...115 2 December 2009 Malleated Mercantilism Oikonomia as defined by Aristotle means “home economics”. While during Aristotle’s time this literally referred to the economic functions within a household, By the mid-seventeenth century Oikonomia was applied on a much larger scale. This expanded scale known as Mercantilism was centralized on theories revolving around state dominance, autarky, and monopolized industry. This strict system that subjected everyone and everything to the mother country’s will was adhered to with great loyalty throughout France. French royalty initiated a cycle of perpetual debt and inefficiency without realizing the true magnitude of their actions during Mercantilist times. Despite expectations and beliefs that the French were succeeding with an abundance of specie, the country and the people were actually being torn apart. With France in such a dilapidated state, there was an obvious need for change, help and opportunity. Ultimately, the amassing discontent with Mercantilism erupted as elucidated by the French Revolution. Initial response to the ideas of the Physiocrats as solutions was not positive or engaging, however, their theories would soon become the cornerstone of European economies. The multitude of Mercantilist failures in France bolstered the establishment of laissez-faire theories as the future of their global economy. The overarching economic theory of Mercantilism has no central book or founding author. However, it is agreed, that this...
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...France Economic France exports a wide range of goods and services and has an export-to-GDP ratio close to 30%. France’s highest dollar value goods exports include machinery, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles, electronic equipment and pharmaceutical products France exports the largest amount of goods and services to Germany, followed by Belgium, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. Outside of the European Union, the United States is the largest destination for French exports The majority of imports are from European countries, which account for 68% of total imports, Outside of the European Union, France imports the most goods from China Since the 1980s, the government of France has favored capitalism and market-orientated policies. French economic policy decisions are influenced by common European Union policies and targets, as well as France’s membership in supranational organizations such as WTO and the G7. Since the economic crisis, the government has had to face new economic realities and has used fiscal policy as a tool to stimulate the economy and reduce the budget deficit. After missing deficit targets and with the French economy still experiencing weak growth rates, Hollande had to reevaluate his fiscal policy and in 2014 he pledged to cut government spending by EUR 50 billion over the next three years. France has followed the common monetary policy of the Eurozone set by the European Central Bank (ECB). The ECB is committed to keeping inflation below, but close to...
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...The French-Canadian culture in ‘Maria Chapdelaine’ is seen is spiritualized, religious and defiant to economic progression from the English. Quebec is seen in this text during the late 19th century, where there are old day typical family structures, strong adherence to religion, and to farming and logging as a means of subsistence. French-Canadian and English are both seen as innately to engage in one behaviour, perpetuating a stereotype. For example, the English are seen as more ‘innate’ for money making, while the French-Canadians are more ‘innately’ spiritual at the turn of the century. The French-Canadians are depicted as spiritual beings constantly. For example, when Maria thinks about the changing of the seasons (in this particular case, summer to winter), she accredits the local weather god for these weather conditions (62). In this sense, the French-Canadians economic subsistence (the farm) is spiritualized. At this time, the French-Canadians were determined to have their heritage and culture survive at all costs. They identify that the past is sacred to give meaning to the present (September 21st lecture). This is a very spiritual idea connecting the past to the present. In chapter VI, “Madame Chapdelaine foretold inevitable misfortune. “Mark my words, we shall not have good hay-making weather…””. The idea of the French-Canadian family here believing in misfortune and luck, and being able to predict so, shows a very spiritual culture. Organized religion plays a large...
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...native alliances in new territory, economic willingness to trade with other nations, as well as peace negotiations in order to successfully expand globally. Economic strength and prosperity dictated the political success of an empire, so the tightening up of economic systems became a top-notch priority of many European powers. In Document 6 (Cesar de Choiseul’s letter to the French ambassador in London), he addresses the need for a “clause on the navigation” around the Gulf of Mexico in order to monitor and combat against illegal Spanish smugglers. Smuggling forces...
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...Napoleon, after the French Revolution ends, takes power of the French state and becomes emperor of France. The people are fine with this because Napoleon is conquering many foreign lands across Europe and even many other parts of the world. He becomes too powerful in his quest for world domination, and the French and many other countries do not like the amount of power this one man has. Also, before this time Oliver Cromwell had deemed himself “consul for life” of England, and that also upset the people, and the others feel as if Napoleon is becoming like Cromwell maybe even worse. The people decided and feel that the absolute power of one man creates problems for everyone including the nobility and clergy. As a result, the Congress of Vienna is formed, consisting of many countries in Europe, they are created to make sure that in the future not one single monarch or country can control more than they should. Also, the people overthrew The Directory, because it was a strong dictatorship and failed at efforts to establish stable representative government. The Enlightenment ideas were tested and proved to be hazardous for the French, and that is what overall caused the challenging of these...
