...Actualizing Free Primary Education in Kenya for Sustainable Development by Mbatha Mathooko, Ph.D. pmathooko@yahoo.com Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract The right to education is one of the basic human rights stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. In Kenya, this right has recently been livened through the launch of the Free Primary Education program (hence FPE) by the newly elected NARC government. The FPE program is faced with major challenges that range from lack of facilities, few teachers, over-age children, street children, no books, lack of finances and socio-cultural impediments such as HIV-AIDs. The FPE has been received with mixed feelings from different sections of the society. While some have expressed feelings of discontentment, failure, betrayal among others, many low income members of the population view it as a God sent opportunity. While a lot of concern has been raised, little has been advanced concerning the propagation of the actual learning itself. This paper seeks to underscore some of the pertinent issues concerning actual instruction in the FPE program. A glaring gap, which poses a major challenge to the success of the FPE, exists in terms of the language of instruction. The existing language policy disregards mother tongues as tools of disseminating knowledge and does very little to promote them. The paper suggests the training of teachers to equip them with skills in mother tongue instruction...
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...Free primary education in Kenya. Objectives, timeframe and the extent in which it has achieved its objectives. The government policy on free primary education was effectively introduced in Kenya in the year 2003. During this time, the Narc government under the leadership of Mwai Kibaki abolished school fees in all public primary schools. This was the key campaign pledge from the president as well as other members from the party. Under the new free primary education policy, the government primary schools which were previously responsible for waiving tuition fees were officially prohibited from collecting revenues. Instead each school had to receive the government grant twice in a year which would be deposited directly into the school accounts administered by a committee of parents and teachers. Previous attempts by Kenyatta as well as Moi regime had also tried the same but failed (Bartoo, 2004). The development of offering free primary education was in line with the United universal primary education for all by 2015. The millennium development goals were adopted by the United Nations in September 2000 and expected to be effected in 198 countries, Kenya being one of them. The major objectives of the policy include; Reducing the inequality in education access in Kenya by 2005 - Inequality in education access has declined. However, enrolment rates for public schools have actually declined. As poor students come in, richer students have fled to private schools in greater or...
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...Executive Summary Wang’neno fish farm is an existing organization dedicated to rearing of fingerlings and keeping of fish. Wang’neno fish farm has been started as a women group development project business based in Yala Township, Anyiko sub-location. Wang’neno farm is amid-sized farm sitting on a 5 acre land along River Yala and about 2 kms from Kisumu-Busia road. The site was chosen due to its proximity to the main highway and permanent source of water, security, climate, soil type and cheap labour force. Wang’neno farm is working hard to become a leading fish and fingerlings producer in Western Kenya at large to supplement fish from natural sources which will help in meeting fish demands which is gradually growing. By applying a well thought out business plan executed by a skilled management team, Wang’neno fish farm will generate over Kshs 18,360,000 in year three sales. It currently boasts of ten fish ponds for keeping fish and two for raising fingerlings. Wang’neno fish farm is located in Yala Township with the address: Wan’neno Fish Farm Yala-Anyiko Road P.O Box 232 YALA Tel: 051-2877339. Keys to Success Wang’neno fish farm has identified four keys that will be very important in its success. First key will be keeping the best breeds which will yield high quality fish. Second will be putting strict financial controls into place as this will help in maximizing efficiency. The third key will be coming up with high competition techniques to drive other people from the industry...
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...the system that exists. Thus, she is less critical than a revolutionary, and more pleased with results that make the system just a little better. The liberal is more likely to see improvements in race, class, and gender issues, while still recognizing that much more needs to be done. Libertarianism view • Variation of conservatism that believes government should be small and should play only the most minimal possible role in social life • Oppose government programs for the redistribution of income and other types of intervention to correct the ills of society • Often have much in common with liberals, such as their stance on the drug war. Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe...
