...Heart Valve Replacements: Requirements and Evolution Advanced Structural Aspects of Biomaterials Fall 2013 Sonia Travaglini 1 , Hao Ji 1 , Yangxin Chen 1 , Sofia Cafaggi 2 , Britta Berg-Johansen 2 C215 & 2 BioE C222 Advanced Structural Aspects of Biomaterials University of California, Berkeley 1 ME Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL FUNCTION & REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEVICE ------------------------------ 2 2.1 HEART VALVE DYNAMICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2.2 HEART VALVE HEMODYNAMICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 2.4 MATERIAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 2.5 BI-LEAFLET HEART VALVES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 3. DESIGN & MATERIAL EVOLUTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 3.1 DEVICE DESIGN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4...
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...Group 3 Respiratory System * Consists of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and for expelling the waste product carbon dioxide. * Air passes from the nose or mouth via various respiratory passages, to millions of balloons like sacs, the alveoli in the lungs. Respiration -term for the processes by which oxygen reaches body cells and is utilized by them in metabolism bywhich carbon dioxide is eliminated. Parts of the Respiratory System * Nose-The uppermost part of the respiratory tract bearing the nostrils, the outer opening for entrance of air and the organ of smell. Functions of the Nose: * Organ of Smell * Protecting the Lungs * It is also a resonator Parts of the Nose: * Nasal Septum- is the central partition inside the nose that divides it into two cavities, the right and left passages called fossae. * Nasal Cavity- a sticky mucous membrane lines the nasal cavity and traps dust particles. * Nose Hairs- hairs at the entrance to the nose trap the large inhaled particles. * Internal Nares- posterior opening connected to the pharynx. * Facial Sinuses- these are air spaces in the bones of the skull which communicate with nasal cavities and make it lighter. * Sinusitis- the inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses caused by infection. * Rhinoplasty- an operation that alters the structure of the nose to improve its appearance or to correct a deformity caused...
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...the heart? What other factors can affect stroke volume (extrinsic)? Stroke volume is the volume of blood that is pumped by a cardiac ventricle. The blood pumps with each beat of the heart. Stroke volume can be affected by Intrinsic Control (by increasing venous return to the heart) and Extrinsic Control (due to sympathetic stimulation of the heart). Both of the controls increase the stroke volume by making the strength of heart contraction to go up. 2) What is the equation for Cardiac Output? If heart rate decreases what must happen to maintain cardiac output? Cardiac Output = Heart Rate multiplied by Stroke volume. When heart rate slows down, it allows for more time for ventricles to fill. This increases EDV and stroke volume. 3)...
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...Cardiovascular System - Heart Attack From Case Studies for Understanding the Human Body S. Braude, D. Goran, and S. Maxfield Uncle Jake and Aunt Leah were playing golf last week. On the sixth hole, Jake told Leah that he was having unusual pain in his left arm and chest. All of a sudden he felt weak and complained that his shirt was much too tight. A dentist playing one hole behind them examined Jake and found he was short of breath, pale, and sweating. He called 911 on his cell phone and told Jake to lie down and wait for the ambulance. The paramedics rushed Jake to the hospital where he was evaluated by a cardiologist. The tests showed that he had four clogged arteries. He was scheduled for surgery the next day. 1. Describe how the heart as a muscle performs its job of pumping blood. The heart is constantly relaxing (filling up with blood) and contracting (pushing blood out) to pump blood through the four chambers of the heart and eventually to the rest of the body. First, the blood fills the right atrium from either the superior or inferior vena cava. Then, the blood passes through the tricuspid valve and to the right ventricle. The right ventricle then squeezes the blood into the pulmonary artery which splits into two vessels each going to the lungs. The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and it goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. From here, the blood passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. Finally...
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...Research Paper The human heart is a very vital, interesting, and complex organ. It continuously pumps blood through the body for the entire life. It’s made of muscle and is very strong and yet at the same time, can be very vulnerable to disease. The heart is a very important organ. What's so unusual about it is that it is that it never gets tired. There are four parts of the heart, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and the left ventricle. Oxygen-poor blood flows from the body and to the right atrium. Blood flows through the right atrium and into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where the blood releases waste like carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The newly oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart and enters the left atrium. Then the blood flows through the left atrium and into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The heart truly works in an amazing way by pumping blood through the circulatory system which is made up of blood vessels. Blood vessels are like bend-e straws except a stronger tube. Blood vessels carry blood to all the parts of the body. Blood carries fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to the body’s tissues, it also takes the body’s waste products, including carbon dioxide away from the tissues. It’s necessary to sustain life and promote the health of all parts of the body. Arteries begin at the aorta, a large artery leaving the heart. Arteries carry oxygen-rich...
