...Bracken Ostler Business Law Paper #1 Mark Holland Freedom of Religion Freedom of religion is an essential part of the Constitution of the United States and is included in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Freedom of religion involves two important components. The first is the prohibition on the “establishment of religion” by government- the separation of Church and State; and the second, ensures that the government allows for the practice of religion (Marroquin). Many important cases throughout history have also helped to further refine the limits of freedom of religion as laid out in the Constitution. This paper will discuss why freedom of religion was chosen as part of the Constitution. It will also provide the current law pertaining to this important part of the First Amendment. In the original Constitution, religion makes only one direct and obvious appearance that seems to point to a desire of religious freedom. That appearance is in Article 6, at the end of the third clause and states: “No religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.” (Mount) This is a statement that is simple and straightforward and applies to all offices in the entire United States, both state and federal. The framers of the Constitution thought that they had constructed a complete and comprehensive document. Many people disagreed. One of the big disagreements from the opposition to the framers was the lack...
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...Running Head: WORLD WAR II EMPLOYMENT 1 World War II Employment Opportunities Rachael J. Broddy ENG 122: English Composition II Prof. John Thorburn February 15, 2016 WORLD WAR II EMPLOYMENT 2 World War II Employment Opportunities While women and individuals of different ethnic backgrounds had no place in the job market before the war, World War II became a stepping stone for employment prospects; women were not seen as just childbearing homemakers anymore, many doors opened, and minorities were allowed to enlist in the United States Armed Forces. World War II facilitated to create new employment ventures for the future and also to promulgate what we now know is the civil rights movement. Before World War II, women were just the supporters of their men who were serving our country overseas or often homemakers that did not work outside of the home they lived in. Men went to work outside of the home, on occasion a women did, but it was not very frequent. African Americans and Hispanics typically were housemaids. They were expected to stay home and take care of the household. White women did have better jobs, but not many options were out there that they were allowed to perform. Typically they had worked in a clerical, retail or nursing job. It became apparent when the war began that utilizing women were essential due to many men leaving to fight for our country. The job market opened, and women found employment as electricians, welders, and riveters in defense plants. The...
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...The mere statement on the part of a religion that its own beliefs and practices are correct and any contrary beliefs are incorrect does not in itself constitute intolerance (i.e., ideological intolerance). Religious intolerance, rather, is when a group (e.g., a society, religious group, non-religious group) specifically refuses to tolerate practices, persons or beliefs on religious grounds. ------------------------------------------------- Historical perspectives According to the 19th century British historian Arnold Toynbee, for a religious establishment to persecute another religion for being "wrong" ironically puts the persecuting religion in the wrong, undermining its own legitimacy.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Contemporary attitude and practice The constitutions of some countries contain provisions expressly forbidding the state from engaging in certain acts of religious intolerance or preference within its own borders, examples of such include The First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the Article 4 of the Basic Law of Germany, Article 44.2.1 of the Constitution of The Republic of Ireland, Article 40 of the Estonian Constitution,[2] Article 24 of the Constitution of Turkey, Article 36 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and Article 3 Section 5 of the Constitution of the Philippines.[3] Other states, whilst not containing constitutional provisions directly related to religion, nonetheless contain provisions forbidding...
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...cultures, nationalities, ideas and religions. There are Christians, Jews, Catholics, Buddhists, Mormons, Hindus, Spiritualists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Islamic, plus many more. America is unique in that all these religions are represented in a nation that is only 200 years old. And America has upheld, throughout history, that the freedom and equality of religion is extremely important in order for this nation to function as a free nation. The foundations of America were set as a result of England's persecution; more specifically, England's religious persecution. The colonists wanted to create a nation that allowed people to be free. They desired to speak what they wanted to speak, do what they wanted to do, and practice what they wanted to practice... without the government watching their every move. Thus came international religious freedom The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified on December 15, 1791 as a part of the United States Constitution (Burns 46). In part, the First Amendment guarantees Americans the right to freedom of religion and freedom from religion. The fight for religious liberty existed amongst early settlers and colonists literally for decades, and now, some two hundred years after the founding of this nation, clashes surface between people who seek to establish a “Christian America” and those who seek to entirely eradicate religion from public life (McClenaghan 545). Although struggles for religious freedom have occurred throughout our ...