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...MASINDE MULIRO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MMUST) Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Administration & Finance) Tel: 056-30784/31375 P.O Box 190 Fax: 056-30784 Kakamega – 50100 E-mail: dvc-af@mmust.ac.ke Kenya Website: www.mmust.ac.ke VACANCIES In pursuit of its Mission to be a Centre of Excellence in Science and Technology responsive to development needs of society through engagement in dynamic knowledge creation and application, Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology invites applications from suitably qualified candidates for the following vacant positions: ACADEMIC POSITIONS 1. CENTRE FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE a. DEPARTMENT OF PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES i) Associate Professor Grade XIV AC/01/01/14 2 posts ii) Senior Lecturer Grade XIII AC/02/01/14 3 posts iii) Lecturer Grade XI AC/03/01/14 7 Posts Area of specialization: Political Science; International Relations; Peace Studies; Philosophy; History; Development Studies; Religious Studies, and other relevant Social Sciences. b. DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT STUDIES i) Professor Grade XV AC/04/01/14 2 Posts ii) Associate Professor Grade XIV AC/05/01/14 2 Posts iii) Senior Lecturer Grade XIII AC/06/01/14 5 Posts iv) Lecturer Grade XII AC/07/01/14 3 Posts Area of specialization: Sociology, Philosophy, Anthropology, Disaster Management, Psychology and Counseling. c. DEPARTMENT OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT i) Professor Grade XV AC/08/01/14 1 Post ii) Associate...
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...1. THE MOTIVATED SEQUENCE * Basic steps of a motivated sequence. Motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action. It consists of the following steps : 1. Attention. Get the attention of your audience using a detailed story shocking examples quotations etc. 2. Need or Identify the problem Show how the topic applies to the phsychological need of the audience members.The audience needs what motivates the action therefore go beyond establishing their significant problem.Show that the need will not go away by itself ,therefore convince your audience that each one of them has a personal need to take action. 3. Satisfaction You need to solve thios issue.Provide specific and available solutions that individuals or communities can implement to solve problems 4. Visualization Tell the audience what will happen if the solution is implemented or does not take place be visual and detailed. 5. Action Tell the audience what action they can take personally to solve the problem * Structure and development of the steps in the motivated sequence Step 1: Getting Attention You must change the attitude at the very beginning if you hope to persuade your listeners to believe or act. Sometimes using methods like rhetorical questions, startling statements, or narratives can accomplish this mission. But sometimes this may be more subdued or low-key. However you open the presentation, remember that you cannot persuade...
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...Kenya has adopted the education systems since the early times of missionaries. For instance this can be traced back as far as 1728 with a Swahili manuscript “Utendi wa Tambuka” (book of Heraclius. Since then what followed was the chain of evolution in the Kenya education system with great determination to break from the cocoon of illiteracy. The missionaries set up the stepping stones which could later be used as a catapult in the education standard when they up one of the earliest mission schools in the country at Rabai in 1846 in coast region. With the improvement in infrastructure including roads and communication networks, the new revolution of the mind started penetrating to the interior of the Kenya. Instantly many people became aware of the necessity of education and people like Jomo Kenyatta, Charles Njonjo, peter Koinange, Tom Mboya among others Kenyans political icons furthered their education abroad. Earliest schools in Kenya included the school of Rabai near Mombasa established in 1846, Nairobi school established in 1902, friends school Kaimosi, now the Kaimosi friends primary school established in 1906. There were a total of 18 schools by the year 1932. After independence what followed was tremendous campaigns that acted to be an eye opener for all Kenyans. Most individuals in the political spheres started the new hunger and craving for education that helped them retain political power. Kenya adopted various forms of education system including the 7-4-2-3 system...
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...Introduction The right to quality education is one of the basic human rights stipulated in the universal declaration of human rights 1948.In Kenya this right was be recently livened through the launch of free primary education program by the National Rainbow Coalition government (NARC) when it took power in 2002. Compulsory free primary school education for Kenyan children was one of the key pre election promises that made the government of President Mwai Kibaki to ascend to power in December 2002. Since then an estimated 1.5 million children who were previously out of school have turned up to attend classes. Though education is normally considered the responsibility of the state, the community should also realize their role in development of education (sifuna 1999).This section of the chapter aims to introduce the topic under study in an explicit manner. To achieve this, it has been divided into the following sections: background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, limitations of the study and finally scope of the study. 1.2 Background of the Study Primary education in Kenya begins at the age of 6 or 7 years after completion of kindergarten commonly known as pre-unit. The first class or year of primary school is known as standard one and the final class or year as standard eight. Primary school children are known as pupils. The schooling year for both secondary and primary school begins at January and...
