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我国上市公司外汇风险暴露的行业特征研究
——基于深市行业指数的实证分析

摘要
自2005年7月21日我国汇率形成机制改革以来,人民币持续升值,且波动幅度不断加大,加之中国参与国际贸易的程度不断加深,我国企业的外汇风险暴露问题也日益突出,引起国内外学者的广泛关注。本文结合前人的研究,从行业特征的角度出发,分析汇率波动给不同行业带来的影响有何差异,并结合实际分析造成这种差异的原因。
本文首先对外汇风险暴露的基本概念、分类以及衡量方法进行了理论性的介绍,然后从宏观和微观两个层面分析了企业外汇风险暴露的影响因子,并在此基础上提出了实证分析的基本假设,并利用Jorion的资本市场模型,运用深市行业指数数据,对人民币汇率波动对不同行业指数收益率的影响进行实证分析,结果表明:所选行业中有43%的行业存在着显著的外汇风险暴露,且系数均为正,说明这些行业受到人民币升值的负面冲击;竞争性行业的外汇风险暴露程度显著高于垄断性行业;制造业及其细分行业的外汇风险暴露水平整体高于其他行业,占所有风险暴露显著行业的56%;进口行业从人民币升值中的获益并不明显,出口行业则受到显著的负面冲击。
最后,本文结合我国现实情况分析了我国企业外汇风险暴露的行业特征的成因,发现我国制造业缺乏核心竞争力以及在国际分工中处于弱势地位是导致企业外汇风险暴露出现上述行业特征的主要原因。结合这些成因,本文从企业自身和外部市场条件两个方面提出了相应的对策和建议。

关键词:外汇风险暴露,汇率波动,股票收益,行业特征

Abstract

Keywords: Currency exposure, security return, industry characteristics

目录 摘要 2 Abstract 3 1引言 5 1.1研究背景及意义 5 1.2国内外研究现状 6 1.3研究方法与步骤 8 2外汇风险暴露的理论分析 9 2.1外汇风险暴露的基本概念 9 2.2外汇风险暴露的分类 12 2.3外汇风险暴露的一般度量方法 14 2.4外汇风险暴露的影响因素 18 3 我国企业外汇风险暴露的行业特征的实证分析 21 3.1 基本模型和样本的选择 21 3.2 研究假设 22 3.3 实证结果及分析 23 4 结论及建议 25 4.1 研究结论 25 4.2 对策及建议 27 参考文献 30

1引言
1.1研究背景及意义
2005年7月21日,我国对完善人民币汇率形成机制进行改革。人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元,而是选择若干种主要货币组成一个货币篮子,同时参考一篮子货币计算人民币多边汇率指数的变化。实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。此后人民币兑美元的汇率不再保持稳定而是呈波动升值的趋势,自2005年7月的8.27一路升至2012年一月的6.31,累积升值幅度达23.7%。2012年4月14日,中国人民银行再次发表公告表示,银行间即期外汇市场人民币兑美元交易价浮动幅度由0.5%扩大至1%,外汇指定银行为客户提供当日美元最高现汇卖出价与最低现汇买入价之差不得超过当日汇率中间价的幅度由1%扩大至2%。这一举措有力地推动了人民币的市场化进程,促进人民币汇率的价格发现,为最终实现人民币汇率自由浮动奠定了基础。然而,扩大人民币对美元汇率的波动幅度同样也带来了很多的负面影响,增加了银行管理外汇资产的压力,也将使一些出口加工企业的汇率风险加大,同时,国际短期资本有可能大举外流。
自1973年布雷顿森林体系瓦解以来,国际主要货币的汇率变动愈加频繁,并通过直接影响企业的出口收入以及间接影响产品间的相对价格影响着企业的竞争力,从而对整个实体经济产生影响。我国自改革开放以来一直推行外向型经济战略,广泛而深入地融入全球经济发展,深度参与国际竞争和国际分工。现已成为全球出口第一大国和进口第二大国,外贸依存度超过50%,而美国、日本、印度和巴西等4国的外贸依存度仅在30%左右。中国企业越来越多地参与到国际贸易中来,这也导致了企业受汇率波动的影响程度不断加深。研究人民币汇率波动对我国企业乃至整体实体经济的影响成为了各方学者和业界广泛关注的重要课题。

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