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...which means it doesn’t have a state religion, or discriminate based on religion. “Separation of church and state” is a key principle in American legislation. Despite this, signs of religion are everywhere in our country. It’s can be observed every day. For example, “In God We Trust” is engraved on all American currency, and “one nation, under God…” is in the pledge of allegiance. This influence also reaches to the highest levels of the government, and is a major factor in politics. Although America was created to be a country of religious freedom, church and state overlap, with both government policy restricting religious freedoms and religious values affecting government...
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...the symbol of America because of the freedom it has granted us and for all the people who fight for our country’s freedom. However, lately there has been a controversy over many elements of the pledge- should we continue to say it in schools? What about sporting events? Should “under God” be removed or should it stay? The Pledge of Allegiance should not be required to say at schools and sporting events because it violates the basic human rights like freedom of speech and freedom of religion....
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...JESUS BELONG IN PARLIAMENT? AN EXAMINATION OF FREEDOM OF RELIGION PROVISIONS IN PUBLIC BODIES IN NEW ZEALAND, CANADA, AND THE UNITED STATES by ELIZABETH G. FOX 28 August 2009 1 I INTRODUCTION New Zealand does not have a state religion in the way that other countries do.1 The Church of England, for example, has its doctrine and prayer book ratified by Parliament and has the Queen as supreme authority over both ecclesiastical and civil matters.2 However, the central legislators of this country listen to the Speaker of the House open each Parliamentary session with the following prayer.3 Almighty God, humbly acknowledging our need for Thy guidance in all things, and laying aside all private and personal interests, we beseech Thee to grant that we may conduct the affairs of this House and of our country to the glory of Thy holy name, the maintenance of true religion and justice, the honour of the Queen, and the public welfare, peace, and tranquillity of New Zealand, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Is this appropriate in a country that professes no state church and the tolerance of all religions equally?4 Religious content has historically infiltrated governing and administrative bodies. However, with the cultural disestablishment of Christianity and the emergence of toleration for all faiths, there continues to be the presence and preference of a small set of religions by the State. The degree to which religion interacts with the State varies with different...
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...Liberty University The Contribution of Baptists in the Struggle for Religious Freedom A Research Paper Submitted to Dr. Jason J. Graffagnino in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Course CHHI 665 Liberty University Baptist Theological Seminary by Brian M. Hyde Lynchburg, Virginia Saturday, December 6, 2014 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 IN THE BEGINNING 2 THE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND 4 THE STRUGGLE MOVES TO THE NEW WORLD 7 CONCLUSION 11 WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY 14 INTRODUCTION In this nation, and in much of the Western world, the right of each individual to worship as his or her own conscience dictates, or not to worship at all, is one that is all too often taken for granted. Few consider the tremendous lengths gone to and the enormous price paid by so many to obtain and preserve this right. In the United States when one does reflect on this matter his or her thoughts rightfully focus on the many men and women of the armed forces who fought to gain and keep the freedoms the citizens of this nation enjoy. What is often overlooked is the contributions of Baptists in the centuries long struggle to obtain religious freedom. Their struggle began not in the American colonies but rather in England a century earlier. “The freedom of religious belief and behavior which modern Baptists and others take for granted was forged in the crucible of persecution in seventeenth-century England” McBeth adds that, “No group can claim more credit for the Act of Toleration, passed by Parliament...