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...THE EMERGENCE OF BRAZIL AND ITS EDUCATION SYSTEM The Emergence of Brazil and Its Education System Chris, Keala, Monique Chaminade University THE EMERGENCE OF BRAZIL AND ITS EDUCATION SYSTEM 2 The Emergence of Brazil and Its Education System With increasing economic growth and widespread foreign investments, Brazil, one of the largest countries in South America, is by all accounts, emerging. While economic and population growth are supporting Brazil’s emergence, it is critical that Brazil's education system is strong, so that its people have the opportunity to fully emerge and compete as a developed country. Currently, Brazil’s population is approximately 200,000 million, a number accumulated from its large cities and rural areas. In the capital city of Brasilia there are an estimated million people and another 10 million in the nation’s largest city of São Paulo. Areas where there are high populations it most likely to see improvements in educational standards. The bigger challenge rests in the rural areas of Brazil, where approximately 18 million poor people are without education, health care and employment opportunities. The common education and economic challenges Brazil faces are similar to other emerging nations. Identifying the issues is simple; however sometimes the solutions are not easily identified. (CIA World Fact Book, 2013) Brazil’s Education Today Opportunities for a Brazilian’s education are decided through the great divide of economic classes. This...
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...Education is a co-current state level subjects and under the Indian Constitution education is made a Fundamental Right and Directive Principles of State Policy further needed free education and other facilities to children. There is no discrimination among the people on the basis of religion, caste or creed/faith etc. However, the minorities are given right to run their own educational institutions with financial aid from Government and they are free to introduce their religion, language in their institution. Education is compulsory and free upto primary standard. Indian education system has a wide structure and the educational institutions can introduce the education or learning pattern as below VA years in pre-nursery schools, in the primary schools upto V class or so. Education is further upgraded upto 10+2 system where the examinations are conducted by the Board at 10 and 12. Thereafter, students are free to choose the courses of their own at any stage, i.e. primary, secondary, senior secondary level. Schools are of different levels. Local Boards run the schools upto Primary, V standard, both in mother tongue and English medium. Thereafter the schools may upgrade themselves upto X known as Secondary schools. They can also be upgraded upto 12, called Senior Secondary schools. The education is a co-current (state level) subject and the Central Government cannot interfere in their functioning. As such schools are pre- primary, pre-nursery, then primary, secondary and senior...
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...EDUCATION REFORMS- SIGNIFICNACE OF RIGHT TO EDUCATION Current ministry of human resource and development- kapil sibal Budget- rs.31,036(US $-7.05 billion)(2009-2010) Literacy2001 Total- 66% Male-76.9% Fem-54.5% • Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to the world and 'charaka' is known as the father of Ayurveda. He developed this system some 2500 years back. • Takshila was the first university of world established in 700 B.C. • Nalanda University, built in 4 AD, was considered to be the honor of ancient Indian system of education as it was one of the best Universities of its time in the subcontinent. • Indian language Sanskrit is considered to be the mother of many modern languages of world. • Place value system was developed in India in 100 B.C. • India was the country, which invented number system. • Aryabhatta, the Indian scientist, invented digit zero. • Trigonometry, algebra and calculus studies were originated in India. CURRENT CHANGES IN EDUCATION 2010 At first, the HRD ministry has allowed the entry of the Foreign Universities to set-up campuses on Indian shores to boost higher education for top B-school students. While on the other hand, a revolutionary change in taking the educational system of CBSE in conformation to the international standard aptly serves the interest of primary education. 1) Education Bill Regulating Entry of Foreign Universities. 2) Introduction of International syllabus in CBSE. ...
