...Abstract Fractional distillation was used to separate an ethanol mixture and determine the percent of ethanol. A fractional distillation apparatus with copper turnings in the fractionating column was used to separate the ethanol mixture. The mixture was heated to a boil (78.1*C) and began to drip distillate into the receiving flask. A sample of the distillate was taken and a pipet was used to measure out 1 mL of the substance. The weight of the 1 mL was determined to be 0.82grams. The density of the sample was calculated at 0.82g/mL of ethanol. The percentage of ethanol solved to be 85% ethanol. Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to identify the unknown percentage of ethanol in the ethanol mixture. Fractional distillation was used to separate the ethanol mixture into two components. The copper turnings in the fractional distillation column allowed for the vapors from the boiling mixture to be repeatedly filtered through the system. The repeating of the vapor process is what allows for separation of two components in a mixture with close boiling points. By separating the mixture between precise boiling points and then collecting a sample of the distillate from the round bottom receiving flask to weigh, the density can be determined. With the density known the ethanol percentage can be easily determined with table on page 129, (Pavia, Small Scale Approach to Laboratory techniques). Results To determine the percent of the ethanol in the mixture...
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...Experiment 1: Fractional Distillation of Ether from 1,2-Dimethoxyethane & Gas Chromatography Performed September 13th & 15th, 2011 By Jennifer Seitz Organic Chemistry 344 Section 803 Fall 2011 Objective: The purpose of this experiment was to fractionally distill an Ethyl ether/1, 2-Dimethoxyethane mixture, collect and plot various fractions of temperature vs. volume of different distillate, and make comparisons between the different packing materials tested. Physical Properties/Structures: Compound | Formula | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Boiling Point (oC) | Hazards | Diethyl ether | (C2H5)2O | 74.12 | 34.6 | - Flammable- Skin irritant- Affects CNS | 1,2-Dimethoxyethane | C4H10O2 | 90.12 | 85.0 | - Flammable- Skin/eye irritant- Affects Respiratory System | Equations: Not applicable for this lab. Procedure: Part I: 1. A fractional distillation apparatus was setup using 6 mm glass beads as the packing material. 2. 60 mL of 1:1-Ethyl ether: 1,2-Dimethoxyethane and 3 boiling stones were placed into the distilling flask. 3. The flask was heated using a heating mantle. The power was started at approximately 60% and water was turned on beforehand as to prevent the glass from burning and possibly cracking. 4. The mixture was distilled at a rate of approximately 1-2 drops/second. During the distillation procedure, the temperature was recorded for approximately every 5 mL of distillate collected. 5. Ten 5 mL fractions were...
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...Iris Lopez Experiment 6: Fractional Distillation. Separation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Abstract: A mixture of cyclohexane and toluene were separate from one another by fractional distillation in order to measure the composition of each fraction and prepare the sample for gas chromatography. Introduction: Distillation has been used since antiquity to separate the components of mixtures. This method has been used to manufacture different organic chemicals but the most recent application is the refining of petroleum in order to produce fuels, lubricants and petrochemicals. In this experiments, the separation of 2 distilates were carried out using the differences in boiling points and the data was used for a gas chromatography test. Objectives: Separation of an equimolar mixture of cyclohexane and toluene by fractional distillation Materials: Equimolar mixture: cyclohexane/toluene Water Distilling columns Column packing Thermometer heat source flasks heat source Structural Formulas: toluene Description: The fractional distillation apparatus was checked for any moisture before it was set up to ensure proper distillation method. A mixture of cyclohexane and toluene was obtained, 40ml of an equimolar mixture was obtained and transferred into a 100ml round bottomed boiling flask which contained boiling chips, and the distilling column was packed with metal sponge. The distillation apparatus was assembled and...
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...Simple and Fractional Distillation Authors: Abion, T.J.J., Aganda, J.C., Alpay, R.F., Berboso, M.J.R., Casuga, J.M.D. (Group01-2A-BC) Abstract Distillation is the process of converting a liquid to a vapor, condensing the vapor, and then, collecting the distillate in another container. More about distillation will be discussed in the introduction. This experiment was carried out to differentiate simple from fractional distillation, to separate the components of an alcoholic drink, and to calculate the percentage of ethanol present in an alcoholic beverage. The group is assigned to do simple distillation. The computations performed for this experiment are the percent alcohol and percent loss. Percent alcohol determines the percentage of ethanol found in the beverage, while percent loss ascertains the amount of sample lost while doing the experiment. The experiment follows the distillation process to flammability test. The experiment follows as is in the procedure with some difficulties that will be seen in the latter part. Introduction Distillation is the process of purifying compounds by means of separating more volatile substance from non-volatile or less volatile substance. The analysts performed one of the two types of distillation processes- the simple distillation and fractional distillation. In simple distillation, the vapor emerging from the evaporating surface moves uniformly without contacting condensed liquid until they reach the condensing surface. Thus...
