...Asperger syndrome is a developmental disorder in which an individual “maintains adequate cognitive and language development but becomes severely impaired in social interaction”. Individuals with Asperger syndrome also develop “restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities” (Halgin & Whitbourne, 2010, p. 347). The most common misconception that many people seem to have about Asperger Syndrome is that all individuals with Asperger syndrome are exceptionally talented. One reason might be that Asperger Syndrome is not yet widely recognized by the people. Meanwhile, popular media, such as TV, movies, and magazines often portray characters that are diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome as wacky geniuses. Also, there have been a lot of speculations about many historical figures having Asperger syndrome; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Albert Einstein, and Vincent Van Gogh are some of the most well-known historical figures who may have had Asperger Syndrome. Despite all these, it is important for people to understand that not all people with Asperger Syndrome are gifted and not all people who are extremely talented have Asperger syndrome. Asperger syndrome is categorized into a disorder called Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Other diagnostic categories include autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2010, p. 86). Individuals with...
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...Resiliency and the Five-Factor Model By: Ketmany Guenin Psychology: Research Methods Dr. Wall 12/04/2013 Introduction Individual differences in psychology concentrate on how people are different from each other in their own unique way. This level of psychology differentiates people based on their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Psychological constructs that attract research interact in individual differences include: personality, psychopathology, cognitive abilities, social attitudes and psychological interests. The most highly researched areas in psychology are differences in personality and in intelligence (Albon, 1994). The Five Factor Model of Personality is a trait theory that was originated by several researchers and it examines five traits that can fully describe personality. (e.g. Fiske, 1949; Norman, 1963). The ‘Big Five’ are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and are commonly referred to as: N, E, O, A, and C. Extraversion refers to the tendency of enjoying other’s company and people who are outgoing. Neuroticism is the tendency to get upset easily, also known as emotional stability. Agreeableness is the tendency to be cooperative with others. Conscientiousness is the tendency to be motivated and achieve goals. Openness to Experience is the tendency to be open to trying new things and being adventurous (Glantz). Garmezy became interested in the concept of resilience through the...
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...March 2016 Student Name: Simrat Pal Singh Student ID: TIZ00001KI Submitted To: Mariana Morrison Theory This porter five forces was introduced by Michel e porter who was from Harvard business school in 1979, [ (porter five forces , 2016) ] these are about to find what level of competition in the industry and how we can develop our business, Porter five forces give us analysis what is the competition in the market and how market is influence by this porter five forces and these five forces helps us to find the position of that factors which influences the market These five forces can forecast about what profit organisation can achieve and how much success it will get, [ (model of five forces , 2016) ] The porter five forces are as follows 1. Suppliers power = if the supplier want to reduce the profit of the organisation then supplies increases the prices of product , suppliers can also effect the availability & reduce the quality of the product , [ (supplier power, 2016) ] if there is monopoly created by supplier in the market that it’s major factor to effect the costs of product [ (poertersupplier buyer, 2016) ] 2. Buyers power = customer is king , [ (bargaining-power-of-buyers-porters-five-forces-model, 2016) ] a buyers can force to businessman to reduce their product price and give them a good customer service , as per porter five forces analysis customer [ (buyer power, 2016) ] have bargain power and customer can put competition in the market...
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...In psychology, personality traits could be explained from many aspects, and one of them describes personality traits as categorizations of people’s particular characteristics (Burger, 1997) while others hold opposite ideas that personalities are more unique and different for each individual depending on his or her peculiar life experience. The former idea relates itself to nomothetic approach, which is a quantitative approach that studies personalities that people share in common to find out a general law that applies to everyone. The nomothetic approach suggests that people show universal traits and that personality traits are consistent within humans. Gordan Allport first brought up this approach to understand personality in 1930s, and after that, many theories has been conducted from it. Individual’s personality indicates behaviour, thus the accuracy of the indication of individual’s personality and behaviour in nomothetic approach decides the validity and effectiveness of the approach. Thus the statement that “ the nomothetic approach is the most effective way to understand an individual’s personality” can be critically evaluated by testing the validity of predictions of the theories. As mentioned above, there are two commonly accepted approaches to understand individual’s personality. The idea that people’s personalities are unique brings the idiographic approach that investigates individuals in personal and in-depth details. According to idiographic approach, each person’s...