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...sheep’s heart was examined and identified by dissection. The heart is a muscle that pumps oxygenated blood and nutrients throughout the body. A sheep’s heart has four chambers like most mammals. Two of those chambers are receiving chambers called the right and left atrium. The other two chambers are pumping chambers called the right and left ventricle. The efficiency in the cycle of blood depends on the sequential contraction of the atriums and ventricles. Whenever the atriums contract this is called the systolic phase and whenever the ventricles contract this is called the diastolic phase. These contractions ensure the regular flow of blood through the heart. The contractions occur one after another to make a heartbeat. The many valves such as the tricuspid and mitral valves control the flow of blood from each chamber. Blood flow through the heart starts when the right atrium takes the blood that flows in through the superior or inferior vena cava. The right atrium then fills with blood and pressure causes tricuspid valve to open. The blood then goes into the right ventricle where it contracts the blood into the pulmonary arteries. These arteries lead to the lungs where blood is then oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Due to pressure the mitral valve, which leads to the left ventricle, opens up and pushes the blood into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then contracts and forces the blood through the aorta...
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...first stage of this cycle is gas exchange or respiration. Air is breathed in through the nose or Mouth and into the alveoli of the lungs; this is known as pulmonary ventilation (tortora 2011). Inside the lungs an exchange of gases take place (pulmonary respiration) between the alveoli and the blood, through the pulmonary capillaries. At this point the blood will gain oxygen and lose Carbon dioxide. (tortora 2011) It is the function of the red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. Red blood cells contain a pigment called haemoglobin which attracts oxygen into the cell. (www.hematology.org) From the lungs the blood flows to the heart through four pulmonary veins. It enters into the left atrium and then passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pushes the blood through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta (www.bhf.org.co.uk) Some of the blood flows through coronary arteries into the heart wall whilst the majority divides into separate streams, flowing through systemic arteries throughout the body. Arterial blood is pumped under pressure by the heart through the arteries which divide into smaller arteries called arterioles, when the arterioles enter the tissue they becomes smaller and smaller branches of microscopic capillaries. (www.bhf.org.co.uk) This is when the exchange of gases and nutrients will occur. As the blood flows through the tissue capillaries, the haemoglobin releases oxygen which diffuses into...
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...Response of Blood Flow through Stenotic Artery with variable Viscosity- A Non-Newtonian Fluid Model A Dissertation report submitted for the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of Master of Science In Mathematics Submitted By Shailja Gautam ROLL NO. 115258 Faculty of Science Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra-282005 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Response of Blood Flow through Stenotic Artery in Presence of variable Viscosity- A Non-Newtonian Fluid Model” submitted to the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educationl Institute, Agra for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics, in an original record of the work carried out by Shailja Gautam under my Supervision. Further, this work has not been...
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...Circulation A. Blood Flow - the actual VOLUME of blood moving through a particular site (vessel or organ) over a certain TIME period (liter/hour, ml/min) B. Blood Pressure - the FORCE exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood contained within (millimeters of Mercury; mm Hg) blood pressure = the systemic arterial pressure of large vessels of the body (mm Hg) C. Resistance to Flow (Peripheral Resistance) - the FORCE resisting the flow of blood through a vessel (usually from friction) 1. viscosity - a measure of the "thickness" or "stickiness" of a fluid flowing through a pipe a. V water < V blood < V toothpaste b. water flows easier than blood 2. tube length - the longer the vessel, the greater the drop in pressure due to friction 3. tube diameter - smaller diameter = greater friction D. Relation Between Blood Flow, Pressure, Resistance difference in blood pressure ( P) Blood Flow (F) = peripheral resistance (R) a. increased P -> increased flow b. decreased P -> decreased flow c. increased R (vasoconstriction) -> DECREASED flow d. decreased R (vasodilation) -> INCREASED flow II. Systemic Blood Pressure A. Blood Pressure Near the Heart 1. HEART produces blood pressure...
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...What is Angina? Angina is a heart condition a chest pain that occurs if there’s an area of your heart muscle that does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. Angina is a symptom of heart problem, usually a symptom of coronary heart disease this only happens to adults, how it works is a substance called plaque builds up on the inner walls of coronary arteries, these are the arteries that carry rich oxygen blood to your heart. Angina pain is similar to the asthma pain, but in this case the pain can also occur in your shoulders, arms, jaw, neck and even back. What system does it affect & what causes it? Angina is affected by the cardiovascular system. Angina is caused by the result of underlying coronary artery disease the arteries that supply the heart with blood rich blood, when the cholesterol aggregates on the artery wall and the hard plaque form the artery narrows. It is very difficult for the oxygen rich blood to reach the heart muscle as these arteries will then become more narrower, in addition the damage to the arteries from such as smoking and high levels fat or sugar in the blood can cause plaque to build up where the arteries are damaged, these narrow the arteries or may break off and form blood clots that block the arteries. Types of Angina? * Stable Angina occurs when the heart is working harder and faster than usual. Angina is a painful condition but if a person takes angina medication or rest’s for a bit then the pain will go. The stable...
