...MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION Flood Mitigation Strategy June 2009 Flood Mitigation Strategy TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLESLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................ iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Strategy for Integrated Flood Management .............................................................. 3 2.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 5 2.1 Institutional Arrangements....................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Organizational Structure of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation .....................5 2.1.2 Flood Related Legislative Arrangement ............................................................ 5 2.1.3 Disaster Management......................................................................................6 2.2 History of floods in Kenya ....................................................................................... 6 ...
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...Introduction Natural Hazard any natural event which has an adverse socio-economic impact on the human being. Alternatively, an extreme natural event, such as a cyclone, an earthquake or a flood, that is not caused by human beings. These are naturally occurring phenomena that only become hazardous due to the intervention of human infrastructure. The vulnerability of human infrastructure to destruction (risk) by a disaster is also an important factor in understanding natural hazards. The distribution and impact of natural hazards is unequal with greatest loss of life and property in the developing part of the world. This is not because of greater hazard frequency but simply because of greater vulnerability. Therefore, the people in the developing countries are at high risk than those of developed countries. Combining the risk factor the natural hazard can be defined as the probability of a change in the natural environment of a given magnitude occurring within specified time period in a given area while the associated risk is the consequent damage or loss of life, property and services. The frequency of major hazard appears to have increased since 1960 and the number of people killed each year has decreased at a rate of about 6% and the loss or property has also decreased steadily. This has taken place owing to increased awareness and better hazard management. The increase in the frequency of hazard can be assigned to such factors as better global news coverage, increasing population...
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...Pruitt of the U.S. Office of Naval Research, is now commonly used to describe the science—and art—of identifying, observing, and measuring an object without coming into direct contact with it. It involves the detection and measurement of radiation of different wavelengths reflected or emitted from distant objects or materials, by which they may be identified and categorized by class/type, substance, and spatial distributions. There are various types of satellites being used for earth observation. It varies from the area that is being seen to the frequency of observations. One type used in disaster management would be polar-orbiting satellites that aviate in low-set ambit, but provide high spatial resolution. Infrared sensors would pick up floods, thermal sensors would spot the fires that are active, and microwave sensors are used to measure earth’s deformations before and during earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. The major disaster in the developing world would be the drought in Africa. This kind of disaster along with many others starts slowly and may be predicted in advance. “The cause of droughts in the U.S. is the disposition winds from the west. A ridge which is caused by a jet stream making a big northern bend going over the central part of the woodlands with lesser meridional curves on specific side above the east and west coast states. A large anticyclone forms below the ridge and begins to rotate. This pattern is very stable and is called an omega block, after the...
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...Case study - Bangladesh flooding 2004 Bangladesh is a low lying country most of which lies on the delta of Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghan. Why the flood risk? Physical factors: Sources of rivers are in Himalayas so snowmelt adds to the discharge during spring S Asia has a monsoon climate and experiences a wet season between May and September when low pressure and winds blowing from SW across Bay of Bengal bring heavy rain to coastal regions. Bangladesh also suffers from cyclones that bring high winds, heavy rainfall and storm surges. Human Factors: Urbanisation - the capital city Dhaka now has a population of more than 1 million people Rapid deforestation in Himalayas has had a negative effect on rates of interception and evapotranspiration resulting in more water reaching the rivers. River management is difficult to implement in LEDCs. Average GDP per capita is around $300. Population rely on subsistence agriculture to survive growing rice on rented plots of land so there is little income from taxation for Government and Bangladesh relies heavily on foreign aid to finance large scale development project which might help prevent floods. In 2004 the monsoon season brought more rainfall than usual. Impacts Social impacts: 36 million people were made homeless By mid September the death toll had risen to 800. People died as a result of disease because they had no access to clean water. Landless labourers and small farmers were the most severely affected in...
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...Empowering the Community to Adapt to Climate Change BACKGROUND Bangladesh, a low-lying country is known globally as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Factors contributing to its vulnerability includes its biophysical resources, particularly water which is highly sensitive to climate variability and change, along with high population density, high incidence of poverty, inadequate infrastructure and limited financial resources. This makes water resources, coastal zones and its resources, agriculture and human health the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Around 66 per cent of the country’s labour force are engaged in agriculture and with their dependence on water, are likely to be hit the hardest by climate change1. The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has recognized climate change as an important issue and attempts are being made to incorporate potential measures for reducing climate change impacts into overall development planning. Bangladesh has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). It has also incorporated climate change into its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The GoB realizes that to reduce the impacts of climate change it is necessary to work across sectors and with active participation of local communities. Thus, the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) has been working since the 1970s with vulnerable communities, particularly women through the Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP), is in a unique position...