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...HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT TITLE: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION PROCESS CONTENTS 1. Title………………………………………………………………………….1 2. Summary…………………………………………………………………….3 3. Introduction of Case Study…………….…………………………………….4 4. Risk Scenario Development…….…………………………………………...5 5. Justification of Fault Tree Analysis…………………………………………6 6. Procedures of Fault Tree Analysis…………………………………………..7 7. Fault Tree Analysis…………………………………………………………8 8. Possible Risk Associated with Hazards….………………………………...11 9. Accident Consequences…………………………………………………….13 10. Method to Control the Risk………………………………………………...15 11. Solution to Minimize the Risk……………………………………………..17 12. Conclusion………………………………………………………………….18 13. References………………………………………………………………….19 SUMMARY Figure 1: Fractioning Column (Copyright of science-resources.co.uk, 2009) Figure 1: Fractioning Column (Copyright of science-resources.co.uk, 2009) Crude oil is one the most important non-renewable sources on Earth. Demand for this black viscous liquid is growing every day in this era if modern technology. Electricity, vehicles and synthetics are among the major consumers of petroleum fluids or crude oil. Crude oil could be referred to as the ‘black gold’ due to its expensive price and complicated production process. Unlike gold, crude oil naturally is useless in its primary form. A process called fractional distillation or petroleum refining need to be carried out onto the crude oil to separate...
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...Organic Chemistry I Research Paper on Pseudoephedrine By: Natalie Roberts Jennifer Dargis Nakeesha Longeley Pseudoephedrine is a phenylethylamine which is utilized as a pharmaceutical product. It has the official IUPAC name of (1S,2S)-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol, and the CAS number of 90-82-4. Psuedoephedrine contains three functional groups: amine, hydroxyl, and ethyl in its ring; it also has one stereogenic carbon. The enantiomer of pseudoephedrine is ephedrine, and this substance can form two other diastereomers as well. Pseudoephedrine contains covalent bonds (both and double) and hydrogen bonds. A two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure are given below. [pic] [pic] Psuedoephedrine is also synthesized in various ways, sometimes with methods that add an amide to its structure in order to alter its medicinal effect. One of the most efficient techniques for synthesizing pseudoephedrine is given below: [pic] Reagents and conditions: (i) (CH2O)n, PTSA, benzene, reflux, 1 h; (ii) 1 equiv. NaBH4, MeOH, 2 h; (iii) PhMgBr, THF, 0°C–rt, 3 h; (iv) (CH2O)n, PTSA, benzene, reflux, 1 h; (v) NaCNBH3/TMSCl, CH3CN, rt, 30 min; (vi) conc. HCl, reflux, 2 h Pseudoephedrine is originally obtained as an alkaloid from the Oriental plant genus of Ephedra; as shown above, however, it can also be prepared artificially. The most common method of creating pseudoephedrine today is from yeast fermentation of dextrose in the presence of benzaldehyde. Typically...
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...SIMPLE DISTILLATION OF VODKA (THE BAR) Somo, John Carlo , Sopoco, Marc Andrew , Sotong, Patricia , Venturina, Flian Lyra , Tia, Queenie de Leon 2B- Medical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy UST ABSTRACT Distillation is the method used for purifying liquids and separating mixtures of liquids into their individual components. The experiment targets to differentiate the two methods; simple and fractional distillation, to separate its water and alcohol components, and to determine the percentage of ethanol present in the vodka using simple distillation. A volume of 15mL vodka was poured into the distillation flask for heating/boiling by the alcohol lamp. 0.50 ml of distillate was collected in every calibrated test tube until the temperature reached 100 C. The initial/first and the final distillates were kept for the testing of flammability. The first distillate was the one containing the ethanol since it is flammable, while the other one is inflammable so it is the one with the purified water content. INTRODUCTION Distillation is the method of converting a liquid to vapor, condensing the vapor, and collecting the distillate in another container. It is used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids, as in the separation of alcoholic liquors from fermented materials, or in the separation of two or more liquids having different boiling points, as in the separation of gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oil from crude oil. In the modern organic chemistry laboratory, distillation is a...