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...PepsiCo’s Five Forces Analysis PepsiCo’s world-wide success is related to its business capabilities, especially in overcoming the challenges and problem shown in this Porter Five Forces analysis. Michael Porter developed the Five Forces analysis model to determine the most significant external factors that influence Company. For PepsiCo to maintain its market rank as the second largest food-and-beverage company in the world, it must show the potential problems identified in this model. PepsiCo also needs to continually adjust its strategies to effectively respond to the external factors significant in the food and beverage industry competition A Five Forces model analysis of PepsiCo reveals that the companyshould prioritize the effect of competition and the influences of consumers and substitutes. These forces shape PepsiCo’s strategies.. Because of the global nature of its business, PepsiCo faces varying in external factors in its industry environment. However, the overall result of these factors and the corresponding that model are summarized as the given below , with indicators of the strengths of their forces of model on PepsiCo: 1. Competitive rivalry or competition 2. Bargaining power of buyers or customers 3. Bargaining power of suppliers 4. Threat of substitutes or substitution 5. Threat of new entrants or new entry Competitive Rivalry or Competition with PepsiCo (Strong Force) – The Coca-Cola Company is one of most PepsiCo’s...
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...The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives Oliver P. John and Sanjay Srivastava University of California at Berkeley Running head: Big Five Trait Taxonomy Final draft: March 5, 1999 Author's Address: Oliver P. John Department of Psychology University of California, MC 1650 Berkeley, CA 94720-1650 W: (510) 642-2178; H: 540-7159; Fax: 643-9334 Email: ojohn@socrates.berkeley.edu; sanjays@socrates.berkeley.edu To appear in L. Pervin and O.P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford (in press). 2 Taxonomy is always a contentious issue because the world does not come to us in neat little packages (S. J. Gould, 1981, p. 158). Personality has been conceptualized from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction or breadth (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, 1991; McAdams, 1995). Each of these levels has made unique contributions to our understanding of individual differences in behavior and experience. However, the number of personality traits, and scales designed to measure them, escalated without an end in sight (Goldberg, 1971). Researchers, as well as practitioners in the field of personality assessment, were faced with a bewildering array of personality scales from which to choose, with little guidance and no overall rationale at hand. What made matters worse was that scales with the same name often measure concepts that are not the same, and scales with different...
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...striving, recording positive correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness variables respectively. Both subsets of motivation directly affect sales performance although the data implies that the accomplishment striving factor results in improved performance only indirectly, accompanied by a status striving variable. The study has been criticised for its sole reliance on participants drawn from sales representatives. Such a narrow band of individuals may be expected to show extraverted behaviour given the arguable necessity of such behaviour in ensuring success. Recruitment of sales representatives is dominated by a focus on selecting extraverted individuals and as such, the generality of the study regarding a correlation between the FFM and job performance is questionable. Job satisfaction: Workplace Deviance and counterproductive workplace behaviour (include in this Buckner’s excessive use of technology study): Organisational commitment: Organisational citizenship: Sean P. Neubert’s study, “The Five-Factor Model of Personality in the Workplace” posited and upheld a large correlation (Size of correlation?) between elements of the five-factor model (which?) and job performance. Problem Behaviour and Deviance The Five Factor Model of personality and employees’ excessive use of technology (Buckner, John E. : Castille, Christopher M. ; Sheets, Tilman L.) Computers in Human Behaviour, 2012, Vol. 28(5), pp. 1947-1953 [Peer Reviewed...
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...core determinant in organization behaviour as Kumar, Bakhshia and Rani (2009) explain. Personality results from an amalgamation of nature and nurture factors. In the latter, innate qualities such as brain and hereditary factors, determine personality forms. In the former, brain stimulation aspects that define personality occur through genetic transmission (Parikh & Gupta, 2010). In the latter, genetic and molecular structures found in chromosomes, determine individual personality. Nurturing factors that determine personality are sourced from personal experience, behaviour and empiricism. Physical factors regarding a person’s appearance define one’s personality when interacting with others (Jennifer & Gareth, 2008). The culture of societies determines its members’ personalities particularly on aspects of interaction, cooperation and coordination in relationships. Religious and cultural factors also shape up personalities. This is because norms, regulations and convictions determine individual ideologies. Methods to identify personality There are some methods in determining individual personality. The popular methods generally used are Five-Factor Model (FFM), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and Supernumerary Personality Inventory (SPI). First, FFM determines individual personality through five dimensions. The five dimensions are Conscientious or “compulsive-obsessive”...
