...contains about 100 billion neurons. Bateman, J. Fremont. "The Brain and Nervous System." The New Book of Popular Science. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug.2013. Cerebrum, one of the major divisions of the brain. "Cerebrum." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug. 2013. Cerebrum The cerebrum, which comprises about 85% of the weight of the human brain, is involved in the ability to plan, to exercise creativity, and to store information in memory. On its surface is the cerebral cortex, a sheet of gray matter named for its wrinkled appearance (cortex being the Latin word for tree bark). Cerebral Cortex. Varying in thickness from about 0.06 to 0.2 inch (1.5 to 4.5 mm), the cerebral cortex not only receives and processes information regarding taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell but also governs muscle movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure. It makes up approximately 90% of the human cerebrum's cortical region and comprises six layers of tissue, these...
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...University of Phoenix Material Brain Structures and Functions Worksheet Provide a brief description (25 to 75-words) for each of the following functions. Include a brief summary of each function in your descriptions. 1. Basal ganglia - The Basal ganglia is located within the cerebral hemispheres which is located in the cerebral hemispheres. The Basal ganglia controls cognition, movement coordination and voluntary movement. 2. Corpus callosum - The Corpus collosum is a thick band of nerve fibers. The fibers divide the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres and it also connects allowing both hemispheres to communicate. The functions of the corpus collosum are; eye movement, the balance and arousal of attention and tactile localization. 3. Temporal lobe - The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex. The functions of the temporal lobe are; auditory perception, memory, speech and emotional responses. 4. Occipital lobe - The occipital lobe is another one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex. The functions of the occipital lobe are; visual perception and color recognition. 5. Frontal lobe - The frontal lobe is one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex as well and its functions are; problem solving, decision making and planning. 6. Cerebrum - The cerebrum is the biggest part of the brain and also the most developed part of the brain. The functions of the cerebrum are; motor function, touch sensation, it helps to determine...
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...(Pinel, 2007). The Telencephalon The Telencephalon, or cerebrum as referred to by many people, is located in the forebrain, divided into two hemispheres, is the largest of the structures, and can be compared to junction box at a train depot. Train cars are like the sensory input, and output that goes into the telencephalon, which like the junction box directs these senores, or train cars where to go. These functions could be voluntary movement, learning, solving issues, or problems, and speaking. There are other divisions found in the telencephalon and they have divisions’ with-in their selves, such the cerebral cortex, major fissures, major gyri, four lobes, limbic system, basal ganglia, and the cerebral commissures. All these division work individually, but yet together as a major brain function lets observe (Pinel, 2007). Cerebral cortex- The cerebral cortex is a thin layer of gray matter that covers the outer surface of the two...
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...highway system of the Circulatory System consist a lot of one way streets. The superhighways of the circulatory system are the veins and arteries. Veins are used to carry blood to the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Most of the time, blood in the veins is blood where most of the oxygen and nutrients have already been delivered to the cells. This blood is called deoxygenated and is very dark red. Most of the time blood in the arteries is loaded with oxygen and nutrients and the color is very bright red. There is one artery that carries deoxygenated blood and there are some veins that carry oxygenated blood. To get to the bottom of this little mystery we need to talk about the Heart and Lungs. The heart is a two sided, four-chambered pump. It is made up mostly of muscle. Heart muscle is very special. Unlike all the other muscles in the body, the heart muscle cannot afford to get tired. Imagine what would happen if every 15 minutes or so the pump got tired and decided to take a little nap! Not a pretty sight. So, heart muscle is always expanding and contracting, usually at between 60 and 100 beats per minute. The right side of the heart is the low pressure...
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...The Neuroscience on the Web Series: CMSD 620 Neuroanatomy of Speech, Swallowing and Language CSU, Chico, Patrick McCaffrey, Ph.D. | | Chapter 4 Cerebral Lobes, Cerebral Cortex, and Brodmann's Areas | | The Cerebral LobesEach cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes; the frontal, parietal, temporal, and the occipital.The Frontal Lobe is the most anterior lobe of the brain. Its posterior boundary is the fissure of Rolando, or central sulcus, which separates it from the parietal lobe. Inferiorly, it is divided from the temporal lobe by thefissure of Sylvius which is also called the lateral fissure.This lobe deals with with higher level cognitive functions like reasoning and judgment. Sometimes called executive function, it is associated with the pre-frontal cortex. Most importantly the frontal lobe contains several cortical areas involved in the control of voluntary muscle movement, including those necessary for the production of speech and swallowing.Broca's Area is found on the inferior third frontal gyrus in the hemisphere that is dominant for language. This area is involved in the coordination or programming of motor movements for the production of speech sounds. While it is essential for the execution of the motor movements involved in speech it does not directly cause movement to occur. The firing of neurons here does not generate impulses for motor movement instead it generates motor programming pattern. This motor plan is sent to upper motor neurons in...