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...Unit 1: Understanding Our Natural World Theme A: The Dynamic Landscape Specification: GCSE Geography Unit 1: Understanding Our Natural World Theme A: The Dynamic Landscape |Specification Content |Learning Outcomes |Teaching and Learning Activities |Resources | |The Drainage Basin: A |Students should be able to: | | | |Component of the Water Cycle | | | | | |demonstrate knowledge and understanding of|The two websites listed here give clear animations of the hydrological cycle |www.epa.gov/ogwdw/kids/flash/ flashwatercycle.html | | |the components of the drainage basin cycle|which students can watch and discuss. |www.sweetwater.org/education/ watercycle.swf | | |and their interrelationships: | | ...
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...You are here: Home » About Sustainability > Environmental > Water Quality ------------------------------------------------- Water Quality Where water quality issues are prevalent, there are a number of design and operational systems that can be used to minimise impacts of a hydropower scheme within a reservoir and downstream. These begin with adequate data collection and a comprehensive environmental assessment process. Issue Changes in water quality may occur within and downstream of the development as a result of impoundment. The residence time of water within a reservoir is an influence on the scale of these changes, along with bathymetry, climate and catchment activities. Where water quality issues arise, they can vary greatly and can include reduced oxygenation, temperature, stratification potential, pollutant inflow, propensity for disease proliferation, nutrient capture, algal bloom potential and the release of toxicants from inundated sediments. Some water quality problems relate to activities within the catchment beyond the direct control of the proponent but which can cause water quality problems when compounded with the power station operations. Flooding of biomass, especially forests, results in underwater decay. In deep lakes that tend to stratify, colder de-oxygenated water at depths in the lake have in some cases released metals from the sediments e.g. methylmercury. Deep intakes can in some cases result in deoxygenated and hydrogen sulphide rich releases...
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...Hurricane Katrina changed the way United States viewed floodplain management and flood risk management. The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993 produced the highest economic damages of the century, killing over 130 people, costing over $20 billion dollars in flood damages. Hurricane Katrina caused over a million people to lose homes, jobs, and took over 1300 lives. It has been estimated the restoration of the communities and some level of flood protections will exceed over $100 billion dollars when it’s all done. Before the twin towers were hit on September 11, 2001, it seem like the United States was headed in the right directions with floodplain and risked management. Due to the terrorist attacks on that day, change the way America took their approach on homeland security. All the focus and money shifted to US Department of Defense, and the natural hazard management was kind of put on the back burner and basically forgot about until Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Hurricane Katrina changed the game for how America planned for flooding and risk management. When Hurricane Katrina hit, it was a slap in the face on the response to flooding that took place in New Orleans. Up to this point there was not a single inventory of levees and flood damage structures in United States. America became a reactive force instead of an active force. The Secretary of Defense got involved and requested the US National Academics to establish...
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...More than 80 people and their pets had to be rescued by boat from their flooded homes after more than seven inches of rain fell Saturday and Sunday in Louisville, Kentucky. The National Weather Service declared a flash flood emergency for Louisville early Sunday due to back-to-back thunderstorms that began Saturday.. First floor apartments were flooded and vehicles were swallowed by high waters after 5.91 inches fell in Louisville on Saturday alone, according to the Weather Channel. Flooding closed at least 45 roads. Authorities say more than 80 people were rescued or evacuated thanks to seven-inches of rainfall that fell in 36 hours. NBC's Kerry Sanders reports. "I was lying there sleeping, kids woke me up, looked out, I couldn't believe it," evacuee Vickie Dedrick told NBC affiliate WAVE in Louisville. "Just a little bit of water on the road, next thing you know it looks like a tidal wave come through; looks like all cars washed off," added evacuee Mark Elliott. No injuries were reported, but at least 45 roads were closed and many homes and cars were damaged, according to the Courier-Journal. According to the National Weather Service, a record 5.91 inches of rain fell on Saturday, breaking the day's old record of 3.07 inches of rain set on October 5, 1910, WAVE reported. The deluge also already breaks the local all-time record for rainfall the month of October: The previous record was 5.07 inches set in 2004. The National Weather Service reports...
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...earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding, or tornadoes, alternatively, disasters can be defined according to the extent of their impacts. Catastrophic disasters classify hazards in terms of their effect on human life over a large spatial scale. Events like massive volcanic eruptions, continental-wide droughts or huge tsunamis. Conversely, other disasters may not have huge impacts on people, but may change the face of a landscape permanently - avalanches or landslides may occur in uninhabited areas, where the only physical result is a sudden change in the physical environment Natural disaster can destroyed houses, trees, building, vehicles and peoples life. .. Natural disasters come in many forms such as earthquakes, tornados, floods, blizzards, fires, and volcanic eruptions, Floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes can be devastating. Even more devastating are the consequences of not being fully prepared. Below are some of the general suggestions for disaster preparedness. Every type of disaster is not subjected to one specific area. This...