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...Five Questions a Project Manager Should Ask About Every Estimate Anthony A DeMarco, President, PRICE Systems, L.L.C. Introduction Every day, project managers make decisions based on estimates. Since each decision can determine whether a project succeeds or fails, accurate estimates are critical. Projects launched without a rigorous initial estimate are five times more probable of experiencing delays and cancellations. Even projects with sound initial estimates are doomed to overrun cost and schedule budgets if they are not guided by rules of thumb and rigorous estimates-to-complete. Therefore, project managers must be armed with simple metrics and rigorous estimating models to be successful. Simple or complex, there are five questions project managers should ask about every estimate as they define and manage their projects. This paper stresses the value of accurate estimating, the project management discipline developing estimating rules-of-thumb and the application of those metrics to aid successful decision-making. Project Managers must be Accurate Estimators The key to successful project completion is an accurate estimate and a realistic risk assessment. Capers Jones, in a study of two hundred and fifty complex, software-intensive projects identified only twenty-five as successful in achieving their initial cost, schedule and performance objectives. Jones defines a failed project as one that is six months over schedule and fifteen percent over its cost...
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...Five Questions a Project Manager Should Ask About Every Estimate Anthony A DeMarco, President, PRICE Systems, L.L.C. Introduction Every day, project managers make decisions based on estimates. Since each decision can determine whether a project succeeds or fails, accurate estimates are critical. Projects launched without a rigorous initial estimate are five times more probable of experiencing delays and cancellations. Even projects with sound initial estimates are doomed to overrun cost and schedule budgets if they are not guided by rules of thumb and rigorous estimates-to-complete. Therefore, project managers must be armed with simple metrics and rigorous estimating models to be successful. Simple or complex, there are five questions project managers should ask about every estimate as they define and manage their projects. This paper stresses the value of accurate estimating, the project management discipline developing estimating rules-of-thumb and the application of those metrics to aid successful decision-making. Project Managers must be Accurate Estimators The key to successful project completion is an accurate estimate and a realistic risk assessment. Capers Jones, in a study of two hundred and fifty complex, software-intensive projects identified only twenty-five as successful in achieving their initial cost, schedule and performance objectives. Jones defines a failed project as one that is six months over schedule and fifteen percent over its cost estimate (p.5). Cost...
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...brands include Lexus, Toyota and other series such as high low-end models. Toyota has an international presence in over 170 countries worldwide. Toyota Motor Corporation since 2008 and gradually began to replace General Motors as the world ranked number one car manufacturer. However, the company of the Toyota had a bad year in 2010. They had plenty of manufacturing problems in different countries around the world. So the company needs to recall lots of cars. The incident brought to Toyota big losses. Porter’s Five Forces Perspective and PEST analysis are from different area. Porter’s Five Forces Perspective is used for the analysis of competitive strategy, and can effectively analysis customs of the competitive environment. PEST analysis is a macro-environment analysis. Its’ macro-forces is refers to the impact on all industries and enterprises. Its’ macro-environment can be focus on various situations. The first part is focusing on these two theories that using I chosen the company of Toyota as an example to overview and critique these two theories. Then compare and contrast these two theories. At last, conclusion this report and given some advises for these two theories. 2. Overview and Critique of theory 1 2.1 Overview the Porter Five Forces Perspective Porter five forces perspective has also known as Porter’s five competitive model. This model was first used by Michael Porter (Porter) made. This model was published in 1979 on the "Harvard Business Review" entitled "How...
