the Cabinet, plus a variety of departments and agencies.The primary power of the executive branch lies with the United States President. The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws written by Congress and appoints the heads of the federal agencies, including the Cabinet. The Cabinet and independent federal agencies are responsible for the daily enforcement and administration of federal laws (Our Government, 2011). These executive departments and independent agencies have missions and responsibilities. First, there is the executive department known as the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).The USDA develops and executes policies on farming, agriculture, and food. This department aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers; promoting agricultural trade and production; assuring food safety; protecting natural resources; fostering rural communities; and ending hunger within the United States and abroad (About USDA, 2011). The United States Secretary of Agriculture, Tom Vilsack, oversees this department and its seventeen executive...
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...History of Law Enforcement Marquell Garrett CJA/204 March 22, 2012 David Klein History of Law Enforcement When discussing the history of law enforcement, it is best we start with the invasion of England in 1066 by the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror. William bought with him some ideas of policing, where security was considered far more important than freedom. William divided England into five areas, with five separate militaries. An officer was placed in each area. Thus, he created marshal law (Barefoot's World, 1997). In 1116, Henry I, son of William the Conqueror, issued the Leges Henrici, from which Henry received the title, "Law Giver." These laws divided England into thirty judicial districts, and are particularly important in keeping the peace, preventing arson, robbery, murder, false coinage, and crimes of violent nature (Barefoot's World, 1997). . Despite changes made to the laws, and the way things were done, it would not be until 1829 that the first metropolitan police department would be created in London, England. This police department would have jurisdiction over the entire city of London (Learn History, 2004). It would not be until 1838, 9 years post the creation of the London Police Department, that the U.S. would have its first metropolitan police department established in Boston, Massachusetts. However, many cities had night watchers, civilian volunteers, and officers patrolling the...
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...or avoiding tax. As a result government’s developments activities are hampered. So, we should know about the tax evasion and tax avoidance and thereby its preventives measures. For development of a country government needs to create infrastructure and invest in various sectors. For this activities government needs founds and tax revenue is the main source for the purpose. But due to tax evasion and tax avoidance government’s revenue generation is not sufficient. So, it is very much important for us to stop tax evasion and avoidance for accelerating economic development. Objectives of Taxation: Taxation is the major source of revenue for the government. In order to accelerate economic development as well as to ensure the defense, administration, social welfare and other development activities...
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...or avoiding tax. As a result government’s developments activities are hampered. So, we should know about the tax evasion and tax avoidance and thereby its preventives measures. For development of a country government needs to create infrastructure and invest in various sectors. For this activities government needs founds and tax revenue is the main source for the purpose. But due to tax evasion and tax avoidance government’s revenue generation is not sufficient. So, it is very much important for us to stop tax evasion and avoidance for accelerating economic development. Objectives of Taxation: Taxation is the major source of revenue for the government. In order to accelerate economic development as well as to ensure the defense, administration, social welfare and other development activities...
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...evading or avoiding tax. As a result government’s developments activities are hampered. So, we should know about the tax evasion and tax avoidance and thereby its preventives measures. For development of a country government needs to create infrastructure and invest in various sectors. For this activities government needs founds and tax revenue is the main source for the purpose. But due to tax evasion and tax avoidance government’s revenue generation is not sufficient. So, it is very much important for us to stop tax evasion and avoidance for accelerating economic development. Objectives of Taxation: Taxation is the major source of revenue for the government. In order to accelerate economic development as well as to ensure the defense, administration, social welfare and other development activities government needs...
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...studies have also estimates that taxes collected from illegal alien workers, both in the above-ground economy and in the underground economy do not come close to the amount of current expenditures. The impact of illegal immigrants on the federal budget differs from their effect on state and local budgets primarily because of the types of services provided by each level of government. The federal government while providing some services requires state and local governments to provide certain services to individuals regardless of their immigration status or ability to pay in order for them to participate in federal programs. This has made most states and local governments bear much of the burden to providing education, health care and law enforcement to individuals living in their jurisdiction. Budgetary Effect of Illegal Immigration The Congressional Budget Office has attempted to evaluate for the last 15 years the impact of illegal immigrants on the budgets of state and local governments. The scope and analytical methods of the study vary and no reports have provided a consistent or reliable assessment of the national effect that illegal immigrants have on state and local budgets. The CBO was able to conclude through the reports hat state...
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...On October 14, 2010, the United States Attorney’s Office for the Central District of California announced that CVS Pharmacy, Inc. was fined $77 million (including $75 million civil penalty and the forfeit of $2.5 million profit) for its unlawful sales of pseudoephedrine, a regulated drug, to criminals between September 2007 and November 2008. During that period, the company failed to comply with laws that limit the quantity of the drug sold to individual customers. The sales, according to the Attorney’s Office, directly caused an increase the production of methamphetamine in California. CVS Pharmacy, Inc (“CVS/pharmacy”) is the retail pharmacy subsidiary of CVS Caremark Corporation (hereinafter collectively referred to as “CVS”). In addition to retail pharmacy, CVS also runs pharmacy services, retail clinics, and mail-order pharmacy businesses. In fiscal year 2010, the company had net revenues of more than $96 billion and a net profit of more than $3 billion. Selected financial data by business segments (pharmacy services, retail pharmacy, and corporate) is shown in Exhibit 1. CVS was the 18th largest company on the Fortune 500 according to its 2010 annual report and CVS/pharmacy is one of the largest retail pharmacy chains in the United States. As of December 31, 2010, it operates more than 7,100 retail pharmacy stores in the United States. Exhibit 2 shows the number of CVS/pharmacy stores in each state (as of December 31, 2009). Today’s CVS (listed on New York Stock Exchange...