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...Our present-day notion of the separation of church and state is different than the Founders’ vision of the role of religion in our democratic republic, government, and public life. The conditions we live in today do not call for the stretching of the original meaning and it is not an improvement, it takes away our liberties and goes against the First Amendment. Even though many of our articles we were required to read this week say that religion is necessary for morality I respectfully disagree, you do not need to believe in a god to have morals you just need to be virtuous. The Founding Fathers wanted to have a nation that was run on a religious base but they did not want to limit that religion to any one kind allowing everyone to have their own beliefs. The Founders wanted to have religion as an integral part of the political system and as Michael Novak quotes George Washington in Faith and American Founding, “Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports” (Signature Series Reader, p 304, 2008.) Washington believed that we could not thrive as a country, as a united front, without having the common belief in religion and morality. Matthew Spalding in The Meaning of Religious Liberty, speaks of how the “American Founders advanced religious liberty in a way that would uphold religion and morality as indispensable supports of good habits, the firmest props of the duties of citizens, and the great pillars...
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...There are a lot of critics about how the new constitution of Turkey should be. A lot of people, academicians, and civil societies etc. lay big stress on the shape of the new constitution. Like them, I want also to mention some different points about what it need to be changed in our constitution for having a better welfare. The first point I want to mention is about the conflict of religion freedom. Indeed, the matter of secularism (laicism) in the Turkish constitution prevents the freedom of religion rather than providing the freedom of religion. Therefore with the concept of laicism in our constitution, people are not able to live their religion, Islam, comfortable. However when we consider the constitution of Norway, additionally to the freedom of religion, they say also that evangelist-lutheran is the official religion of the state and the king should protect it. This case provides both the religion freedom and the protection of the beliefs. Another thing, when I checked constitutions of other countries, I met a point where the matter emphasized on the development of science and technology. For instance, according to the constitution of Vietnam, the development of science and technology is a primary national policy and they see it as key point in the country's socio-economic development. Despite there are works on this area in Turkey last years, I think it should also be emphasized in the constitution because of its importance. Last point I want to mention is about the...
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...AN ESSAY WRITING ON SOLVING A WORKPLACE PROBLEM SUBMITTED AS PART OF THE CURRICULUM For THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT (HRM 855) At SENECA COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY TORONTO, ONTARIO CANADA By OLAMIDE ESTHER OLASEHINDE 055-962-138 18TH NOVEMBER, 2013 4,970 Words In this case I will be examining and provide possible solutions to a workplace problem On this day “2nd of April 2012”, walking into my office as the human resources personnel of Statham (a private) Manufacturing Company that deals with consumable-livestock products ranging from fish, meat located at Markham Ontario, an employee by name “Adam Jones” came lodging a complain that he sees to be of disturbing concern to him. Adam Jones, a 45 years old man from a Christian background was hired on the 6th of January 1997 and has been working for the company for 15 years. He started as a low level plant worker but has received lots of appraisals and due to his good performance. The new manager Grey wood who prefers to be called Mr. Wood was appointed into the company on 2nd December 2011 as the senior manager replacing the former manager who left the company to head a newly established branch. Adam as he is generally referred to by other co-workers was promoted to the main production section of the company with the newly appointed senior manager named “Grey Wood” who seems to have shown disgust to Adam right from the first day he came in contact with him at the company and this was...
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...CHAPER ONE RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Definition The mere statement on the part of a religion that its own beliefs and practices are correct and any contrary beliefs incorrect does not in itself constitute intolerance (i.e., ideological intolerance). There are many cases throughout history of established religions tolerating other practices. Religious intolerance, rather, is when a group (e.g., a society, religious group, non-religious group) specifically refuses to tolerate practices, persons or beliefs on religious grounds (i.e., intolerance in practice). Historical perspectives According to the 19th century British historian Arnold Toynbee, for a religious establishment to persecute another religion for being "wrong" ironically puts the persecuting religion in the wrong, undermining its own legitimacy.( Toynbee, Arnold (1947). "Failure of Self-Determination". In Dorothea Grace Somervell. A Study of History: Abridgment of Volumes I - VI. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-19-505081-9.). Contemporary attitude and practice The constitutions of some countries contain provisions expressly forbidding the state from engaging in certain acts of religious intolerance or preference within its own borders; examples include The First Amendment of the United States Constitution - (the exception being "manifest destiny" which was manufactured by the prevailing powers as well as the church, to suspend this "right" for all North American indigenous peoples,...