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...9/18/2015 9/18/2015 Stephane Ludovic Marie ID:11300880 Stephane Ludovic Marie ID:11300880 MGT200 Assignment 3 MGT200 Assignment 3 Contents Introduction 2 Personality 2 Personality determinants 2 Personality Related theories 3 Five Key Factor Model 3 Hypothesis 3 Conclusion 3 Reference List 3 Introduction For many decades, there has been an ongoing debate about the usefulness and validity of personality measures in selection contexts. While some authors believe that those instruments lack validity, others recommend their use as a selection instrument. There is plenty of literature available on this topic, but it is fairly controversial (Alvesson 2002). For the purpose of this report; job performance concerns the attitudes, information and skills that are desired to facilitate one to perform the tasks listed in the job description by the organization; of which task performance includes one’s behaviour that involves in the conversion of organizational resources into finished goods and services. Organizations worldwide use performance appraisal as a means to ensure the job performance of workers, moreover personality measures recently have received considerable attention in the employee selection process since personality of an individual is closely linked with the process of job or work performance. The relationship between personality and the level of job performance is dependent on the environment in which he/she is working (Alvesson 2002). It is...
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...wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/jsc.764 Strategic Change Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter’s five forces model Tony Grundy Cranfield School of Management, UK Michael Porter’s five competitive forces model has been a most influential model within business schools but has perhaps had less appeal to the practising manager outside of an MBA and certain short business school courses. In this article it is argued that whilst there are a number of reasons why the model has not achieved greater currency, most importantly it can be developed a lot further. The paper looks at a number of important opportunities for using Porter’s model in an even more practical way, including: mapping the competitive forces, which can vary significantly over market and competitive terrain and within the same industry; understanding its dynamics; prioritizing the forces; doing macro analysis of the sub-drivers of each of the five forces; exploring key interdependencies, both between and within each force. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Introduction When Michael Porter conceived the five competitive forces model, it propelled strategic management to the very heart of the management agenda. The framework became a centrepiece of texts on business strategy and strategic management, and essential examination material on MBA and similar courses globally. But what has become of his original five competitive forces? It would appear to be the case that not a great deal has occurred to develop this...
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...Technological factors, which are used to assess the market for a business or organizational unit. The PEST analysis headings are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can also, like SWOT analysis, and Porter's Five Forces model, be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company, a marketing proposition, or idea. Completing a PEST analysis is very simple, and is a good subject for workshop sessions. PEST analysis also works well in brainstorming meetings. Use PEST analysis for business and strategic planning, marketing planning, business and product development and research reports. You can also use PEST analysis exercises for team building games. PEST analysis is similar to SWOT analysis - it's simple, quick, and uses four key perspectives. As PEST factors are essentially external, completing a PEST analysis is helpful prior to completing a SWOT analysis (a SWOT analysis - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats - is based broadly on half internal and half external factors). pest variations The PEST model, like most very good simple concepts, has prompted several variations on the theme. For example, the PEST acronym is sometimes shown as STEP, which obviously represents the same factors. Stick with PEST - nearly everyone else does. More confusingly (and some would say unnecessarily) PEST is also extended to seven or even more factors, by adding Ecological (or Environmental), Legislative (or Legal), and Industry Analysis, which produces the PESTELI model. Other...
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...Application of Porter’s Five Forces Model on Tata NANO Brand Name: Unit Name Unit Code Tutor School Date Introduction The turnover in automotive industry is growing significantly. Companies need to sell their product across borders. To realize this, companies must evaluate the market forces in target markets in order to increase sales. One strategic tool used in evaluating market forces is porters five forces model. This tool highlights the key factors that determine the industry competition and the viability of such a market. The porters five forces model has been evolving with time. The principle ‘’the state of competition in an industry depends on five basic forces’’ (Porter, 2008 P.3) is still relevant. This analysis model covers a wide range of factors affecting the industry. Companies with awareness about their environment are able to make strategic decisions concerning their business. This paper discuses the application of Michael porter’s five forces model by Tata Motors Company on their new product, Tata Nano. Tata motors are the largest automobile company in India with revenues in excess of USD 16 billion in 2011. Tata motors have subsidiary companies and associate companies involved in various industries including mining, oil, manufacturing, and telecommunications. Tata motors have operations in Spain, Korea, Thailand, UK, and South Korea. The paper begins by identifying porters five forces. Second, a brief history...
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