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...The City of Las Vegas, Nevada Budget Process Sarah Molda Missouri State University The City of Las Vegas, Nevada Budget Process In accordance with Nevada state Law, City governments in Nevada are created either by general law or special charter. The City of Las Vegas is a special charter city, and operates under a council-manager form of government as proscribed by Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) Chapter 268, with our mayor elected at-large and six City Council members representing the 6 single member wards that represent the City. The vision of the City of Las Vegas is to be “a world-class, vibrant, affordable, economically and ethically diverse, progressive city where citizens feel safe, enjoy their neighborhoods and access their city government. Its mission is to provide residents, visitors and the business community with the highest quality municipal services in an efficient, courteous manner and to enhance the quality of life thorough planning and visionary leadership.” (City of Las Vegas) The Las Vegas city council oversees the general administration, makes policy, and sets budget. The council appoints a professional City Manager who is charged with the running day-to-day operations, with the City Managers office being responsible for the administration and operation of all municipal services for the City of Las Vegas as well as the oversight for all redevelopment and economic development. The City Manager's staff also tracks the progress of various projects,...
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...Authorization Act Rhonda L Patterson ENG122 English Composition II Prof. Ashley Rutledge February 20, 2012 Individual Privacy vs. National Security: The National Defense Authorization Act The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) passed by Congress on December 14, 2011 “to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2012 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes” (112th Congress, 2012) has been a large source of controversy in the United States among its citizens and in the media. Originally, President Obama stated he would veto the act. Stating his reasons included the continuation of military funding; he reversed his decision and signed the NDAA into law on December 31, 2011. The President included with it a signed statement that said his administration would not allow unconstitutional incarceration of American citizens (Herridge, 2012). Unfortunately, a signed statement is not law, and can be later changed or ignored by the current or subsequent administrations. This act is a danger to the freedoms granted to American citizens by the United States Constitution, allowing the government too many liberties to violate those freedoms in the name of terrorism, and can also be used to unjustly target foreigners on American soil. According to a news release issued by Ohio representative...
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...Executive Summary There are laws related to every aspect of employment including many important ones that protect both applicants and employees against unfair treatment. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a key point in history and instrumental in protecting the rights of individuals from employment discrimination. Title VII of the legislation was designed to protect U.S. employees. This Title also established the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission with the intent to protect U.S. employees from discrimination as the body to enforce the provisions of the law. Equal employment opportunity was further enhanced in 1965 with Executive Order 11246 which prohibited federal contractors from discriminating against employees on the basis of race, sex, creed, religion, color, or national origin. Equal Employment Opportunity has been an effort to provide African-American, women, and other classes of individuals in society who did not have access to the same employment opportunities in both the private and public sector. The issues explored related to equal employment in the public sector are: • Oversight and Coordination • Scope of “Protected Classes” • Monitoring and Reports • Enforcement Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974 The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) provides oversight and coordination of federal equal opportunity regulations, practices, and policies. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974, brought all state, local, and federal...
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...Expenditures and Revenues Matrix and Summary Federal State Local Major Role Making laws relating to domain of Constitution Collecting revenue Industrial relations Revenue collection Law enforcement Education Municipality administration and development Expenditure Item Transfer payments Social Security Medicare Law enforcement Education Infrastructural and facilities development and maintenance Revenue Item 1 Payroll Taxes Income Tax Property Taxes Revenue Item 2 Income Taxes Transfers Transfers Revenue Item 3 Corporate Taxes Sales and gross Taxes Sales and gross Taxes The Federal revenue sources enumerated above are just some of the means through the US Government makes money. Payroll taxes are federal or state taxes that are withheld by employers on behalf of their employees, along with social security and Medicare taxes. This is computed by the IRS form W-4. This is also commonly known as withholding tax. The other is a fixed or variable charge on the company for hiring a worker; this deduction goes toward contributing to social security. In most jurisdictions, quarterly reporting of withholding taxes by employers is required. This is in addition to the annual filing of taxes. Income taxes, as the term implies, is the tax on an employee’s monthly income. This is usually computed on annual gross income, and then distributed monthly or quarterly. This tax is levied on all income – received and receivable – with some exceptions, considered admissible deductions...
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... PRESS ROOM ISSUANCES LINKS The Department of Finance is a government institution that formulates fiscal policy. Carrying out its basic function of revenue generation to ensure adequate financing for the needs of the country has led to an expansion of the DOF’s role over time. Below are the Bureaus, Agencies and Government Corporations under the supervision of DOF. BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE (BIR)As Mandated: 1) Assessment and collection of all national internal revenue taxes, fees and charges. 2) Enforcement of all forfeitures, penalties, fines and execution of judgments in all cases decided in its favor by the Court of Tax Appeals and the ordinary courts 3) Administer supervisory and police powers conferred by National Internal Revenue Code as amended by R.A. 8424 or other laws. Transparency Seal Pera ng Bayan Website : http://www.bir.gov.ph HEADED BY : Kim S. JacintoHenares Commissioner Address : BIR National Office Bldg., BIR Road, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Telephone : (632) 9210430 (632) 9817113 Fax : (632) 9251789 Email : contact_us@cctr.bir.gov.ph BUREAU OF CUSTOMS (BOC) As mandated by Section 602 of the TCCP; Assess and collect lawful revenues: 1) Prevent smuggling and other frauds 2) Control vessels/aircraft’s doing foreign trade 3) Enforce tariff and customs laws 4) Control the handling of foreign mails for revenues and prevention purposes 5) Control import ...
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