...Florence in the Renaissance was the home of a galaxy of men of talent and genius who find no parallel in history except in ancient Athens. A sketch of the history of the city cannot "explain" the presence of so many outstanding individuals nothing can do that. It can only present some idea of the conditions in which they flourished. From at least as far back as the eleventh century we can discern some features of Florentine history that were to remain fairly constant. The governing class at this time consisting of small nobles and rich merchants was divided by bitter conflicts among its members; the city was expanding into the surrounding countryside, and it was coming into conflict, economic and military, with neighboring cities. The struggle with Pisa was to last for centuries. Until 1250, when the last great medieval emperor, Frederick II, died, Florence had to struggle against the attempts of emperors to assert lordship over the city. That none of these struggles prevented Florence from prospering is shown by the coinage in 1252 of the gold florin, which became a medium of international exchange, like the Venetian ducat already mentioned, because of the consistency and reliability of its gold content. The Florentine coin may not be the earliest gold coin created in this period; at about the same time, and perhaps a little earlier, Genoa began issuing its first gold coins. In the next century, the example was followed not only by other Italian cities but by the states of Europe...
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...Leon Battista Alberti’s book, The Family in Renaissance Florence, is a dialogue spanning a variety of topics including education, money, marriage and management of the household. Amidst a discussion reconciling the virtue of thrift with the necessity of dressing well, the character of Giannozzo Alberti reveals a clear distinction between the private and public spheres. Giannozzo declares that “good clothing for civic life must be clean, suitable and well made--that’s the main thing” (p.64) and that “very old clothing is only to be worn inside the house” (p. 64). There is a clear distinction of the private and public spheres; while in public, everyone must dress according to their rank and wealth. The manner and presentation of clothing acts as a visual identifier of class: “your clothes should bring you respect” (p.64). Clothing is seen as a clear measurement of honor in the public eye, yet in one’s home, old clothing may be worn. The allowance of letting old clothing be worn in the house implies that the house maintains an inherent privacy and, as such, is a place of refuge from societal customs. The ability to wear worn clothing suggests an absence of frequent visitors and guests and a respite from the constant competition of establishing one’s self in society. Giannozzo establishes a clear division between public and private life through the social acceptance of wearing different types of clothes inside and outside the house. In addition, there is a suggestion of inherent...
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...Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was a strong woman with a big heart. Nightingale advocated strict discipline, cleanliness, and felt that nurses should possess an innate empathy for their patients. She built the foundation for professional nursing and was a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. She founded the sanitary methods that we still use today. Florence rebelled against her family and was determined to serve our society. In the 1800s, she developed an ambition to work in the hospitals. Her family was horrified because at that time, nursing was not a respectable profession. She was strong-minded and worked as a private nurse while attending school in Germany. Florence started training at a staff hospital in Crimea. She was horrified at the conditions. It was dirty and many soldiers were lying on the floor in filth while rats were running around spreading disease. When she heard the soldiers had an allowance of 1 pint of water per day for all uses, she was irate. She used personal finances to purpose essential medical supplies needed. She spent many hours in the wards; her nightly rounds giving personal care to the wounded soldiers gave her the name “Lady with the Lamp”. By the end of the 1854, an order had been created and the hospital was cleaner through Nightingale’s efforts. The death rate fell by two-thirds. This experience influenced her later career when she advocated sanitary living conditions as a priority for hospitals. Through her advocacy and...
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...Florence Nightingale Katharine Hamilton University of Phoenix September 21, 2014 Florence Nightingale There have been many nursing theorists throughout history; however there is one who set the foundation for nursing theory as it exists today. Florence Nightingale played an instrumental role in the development of nursing theory. Nightingale believed that “person” was the whole person who included physical, social, psychological, and spiritual. Health was “to be well” but also have control of any power we possess. Both of these concepts as well as environment and nursing are part of her defined paradigm and are elaborated on in her theory. Nightingale’s (1859/1992) Notes on Nursing presents the first nursing theory that focuses on the manipulation of the environment for the benefit of the patient (George, 2011). After witnessing unsanitary conditions caring for soldiers during the Crimean War, Nightingale gained knowledge on the role that environment plays in the healing process. According to Johnson & Webber (2005), Nightingale’s environmental model focuses on the manipulation of physical and social factors that affect health illness. Nightingale focused on concepts such as cleanliness of the environment, ventilation, light, noise, personal cleanliness, nutrition, and variety of the environment. She believed that these elements had an effect on the healing process. Nightingale’s hope was that nurses would place patients in ideal situations that would promote...