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...basal ganglia receive a large amount of input from cerebral cortex, and after processing, send it back to cerebral cortex via thalamus. Scientist believe this Basal ganglia is involved with the function of learning. (Pinel, 2009) 2. Corpus collosum- The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. (Pinel, 2009)It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres. The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres. (Pinel, 2009) The corpus callosum is involved in several functions of the body including: Communication between Brain Hemispheres, Eye Movement, Maintaining the Balance of Arousal and Attention, Tactile Localization. 3. Temporal lobe - The temporal lobes are one of the four main lobes or regions of the cerebral cortex. Structures of the limbic system, including the olfactory cortex, amygdala, and the hippocampus are located within the temporal lobes. (Pinel, 2009) The temporal lobes play an important role in organizing sensory input, auditory perception, language and speech production, as well as memory association and formation. The temporal lobes are involved in several functions of the body including: Auditory Perception, memory, speech, emotional response, visual perception. (Pinel, 2009) 4. Occipital lobe- The occipital lobes are the center of our visual perception system. The...
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...of the forebrain and strongly connected 2. with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of Corpus collosum functions, including voluntary motorof nerve fibers that divides the cerebrumroutine behaviors or "habits" The corpus callosum is a thick band control, procedural learning relating to into left and right such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive,of the brainfunctions. for communication between both hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides emotional allowing 3. hemispheres. The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain Temporal lobe hemispheres. lobes are one of the four main lobes or regions of the cerebral cortex. Structures of the The temporal limbic system, including the olfactory cortex, amygdala, and the hippocampus are located within the 4. temporal lobes. The temporal lobes play an important role in organizing sensory input, auditory Occipital lobe perception, language and speech production, asperception system. They are not particularly vulnerable to The occipital lobes are the center of our visual well as memory association and formation. injury because of their location at the back of the brain, although any significant trauma to the brain could 5. produce subtle changes to our visual-perceptual system, such as visual field defects and scotomas. Frontal lobe The frontal lobes are considered our emotional control center...
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...There are three major divisions of the brain. They are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Anatomy of the Brain: Brain Divisions The forebrain is responsible for a variety of functions including receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language, and controlling motor function. There are two major divisions of forebrain: the diencephalon and the telencephalon. The diencephalon contains structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus which are responsible for such functions as motor control, relaying sensory information, and controlling autonomic functions. The telencephalon contains the largest part of the brain, the cerebral cortex. Most of the actual information processing in the brain takes place in the cerebral cortex. The midbrain and the hindbrain together make up the brainstem. The midbrain is the portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. This region of the brain is involved in auditory and visual responses as well as motor function. The hindbrain extends from the spinal cord and is composed of the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon contains structures such as the pons and cerebellum. These regions assists in maintaining balance and equilibrium, movement coordination, and the conduction of sensory information. The myelencephalon is composed of the medulla oblongata which is responsible for controlling such autonomic functions as breathing, heart...
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...such as the Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI) that allows scientist to observe brain function with the invasiveness of surgery. This technology has provided not just insights into neuroscience but also into psychology as brain functions can now be correlated better with behavior and heredity. One can see this insight when examining specific areas of the brain such as the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain. The MRI lets the scientist get an in depth look at the brain in slices of an image to better interpret how the brain works. The cerebral cortex is “a large, extremely wrinkled sheet of neurons, or nerve cells, on the surface of the brain’s two hemispheres”. These are defined as the right and left hemispheres and make up the largest volume in the brain. The cerebral cortex controls all sensation, thought, comprehension, higher cognition, ideas, language, memory and emotion (Pinel, 2011). The hemispheres consist of four lobes, with each performing a specific function (Pinel, 2011). Frontal lobe: behavioral activities such as decision-making, setting goals and planning. Parietal lobe: concentration and language understanding, visual, sensory and...
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...PsychSim 5: Brain and Behavior 21 PsychSim 5: BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Psy 101 Name: ____Kawon______Wood________________________________ Section: ________________________ Date:3/23/12 In this activity you will take a tour of the human brain and explore the major brain regions to discover the functions of each region or area. Functional Specialization • In terms of brain function, what is functional specialization? It is a function or capability of the nervous system is controlled by specific clusters of neurons in the specific part of the brain. • Why is the principle of complex communication important to understand? Because each neural network or functional area is interconnected and influenced by other network in other regions of the brain. Test Yourself on Lower Brain Structures • Match each brain part with its function: o _C__ Pituitary gland A. Located above the midbrain at the top of the brainstem; routes incoming messages from all the senses (except smell) to the appropriate brain areas for processing o _D__ Medulla B. Part of the limbic system; regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature and contains the so-called pleasure centers of the brain o _J__ Pons C. The master gland of the endocrine system o _E__ Reticular formation D. Located in the brainstem; controls breathing and heartbeat o _F__ Cerebellum E. A nerve network that runs up the center of the brainstem; plays an important role in controlling alertness and...