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...different speeds, causing them to separate. There are different types of chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography, and gas chromatography. Paper chromatography is one of the important chromatographic methods. Paper chromatography uses paper as the stationary phase and a liquid solvent as the mobile phase. In paper chromatography, the sample is placed on a spot on the paper and the paper is carefully dipped into a solvent. The solvent rises up the paper due to capillary action and the components of the mixture rise up at different rates and thus are separated from one another. Distillation Simple distillation is a method used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points. The distillation process involves heating a liquid to its boiling points, and transferring the vapours into the cold portion of the apparatus, then condensing the vapours and collecting the condensed liquid in a container. In this process, when the temperature of a liquid rises, the vapour pressure of the liquid increases. When the vapour pressure of the liquid and the atmospheric pressure reach the same level, the liquid passes into its vapour state. The vapours pass over...
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...on the topic ‘Distillation Process’. I would also show my gratitude towards my Programme Leader Dr. Monika Thakur and our HOD Dr Amarinder Singh Bawa for including such a project in my course curriculum which gave me a chance to gain knowledge as much as I can in this field. Thank you Varun Gadodia BTech Food Technology IV semester Amity Institute of Food Technology Introduction This report examines the distillation process. This will enable the reader to understand the necessary components along with distillation calculations. Distillation is a process that separates two or more components into an overhead distillate and bottoms. The bottoms product is almost exclusively liquid, while the distillate may be liquid or a vapour or both. The separation process requires three things. First, a second phase must be formed so that both liquid and vapour phases are present and can contact each other on each stage within a separation column. Secondly, the components have different volatilities so that they will partition between the two phases to different extent. Lastly, the two phases can be separated by gravity or other mechanical means. Distillation differs from absorption and stripping in that the second phase is created by thermal means. The report also high lights the important equipments/methods used for distillation as well as its...
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...VODKA BY MEANS OF SIMPLE DISTILLATION ABSTRACT: Cossack Vodka is distilled liquor composed primarily of water and ethyl alcohol or ethanol (CH3CH2OH) without a definite aroma or taste. Alcohol is a primary content of vodka, and distillation – a process involving condensation and evaporation wherein solvents of different boiling points are separated from each other – is a method that may be used to determine the certain presence of Alcohol content in Cossack vodka. A certain number (17) of test tubes were obtained, each with 0.05 ml until the temperature reached 93(C. The volume of distillate collected by the end of the experiment was 9.00 ml at 93(C, giving percent ethanol of 30.00 %. I. INTRODUCTION: Distillation is the process of evaporating a volatile substance from a solution of non-volatile substance wherein the vapor afterwards is condensed in the condenser and collected in the receiving flask. Simple distillation is a process of separating two liquids with different boiling points. It can be used to separate liquids with boiling points of at least fifty degree Celsius. There are four types of distillation: simple, fractional, vacuum, and azeotropic. Vodka is a colorless liquid made by distilling fermented substances such as sorghum, corn, rye or wheat. Vodka is said to contain 40% to 55% alcohol. The experiment aims to: (a) separate the components of Vodka, an alcoholic beverage, by the means of distillation, particularly simple distillation, (b) compute for the...
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...Bituminous Material Bituminous materials or asphalts are extensively used for roadway construction, primarily because of their excellent binding characteristics and water proofing properties and relatively low cost. Bituminous materials consists of bitumen which is a black or dark colored solid or viscous cementitious substances consists chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarbons derived from distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt, has adhesive properties, and is soluble in carbon disulphide. Tars are residues from the destructive distillation of organic substances such as coal, wood, or petroleum and are temperature sensitive than bitumen. Bitumen will be dissolved in petroleum oils where unlike tar. Importance and background of Bituminous Material: Bitumen is an essential component of any pavement and is used widely throughout the world. It can be termed as the building block of the pavements without which all the pavement materials would behave independently and thus will be deemed useless. Almost ninety percent of bitumen is used in road construction. It is usually available in dark colors ranging from brown to black. The main purpose of bitumen in flexible pavements is to strongly bind and hold the other pavement components together and provide a smooth and leveled surface for the moving vehicles. Bitumen is a naturally occurring material and is found in large quantities in the solid or semi solid forms of petroleum. It is also manufactured artificially in vast...
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...water to bubble vigorously as the liquid water is converted into gaseous water, or steam. Most organic liquids will behave in a similar fashion. On heating, the temperature of the liquid increases until the boiling point is reached. Additional heating causes the liquid to vaporize accompanied by vigorous bubbling of the liquid. The boiling point of a substance is a physical property of a substance and can be useful for characterizing that substance. The fact that different substances have different boiling points allows us to separate them. The process of heating a substance until it is vaporized, cooling the vapors, and collecting the condensed liquid is the basis of a commonly used purification technique called distillation. Method: The fractional distillation apparatus was set-up as shown in the illustration and was approved by the TA. 50 mL of wine was added into the flask along with boiling chips and the flask was then placed into the heating mantel. A flow of cold water was set-up to continuously run through the condenser and the variac box was set to 5. The temperature at the distilling head was measured and recorded for every mL of distilled ethanol collected. This process continued until 25 mL was collected, and then all waste was cooled and poured down the drain. Data and Results: Figure 1.1: Temperature determined at distilling head after every mL of distilled ethanol was collected. (See data sheet for more calculations) Conclusion: Approximately 24...