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...One Nation Under God The United States of America is a country founded on religious principles and freedoms. Protestants escaping religious persecution in England came to the new world and planted the seeds of what would grow into a world superpower. The Native Americans, whose ancestors had been the first men to live there, became nothing but second class citizens. They were forced into slavery whilst dying by the thousands from disease brought by the white man. The pilgrims’ quest for religious freedom had brought ruin to an entire culture. Though it was the greatest, this genocide was not the last injustice done by religious organization in the new world. The framers of the United States constitution granted the right to freedom of religion among others. But all rights are limited; they cannot be exercised if they infringe upon another’s rights. Furthermore, despite claims of separation of church and state Christianity continues to take precedent over the rights and liberties of many citizens. Today one of the chief injustices regarding religion in America is tax exemptions for religious organizations. Proponents of tax exemption for religious organizations claim that there is no breach of separation of church and state. This claim is made on the grounds that by not taxing religious organizations they are not affiliating with them; therefore separation of church and state is attained. This logic is flawed to an unbelievable extent. The government electing not to tax religious...
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...Sikh and Islamic Challenges of Living in a Secular Society A secular society is a society strictly separated from religious institutions, which means there is no assigned state religion. Canada is a multicultural society, very accepting of all religious and cultural beliefs. Despite this, Canada is a secular society. There are many different religions in Canada, including Sikhism and Islam. While Canada is welcoming of these religions, each religion has its own battle with secular society. Accommodating everyone’s religion can be difficult, as seen through conflicts about Sikh males wearing the Kirpan (ceremonial dagger), and Muslim women wearing the Hijab. Sikhs and Muslims have conflicts with secular society. The Kirpan is a ceremonial dagger worn by baptized Sikhs. It is a requirement of Sikhism to wear the dagger at all times. This has caused controversy in Canada, because the Kirpan can be viewed as a weapon. The Kirpan was made into a mandatory article of faith for self-defense against oppression (not to be used with bad intentions of causing bodily harm). Despite this, there have been various instances in which the legality of the Kirpan has been questioned and disputed. One such event took place in Brampton in 2013. A grade three student at Copeland Public School wanted to wear the Kirpan during gym class. Administration was worried that “the Sikh ceremonial dagger could pose a safety risk during physical activity” (Brampton Guardian, 2013). Years before, in the...
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...for pure profit and were very money driven while others were just getting by with living as minimalist and protecting their freedom of practicing religion. Virginia was expected to be a colony abundant in gold but much to the founder’s surprise it wasn’t. The people who resided there had minimal workmanship, which changed as soon as John Smith entered they’re world. John brought about a more structural life style that involved much work and labor. The people didn’t really appreciate being put to work but they came to see the benefit of it when the colony began to slowly diminish but the growth of their tobacco is what saved them. The tobacco was sold and dispersed in Europe which John Rolfe was in charge of and it soon became the life support of this colony and also made Jamestown money. So it’s evident that money was the driving force of this colony. In the colony of Maryland things were a bit different being that the people mostly held its attention to freedom of religion and not so much on money. It wasn’t until 1649 when restless Protestants adopted the “Act Concerning Religion” that this religious freedom came about. Maryland and Virginia were similar when it came to their work ethic. Like Virginia, Maryland also grew their tobacco and made their money on it but this colony wasn’t entirely base on or known for their riches because religious freedom is really what they sought and what was most important to them. In comparing these two colonies it’s apparent in what...
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