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... For days after the flood water subsided the area was still under threat of flooding because of the substandard drainage system and outdated levy system. This incident forced many El Pasoans to evaluate the possibility of the future flooding an estimate the cost of purchasing the flood insurance. According to the study performed by the National Weather Service Forecast Office Deep convection, which produces excessive rainfall and flash flooding, poses a threat to lives and property over south-central and southwestern New Mexico and far western Texas, primarily during the summer monsoon season. Forecasting these phenomena are difficult across this region due to the irregular terrain, the sparse data and the relatively poor performance of numerical models in the prediction of heavy rain across the southwestern United States (Rogash, 2003). Therefore, we can safely assume the2006 flooding in El Paso area was a combination of independent variables such as topography and existing drainage system and independent variables such as weather patterns and rainfall. Some such as city representative Eddie Holguin called it a 500-year abnormality and assumed “we still have 490 more years to deal with this”( El Paso times, 2008) on the contrary to the National Weather Service, which assessed the probability of every 100 years. Considering the fact the probability of 500 year flood will not affect the current population I wanted to explore possibility of another flood happening within the...
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...potentially aggravate hurricane. Building dam for the purpose of generate power and regulate river water storage is benefit for city’s resident life and economy, but when the dam situated in upstream, which intercept sediment and silt flow to downstream, with sediment reduce, near shore area lack of barrier to protect and thus sea water comes in. Tragedy has become reality already, when hurricane done, it’s the time to us self-examination and take some emergency preparedness. Recovery wetland and nature barrier is essential, mangrove forest is a good example to defend surge. When the hurricane happened, most of time is people not prepared for it, over panic and overwhelming that cause unnecessary casualty. From this point, it should be build a flood protection system and provide timely weather forecast. Hurricane Katrina is not just the only...
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...Casual loop diagram 1 Causal loop diagram one demonstrates the cause and impact of flooding. Primary factor behind the caue of flood is considered to be climate change. In recent years due to environmental pollution, ozole layer depletion and increasing dependency on energy have resulted in unusual pattern of weather. Climate change is one of the main reason behind water based natural disaster. Climate change causes unusual pattern of weather behaviour such as heavy rain, storm surge, continuous rain for long time and thunderstorms of long time. Heavy rain increases the level of water in river. Koshi river is connected to many small rivers. high intensity and pressure of water eventually resulted in dam failure, that caused massive flood in different parts of Nepal and India. Reinforcement loops R2,R3 and R4 eplains the cause of flood. Flood caused various environmental pollutions that result in both long term and short term effects. During the course of flow water is mixed with various hazards causing severe pollution which results in diseases such as diareaha , cholera and various water prone diseases. This is shown in loop R5. The situation in koshi got even worst due minimum medical resource available. The region impacted by koshi river was mostly agricultural region. The impact was so severe that it destroyed production in about 9000 hector of fertile agricultural land. Deposition of sand and harmful substances resulted in long term destruction...
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...Rosemarie Miller EDU-210 Foundations of Education March 23, 2014 Woody Mason Hanging out at the Circus For my observation I went to a circus that the Middle and High Scholars hosted to kick off their spring play Barnum. I would have to say it was a mini circus. They had plenty of cotton candy, candy apples as well as popcorn for the young boys and girls. There were bouncing houses and fun mirrors and lots of clowns walking around. A few of the things I got to see was a breaded woman, tallest man, and smallest woman. Below are a few other observations I had while at the Circus. Upon walking around there were several clicks that consisted of boys and girls, just girls and all boys. Each group had their own communication styles. The groups with just boys or girls had good eye contact however the coed groups had very little eye to eye contact. Each group had lots of hand movements and head motions. Several of the kids were chatting on their phones and most of the girls were constantly texting the whole time. The boys did not have many facial expressions but the girls smiled and laughed a lot while constantly putting their fingers through their hair. A few social behaviors and attitudes displayed would have been when majority of the kids spoke at once continuously interrupting each other. In the group with all girls they displayed some snobbish behavior by ignoring a younger girl that tried to join in. Most of the junior high girls were sharing fries and drinks...
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...computer software and hardware. I am fluent in English and Turkish as foreign languages. ACHIEVEMENTS • • 6th Rank in State in the 1st Nationwide Interactive Math’s Olympiad in 8th Standard. Won the TGI Environmental Friendly Technology Award by Texas Gulf Institute in International Sustainable World (Energy, Engineering, and Environment) Project Olympiad 2008. 7th Rank in U-19 Delhi Chess Championship. RESEARCH PROJECTS Worked as a Project Assistant in the following projects: 1. Preparing a Draft Manual and Specifications for Flood Studies and Developing a National System for Flood Risk Maps to Store in an Online Database, and to Share through a Web Portal. This project aims • Conducting a preliminary study of a manual of the procedures and set standards compatible with the international procedures and standards for flood modeling and digital flood risk mapping studies and, Designing a prototype system where the digital flood risk maps are stored in an online database and shared with the interested parties through an...
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