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...Simple and Fractional Distillation I. Introduction Distillation is one of the oldest and still most common methods for both the purification and the identification of organic liquids. It is a physical process used to separate chemicals from a mixture by the difference in how easily they vaporize. As the mixture is heated, the temperature rises until it reaches the temperature of the lowest boiling substance in the mixture, while the other components of the mixture remain in their original phase in the mixture. The resultant hot vapor passes into a condenser and is converted to the liquid, which is then collected in a receiver flask. The other components of the mixture remain in their original phase until the most volatile substance has all boiled off. Only then does the temperature of the gas phase rises again until it reaches the boiling point of a second component in the mixture, and so on. There are two types of distillation namely simple distillation and fractional distillation. In this experiment the efficiency of the two types of distillation will be compared. II. Methodology The following is the methods needed to perform fractional distillation. The gather the materials needed for the experiment such as the fractional distillation set-up, alcohol lamp, and vodka after which start performing the experiment. 1. Assemble the distillation set-up. 2. Prepare atleast 30 test tubes calibrated down to the 0.5 ml and number each test tube accordingly...
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...Separation of Hexane and Toluene Abstract The purpose of this lab was to separate hexane and toluene using the process of simple distillation. This was collected 3times each at different temperature and after collecting each distillate the refractive index was found of the distillate. Procedure The procedure is the same as Dr. Kelley provided and there were no changes made to it. Data | Fractional index | Temperature | First distillation | 1.3820 | 670c | Second distillation | 1.4656 | 1000c | Third distillation | 1.4851 | 1070c | Calculations X (1.3745) + (1-X) (1.4966) = nD This equation is for the volume fraction of X and the measured refractive index is nD. Found from the sheet of “simple distillation: separation of hexane and toluene” First distillate X (1.3745) + (1-X)(1.4966) = 1.3820 1.3745X - 1.4966X + 1.4966 = 1.3820 -0.1221X = -0.1146 X = 0.9386 1 – X = 0.0614 Volume fraction of Hexane = (X) * 100 = % =0.9386 * 100 = 93.86% Volume fraction of Toluene = (1- X) * 100 = % =0.0614 * 100 = 6.14% Second distillation X (1.3745) + (1-X)(1.4966) = 1.4656 1.3745X - 1.4966X + 1.4966 = 1.4656 -0.1221X = -0.031 X = 0.2539 1-X = 0.7461 Volume fraction of hexane = (X) * 100 = % 0.2539 * 100 = 25.39% Volume fraction of toluene = (1- X) * 100 = % 0.7461 * 100 = 74.61% Final distillation X(1.3745) + (1-X)(1.4966) = 1.4851 1.3745X - 1.4966X + 1.4966 = 1.4851 -0.1221X = -0.0115 X= 0.0942 1 – X = 0.9058 Volume...
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...The Determination of Percentage Ethanol from Gin Vodka by Simple Distillation *Bejasa,B. ; Beltran,R. ; Bombase,M. ; Bunyi,C. ; Canlas,L. 2BMT Abstract Vodka is composed primarily of water and ethanol with traces of impurities and flavourings and naturally has an alcoholic content of 38-40% by volume. This experiment aimed to determine the percent ethanol of the vodka through simple distillation. A 30mL of the sample was collected and heated through the use of alcohol lamp. A collection of 0.50mL of distillate was continuously made while recording its corresponding temperature until the sample reached 100°C. Through the obtained data, the percentage ethanol was computed (5.0%). Introduction Vodka is a clear liquor manufactured from ethyl alcohol. It is said to have been originally created from potatoes in Russia for medicinal purposes. Nowadays, Vodka is distilled from barley, wheat or rye. Most flavoured vodka contains 30-35% alcohol, whereas clear vodka is normally 40%, with a few brands offering a 50% product on top(1). Its percentage ethanol can be determined through the use of a simple distillation set-up. Simple distillation is designed to evaporate a volatile liquid from a solution of non-volatile substances(2). The first mention of the process of simple distillation appears in India and China around 800 B.C. in the production of beer and rice wine. At present time, simple distillation helps make production simple and economical, creating more products for consumers(3)...
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