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...Florence Nightingale Introduction A human service is a non-profit organization or effort that renders the services for human needs. We should believe that human services is the greatest gift for anyone else and even too your own self satisfaction. This profession offers the assistance needed to manage with primary and social human needs. It is the person’s own will that raise him to pay services for human welfare and help needy people for their survival. Under the human service profession, Florence Nightingale is the most famous in its history. She is a great statistician and social reformer, and the initiator of contemporary nursing. Florence Nightingale came into prominence, when she served with her team in the history event of Crimean War. In this combat, she tended to injured soldiers. Discussion During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale and her staff of thirty eight volunteer trained nurses, with the inclusion of Mai Smith, her aunt were sent off to the Empire of Ottoman. All service providers were spread about 295 nautical miles, where the major camp of British was grounded. Florence arrived early and her team members discovered that wounded soldiers were being delivered poor care by exploited medical staff. On that occasion, it has been observed that hygiene was being neglected; medicines were in short supply, and number of infections was commonly rising, in which many of them were incurable. The patients had no equipment to process food for badly...
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...struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marital and family life. * Born May 12th 1820 into a wealthy upper middle-class family in Florence Italy, she was named after the city in which she was born. * As a child, Florence was very close to her anti-slavery lobbyist father. Being the youngest of two girls, and having no son, her father treated her as his friend and companion. Her father, William Nightingale, a wealthy English landowner, took responsibility for her education and personally taught her Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian, history, philosophy and mathematics. * It was uncommon for women to receive this type of education during the Victorian era, unless they paid for a private tutor. Otherwise women were generally self taught. Mathematics was rarely taught to women at all. This was the start of Florence's passion for statistics that would later prove to be helpful in the delivery of her finding and efforts for sanitation in hospitals. * In 1837, while living at Embley Park, Florence claimed to hear the voice of God telling her that she had a mission in life. It took her several years of searching to identify that mission. This was the first of four occasions where said claimed to hear the voice of God. * Despite her family's disapproval, Florence announced her decision to attend vocational school to train to be a nurse. The expected role for a woman of her status at this time was to marry and have children....
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...correct choices when faced with ethical dilemmas are a few ways I can display commitment. The second is initiative. Florence is a prime example of why this is so important. When she knew conditions weren’t safe for soldiers during the Crimean War, Florence took the initiative to change the situation. Despite the much negativity against her, she continued her work until conditions were changed. As a nurse, I will voice my opinion when things need change, I will participate in nursing associations to further the profession, and I will always speak up when ethical situations are at hand. It may mean taking actions that may go against the status quo, but they are necessary to do what is right. My ethics professor always quoted Martin Luther King, “Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” I think this “rule” he lived by goes hand-in-hand with my responsibility to take initiative as a nurse. To have this sense of ownership, you have to feel connected and actively participating. It may be hard at times, but knowing that the patient is depending on me to care for them will give me the incentive to always be engaged in my work. I will be supportive and communicate with the patient rather than just view them as another room number. Two characteristics I may find difficult to always implement are passion and stewardship. In the Florence Prescription, passion is described as enthusiasm, positive attitude and joy reflected in actions (Tye & Schwab, 2009)...
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...Source 4 is an extract from The Times Newspaper published in February of 1855. It includes little information to support Florence being the main cause of the improvement of medical care, but does include information on how she supported soldiers and was seen. For example, they say that wherever there is disease, Florence nightingale is depicted as a caring nurse, on hand to help. Her ‘kindly presence’ and ‘good comfort’ sense of aura is greatly appreciated by the soldiers whilst everyone is surrounded by death and illness. The report describes her as a ‘ministering angel’, which everyone’s face softens when they see her, supporting the evidence of her helping the ill and diseased. This source does not entirely support the view that Florence Nightingale was largely the cause for improved British Soldier’s medical care. The newspaper in which the article was written for was the main paper at the time in Britain, therefore it is most likely to give a positive opinion on Florence and her work for it wanted the rest of the country to acknowledge her greatness and angel like approach. Her popularity grew in Britain, even the queen was impressed. The fact the source was written during the Crimean War could have also reassured people at home that the soldiers are being well cared for and comforted. To me, this source suggests that she was just a friendly enlightening person, it states no information whether or not she helped, she was just there to provide a hand. I can apply my own...
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...Colleen Worth Florence Nightingale January 28, 2008 Throughout history, wars have emphasized the need for nurses. During the Crimean War (1854-1856), the deficiency of care given to soldiers led to a public outcry in Great Britain. Florence Nightingale played an impressive role in addressing this problem. Florence Nightingale was born in Italy on May 12, 1820 into a rich, upper class, wealthy and intellectual family. She believed she was “called by God to help others and to improve the well-being of mankind.” She was determined to become a nurse despite societal restrictions and opposition from her family. She received three months of training in nursing in Kaiserwerth in 1847. After studying in Paris with the Sisters of Charity, she returned to England to assume the position of superintendent of a charity hospital for ill governesses (Kozier, 2004). During the Crimean War, the poor sanitation and huge death toll inspired a few to help. Florence Nightingale became the best known of these sojourners. She organized a battlefield nursing service to care for the British sick and wounded (Hunt, 2005). She and her nurses found wounded soldiers being badly cared for. There was a short supply of medicines, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common. Men were kept in rooms without blankets or decent food. Many were still wearing their army uniforms stiff with dirt. Diseases such as Typhus and Cholera were the main reasons why the death rate was so high. Nightingale...