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...Thalamus is a major relay center for the brain and the Peripheral Nervous System. The Hypothalamus controls the emotion and motivation and stress reactions, these are the functions that we share with all other vertebrates. The Cerebral Cortex is sometimes referred to as the “New Brain”, this is the portion of the brain that allows humans to evaluate and make complex judgments along with many other abilities theses abilities are what separates humans from other vertebrates. The Cerebral Cortex consists of four parts the Occipital lobe which is responsible for processing visual information. The Temporal lobe is responsible for many things such as smell, hearing, equilibrium, emotion, motivation, complex visual processing and some language comprehension. The Parietal lobe is responsible for the visual and spatial abilities and sensory projection and association areas. The Frontal lobe is also responsible for many functions, such as concentration, emotions, motor projection and association areas, many aspects of the personality, complex problem solving, and coordinates messages from other parts of the brain. In studying these two parts of the brain it becomes clear why the Central core is referred to at times as the “Old Brain” and the Cerebral Cortex is referred to as the “New Brain”. The Central Core consists mainly of our natural instincts, sleeping when tired, eating when hungry, the body functions that happen...
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...B H L F Y H G V O N S N U O S Q A L E A C L T I I S V M B C O K S H Y Q L T C B A O J O I C Z E E W T S W E B O L L A T E I R A P V N R H F A B A O B Q M Z N Z I L J T N Y E C J T M H G E P A X O G E U L L N E B H E W D O U M O T O R C O R T E X U R X L T L H S W A I T F N I T V P J S U M A L A H T J B Z G R M T B F C G S M C F X A S D B Clues: 1. The part of the brain located in the temporal lobe that is responsible for our emotional response. The Frontal Lobe 2. The portion of the brain involved in intricate cognitive functioning. Cerebellum 3. A part of the brain that belongs to the limbic system and is responsible for processing new memories. Hippocampus 4. A structure that is known to be a key relay station for sensory information. The Thalamus 5. An area of the cerebral cortex involved in organizing, controlling, directing, and performing motor functions. Motor Cortex 6. A part of the brain located in the back of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for processing visual information. Ocipital Lobe 7. The part of the brain that is highly involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary hormone production and is also responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response. Amygdala 8. The part of the...
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...the Brain I feel there are five major parts of the human brain. These parts are the lobes, brain stem, limbic system, cerebrum, and cerebellum. I would like to take you on a tour of the brain to discuss these parts. We will go over their functions, and the things that contribute to each major part. We will also look at how important the brain is to the central nervous system, and what might happen if you incur damage to a part of your brain. Let us start by looking at the cerebrum, which makes up about 80% of the brain by weight. The cerebrum is the covered by a sheet of neural tissue known as the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex houses the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. The thalamus is responsible for relaying information from the brain stem and spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control functions like body temperature, sexual response, aggression, and pleasure. The cerebral cortex also holds about 90% of the of the brain’s neurons. The cerebral cortex is made up of four lobes. The frontal lobe is responsible for conscious thought and higher mental functions like, decision making. It also plays an important part in processing short-term memories, and retaining long-term memories. The parietal lobe integrates sensory information from the various senses and is also used for calculation, and certain types of recognition. The temporal lobe is responsible for the senses of smell and sound and is a key factor in long-term memory...
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...information is recorded and utilized. The brain is a huge operating system of which human cognitive skills and abilities depend on proper brain functioning that regulate particular biological processes. Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Cortex is a region of the brain predominantly responsible for identifying human language; environmental perception and methods of which the brain will process information retrieved. The cerebral cortex is divided into a right and left hemisphere that contains four lobes; parietal, frontal, occipital and temporal. Within the cerebral cortex each lobe controls a particular bodily function that allows us to see, hear, smell, and touch. The executive functioning happens within the frontal lobe which controls human thinking and the method of which we reason and make judgments. "The frontal lobe is susceptible to injury because of the position inside of the skull. This area of the brain is responsible for motor function, solving problems, socialization, and impulse control to name a few. Fuster (2002) state, " Simamura (1995) suggests that these problems may arise not because attention and planning are located in the frontal lobe but rather because areas of the frontal lobe inhibit activity in the posterior part of the brain People with frontal-lobe damage seem more distractible and less able to ignore irrelevant stimuli" (pg. 1). Function of the...
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...The way the cerebral cortex is organized is through different regions that receive and analyze the sensory information. The first is the primary visual cortex, also called the striate cortex, which receives the visual information. The primary visual cortex is located in the back of the brain in the occipital lobe. Then there is the primary auditory cortex which receives the auditory information. This cortex is located in a fissure (a major grove in the surface of the brain) that’s on the said of the brain or in the temporal lobe. Next is the somatosensory cortex which is responsible for receiving the information from the body senses. This cortex is a vertical strip in the brain that is located in the parietal lobe of the brain. Last is the...
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