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...AND CHALLENGES FOR EDUCATION: FOCUS ON EQUITY AND EQUALITY CHALLENGES OF CREATING OPPORTUNITIES IN FAVOR OF THE MARGINALISED GIRL CHILD : A STEP TOWARDS EQUITY AND EQUALITY IN EDUCATION DR. NIRUPAMA BARPANDA, SENIOR LECTURER IN EDUCATION, DR. PARSURAM MISHRA INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDY IN EDUCATION SAMBALPUR-768001 Ph : 91 663 2410067 Email : FULL PAPER Challenges of Creating Opportunities In favor of the Marginalised Girl Child : A Step towards Equity and Equality in Education DR. MISS NIRUPAMA BARPANDA ABSTRACT: Women all over the world suffer discrimination. In India, they are deprived of basic human rights including access to education. Their status is much miserable because of the nation’s inherent poverty coupled with inequality. UNDP’s Human Development Report Points out to the trends. In the age of globalisation it is likely that poverty and inequality shall grow further and women may suffer more stringently as it has happened in Phillipines. So it is high time to plan for strategic intervention to ensure opportunities in favour of the most marginalized, especially the girl child, so that she gets appropriate knowledge and skill to live in this world of competition governed by market and earns a dignified livelihood and leads a qualitative life. Contrary to the popular belief that social prejudices stand in the way of girl child’s access and completion of education, research studies...
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...U.K. The topic I chose for presentation is different types of schools for children. Though I try to highlight the different schools available for children, my prime focus is on primary education. Primary education is the foundation of a child’s development, both academically and socially. Thus, it is really important that a child is given proper primary education, without any impediment. After a lot of speculation and consultation I chose to write this essay because while explaining the different types of schools and levels of education in U.K. and showing how the primary level prepares the child for future studies, it also indulges in the merits and demerits of selective education in the lives of students. For this purpose of writing on primary education, I searched a lot of websites and newspaper articles. There were some sites on the grammar schools and some on comprehensive education, while other sites had almost all the information I wanted to cover in this journal. There were also some reliable magazines and newspaper articles which helped me complete this work. Primary education in U.K. is the first level of compulsory education for child. The children are put under the primary education at the age of five and they generally pass out of this level at the age of eleven. Primary education usually comes after the children have completed their basic academic level, i.e. the nursery level or the pre-school level. The children remain in their nursery level from two to four...
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...Chapter 10 Education Introduction Education is the most important factor which plays a leading role in human resource development. It promotes productive and informed populace and creates opportunities for the socially and economically deprived sections of society. Educational philosophy stresses on a learning process through which knowledge, skills and experience are transferred from one generation to the next generation through teaching, training, research and development that ultimately replicate the socioeconomic development of the country. Education prevails over behaviors of the individuals and institutional managers working for the development/poverty alleviation and fundamental change of society and sustainable economic development which is a key to opening of venues for development towards the competitive international community as well. Globalization has made economic life more competitive and demanding, making human expertise development more significant. Only as educated workforce equipped with modern skills can compete and benefit from exploiting the opportunities created by globalization. United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees the right to Education under its Article 13. Pakistan is signatory of UNESCO under the “Education for All” program. Pakistan is committed to achieve universal enrolment in Primary Education by 2015. Government of Pakistan has made Education free and compulsory up to Grade 10.Parliament...
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...MAJOR FORCES THAT HAVE DETERMINED THE DIRECTION OF THE CHANGES IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR A foundation has been laid down for the development of sustainable education worldwide. There has been specialize in literacy and skills therefore enabling the expansion and development of the education sector in Kenya and therefore the world at large. Over the years Kenya has noted plenty of changes that have helped improve the education system considerably within the last decade. I’ll begin with a significant ground changer that was the introduction of free primary education. 1. Introduction of Free Primary Education Unfavorable political and economic conditions in Africa throughout the 1990s hindered the expansion of the basic education that was undergoing numerous reforms. As noted, throughout the 1990s basic education went through numerous reforms however the unconducive political and economic conditions at the time were unable to support its growth. Having to rely on restricted resources and donor funding, the government experienced difficulties maintaining academic standards. Afterward the standard of education deteriorated and there was a rise within the numbers of school-age kids who weren't receiving formal education. Figures as an example show that huge school dropouts were recorded which out of about one million students who registered in standard one in 1993 and in 1998, but half a million got to standard eight (Oketch...
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