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...Florence Nightingale was a legend in her lifetime and was one of the greatest pioneer's in nursing. She lived ninety years and accomplished many great things for the field of nursing. Her descriptions of nursing, health, environment, and humankind are remarkable and still true to this day. Nightingale reformed nursing and changed the way nursing was viewed. Some of the issues during Nightingale's time, the 1800's, we still face today. Nightingale not only impacted nursing in the 1800's, but also still has an effect on nursing today. We do not need a new role model and icon for nursing because Nightingale changed the nursing profession for the better and that should never be forgotten. Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy; thereby being named after the city where she was born. Her family was from England, and lived during the Victorian era. While touring Europe on their two-year long honeymoon, Nightingale was born. Her parents William Edward Nightingale and Frances Smith Nightingale were a very wealthy couple. Nightingale had a sister named Parthenope who was about a year older (Davis, 1999). William Nightingale was well educated, at Cambridge University in England and he taught his daughters at home. William Nightingale taught his daughters to speak Italian, Latin, and, Greek. He also taught them history, philosophy, and math; math was one of Florence's favorite subjects to study (Audian, 1999). Florence's father gave her the education equivalent...
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...Talk of Florence Nightingale, is falling short in words. She was a woman of passion for nursing. With all the social problems that exist in this humanity, poor children without education, nurses without vocation in this career and not to speak with so many religions today, she would have sought some solution has these problems today. Florence Nightingale was definitely an advanced woman who lived in her time caring for sick, it was hers passion; and for that she had to fight with the society , rooted to customs; also had the luck of being in the bosom of a family well placed socioeconomically, who wanted Florence should study still being women, these studies that provided a higher than other women of her time with the financial support raised...
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...Florence Nightingale born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy, the city which inspired her name. Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing, she was also know as a Lady with a lamp. When she was only six years old she began to feel certain pointlessness in her life. Nightingale decided to work at the hospital during 1844. She made her private hospital in at Kaiserwerth, a german school and hospital and she should spend few months. She started the charity supported in 1853, London name Sic Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances. (“ Florence Nightingale,”Encyclopedia). She decided to become a nurse when she was 24 years old. She ha spent several months at Salisbury Hospital because her parents were announcing. Nightingale...
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...Background Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, named after her birthplace, Florence, Italy. Florence’s mother Frances Nightingale was from a family of merchants and enjoyed socializing with people of prominent social standing. Florence was the exact opposite; she avoided anything where she was the center of attention. Florence’s father William Shore Nightingale was a wealthy landowner. Her father was able to provide Florence with the best education. Florence Nightingale was always trying to help anyone around her, even from a young age. She ministered to the ill and poor people. At 16, she decided to pursue the career of nursing, trying to help as many people as possible. Her parents were upset and forbid her from becoming a nurse. A woman of Florence’s background was expected to marry and provide for her family. A wife working was something only the lower class would do. Florence refused a marriage proposal form a gentleman stating that her “moral…active nature…requires satisfaction, and that would not find it in this life.” In 1844, Florence enrolled as a nursing student at the Lutheran hospital of Pastor Fliedner in Germany against her parents’ wishes. Florence returned to London, in the early 1850s, where she took a nursing job in a Middlesex hospital. Due to her hard work, within a year Florence was promoted to supervisor. Her main mission at that hospital was to fight cholera and to improve the hygiene practices. The hospitals unsanitary conditions...
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...Florence Nightingale (1820- 1910) championed the health care social reform movement rising in the latter half of the 19th century. She was quite analytical. Her background in statistics afforded her the ability to see the cause and effect of environmental factors and their relationship to the health of her patients. In addition to attention to these factors, more precisely, sanitation, Florence Established public health policy, medical statistics, designed hospitals, Hospital management, record keeping, and patient care practices. Each of these practices has become the foundation for our modern practices in health care. The British were involved in the Crimean War of 1854 to 1856. The Scutari medical barracks, then located in Istanbul,...
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...Florence Nightingale Theoretical Framework Katherine Perona and Ashley Schultz Grand Canyon University Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR 513 Sandra Wheeler November 04, 2014 Florence Nightingale Theoretical Framework Florence Nightingale is well known as the mother of modern nursing. She drew upon her many experiences as a battlefield nurse during the Crimean war to develop what was widely accepted as the first nursing theory. She viewed the manipulation of a patient’s environment as having a large impact on a patient’s health and well-being. She believed a nurse must be adapted to fit the needs of each different patient. According to Nightingale, the role of the nurse is to “put the patient in the best possible condition in order for nature to act” ("nursing theory," 2013, para. 5). What eventually became known as Florence Nightingale’s environment theory identified ten major concepts which a nurse must address in order to achieve holistic care. These factors include ventilation and warming, light and noise, cleanliness of the area, health of houses, bedding, personal cleanliness, variety, offering hope and advice, food, and observation ("nursing theory," 2013). Nightingale observed that unsanitary environments contribute to poor health and surmised that in the effort of improving patient condition, the environment can be altered to promote optimal health. In her theory, she is not simply speaking about the physical environment but also the psychological environment...
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