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...of acceleration on the pulsatile blood flow and the characteristics of blood and the main handling is the effected of external body acceleration to the flow of blood in the human artery, showing the results that gained and considering the conclusions revealed from those studies. In the normal situation, blood flow in the human blood vessels based on the normal functioning of heart. The heart pump produce the pressure gradient throughout the blood vessel. This consist of two components, one is constant or non-fluctuating and the other is fluctuating or pulsatile. (V.K.SUD AND G.S.SEKHON) The pulsatile flow...
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...of the semester. Ask questions/take notes about the questions or parts of activities in italics INDEPENDENT STUDY AFTER THE PRACTICAL: Complete the questions or parts of activities in italics as part of your independent study. If you set aside 20 minutes, over a few days, for each activity you will make steady progress in developing your knowledge base. Learning Objectives: Completion of these learning activities should assist you in: Identifying the position of the heart and major vessels relative to musculoskeletal structures. Identifying internal and external features of the heart. Relating these anatomical features to the function of the heart. Identifying a selection of systemic blood vessels. References you may find helpful for your learning: Lecture notes, Circulatory Systems. Saladin, K. 2015. Chapter 19 (Sections 19.1 & 19.2) and Chapter 20 (Sections 20.7 & 20.8) A&P Revealed 3.0, Cardiovascular module: Dissection Animations – Blood flow through heart; Pulmonary & systemic circulations Body regions from your Introductory Topics practical notes (will help with the names of blood vessels) Resources to help you...
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... Parts Of The heart The heart contains four chambers. The two upper chambers are the atria and the two lower chambers are the ventricles. On the cranial surface of each atrium is a pouch-like appendage called an auricle which is thought to increase the capacity of the atrium slightly. Right Atrium The right atrium forms the dorsocranial section of the base of the heart and receives blood from the cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava and coronary sinus. The interatrial septum is a thin partition dividing the right and left atria and possesses a characteristic oval depression called the fossa ovalis which is a remnant of the foetal foramen ovalis. The right atrium also houses the sinoatrial node. Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve (also know as the right atrioventricular valve). In rabbits the right atrioventricular valve is bicuspid not tricuspid. Right Ventricle The right ventricle forms most of the anterior surface of the heart and is crescent-shaped in cross-section. The cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to tendon-like cords, the chordae tendinae, which, in turn, are connected to cone-shaped papillary muscles within the ventricular wall. The right ventricle is separated from the left by a partition called the interventricular septum. The trabecula septomarginalis is a muscular band that traverses the lumen of the right ventricle. Deoxygenated blood passes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semi-lunar...
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...The major structural differences between an adult and fetus heart is that the fetus utilizes shunts such as the ductus venosus, the ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale for their blood flow. While an adult uses the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid and bicuspid valves for their blood flow. For adults’ blood flow starts in the right atrium with deoxygenated blood and continues to the tricuspid valve and reaches the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, it enters the pulmonary valve traveling to the pulmonary trunk and arteries. The blood then moves to the pulmonary capillaries, once it is there it loses CO2 and gains O2. The flow of the blood continues its journey into the pulmonary veins the blood is now oxygenated. The blood enters...
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...Blood normally flows silently through the heart, however there are conditions that can create a turbulent blood flow. Conditions that contribute to turbulent blow flow include increased blood velocity, structural valve defect, valve malfunctions, and abnormal chamber opening (Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). Hypertension is a condition that can cause increased blood flow throughout the heart is. Hypertension is associated with thickening and loss of elasticity in the arterial wall causing the heart to continually pumps against greater resistance((Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). The classification for adults to be considered hypertensive is to have a systolic reading 140 or greater and a diastolic reading 90 or greater. Modifiable risk factors that contribute to hypertension are obesity, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, high sodium intake, sedentary lifestyles, and continued exposure to stress. Incidences of hypertension are greater in patients with diabetes, older adults, and African Americans and contributing factors for heart attacks ((Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). Mitral value prolapse could be another indicator of a heart murmur. The mitral value is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. . Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the two leaves of the mitral valve...
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