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...5.2. Limitations for emerging into the French market Emerging into the French market is a difficult task because of their established heritage brands, their high standards on quality, and the extensive offer. Also, there are political and economic factors that may pose a barrier to the entrance of the Latin American products. 5.2.1. Political Limitations The political environment is composed of an interacting set of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit the activities of both, organizations and individuals in society. The existence of laws and regulations meet at least three purposes: promoting competition and protecting companies from each other; ensuring fair markets for goods and services and protecting...
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...1. Executive Summary France is one of the world’s five leading economies, as measured by GDP, has highly developed social and welfare model and is led by the socialist government. Though it scores well against numerous indicators of well-being, the state of economy is far from optimal. In this report we provide the brief economic outlook of France in 2014. It shows that the main challenges are the big budget deficit that leads to high government debt, too-high-taxes that slow the growth of the economy in all sectors, huge unemployment level and negative trade balance. Though in 5 years the economic situation is likely to improve comparing to today’s level, we forecast that the pace will be slower than needed. The structural reforms should be performed as soon as possible. We recommend use the supply-side policies, that concentrate on deregulation of the labor market, downsizing the government sector’ share in the economy by privatization of public enterprises and services, and lowering the tax rates. We believe these measures will help to boost the competitiveness of French companies and products in domestic and world markets, and will improve the growth of France’ economy in the medium and long term. 2. Current state of economy France continues to underperform in 2014. In October 2014 the ratings agency Standard and Poor’s lowered its outlook from “stable” to “negative,” saying its financial recovery is “elusive”. Main indicators please see in Appendix 5.1. GDP...
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...| 2013 | | Department of Management Studies IIT Roorkee | [Country report: france] | The report contains an overall analysis of France as a business destination for trade and new business ventures. We have adopted the PESTEL Analysis methodology to arrive to our conclusion. | INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Timeline: France 3.1 History 3.2 Present 3.3 Future 3. PESTEL Analysis 4.4 Political 4.5 Economic 4.6 Social 4.7 Technological 4.8 Environmental 4.9 Legal 4. Summery 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliography Introduction France – officially known as the ‘French Republic’, is one of the most influential nations and has dominated the world with its art, culture, fashion, economy and military. Located in Western Europe, France is spread over an area of 640,000 Sq. Kms and shares its borders with Spain in south and Belgium, Luxemburg, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco and Andorra in north. Capital city of France is Paris, and other major cities and industrial centres include, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Valence and Nimes. Paris, the capital city of France is one of the four fashion capitals of the world, also famous for Eiffel Tower – One of the seven wonders, this city boasts of hosting some of the biggest fashion related events of the world. France is a major player in political affairs of the world and is of the permanent members of UN Security Council. Economy of France...
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...PESTEL ANANLYSIS OF FRANCE INTRODUCTION France, officially the French Republic, is a sovereign country in Western Europe that includes overseas regions and territories. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. France is a developed country and has the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by purchasing power parity. French citizens enjoy a high standard of living, with the country performing well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, civil liberties, and human development. According to OECD, about 73% of the top 20% of the adult population in France rated their health as good or very good, compared to about 60% for the bottom 20%, and the top 20% of the population earn $45,292/ year,and the bottom 20% live on $23,069/ year. It is one of only three countries- besides Morocco and Spain, to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines. France remains a great power with significant cultural, economic, military, and political influence in Europe and around the world. It has the world's sixth-largest military budget, and third-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, along with second-largest diplomatic corps, after the US. France is one of the largest economies in the EU, with GDP of $2.26 trillion in 2013 (constant 2005 prices). The country's well-developed infrastructure and strong services sector support the economy. But although...
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...past and they don’t feel at home. Quebec had a referendum in 1980 and in 1995 because they felt like they were not a part of Canada (the only French speaking province). There were many conflicts in believes between the English speaking and French speaking Canadians. This is mainly because of distinctive languages and culture. Quebec has long been different from the rest of Canada, even when the whole region was still part of the British Empire rather than an independent country. The Party Québécois has been after separation of the French-speaking part of Canada from the rest of it. The separation between Quebec and the rest of Canada is was started because of the fact that while the French settled Quebec during the exploration period, the British ended up taking control of the province from the French. Due to this, Quebec was left that it was being maltreated. If Quebec became its own country, travel from Canada to the Maritimes would be blocked. This would make transportation very difficult and weaken Canada as a whole, due to it not being able to transport goods to other parts of the country easily. Quebec’s separation would make Canada lose international stature. With quarter less of people in Canada our GDP would be more than twenty-three percent lower. This would mean without Quebec, Canada would not be able to carry the same economic and political weight internationally, and this would lower Canada’s strength. Quebec’s separation would also affect Canada’s economy. The Royal...
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...BRAND MANAGEMENT THE REFLECTIONS OF COUNTRY-OF-ORIGIN EFFECT ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to reflect ‘country-of-origin effect’ (COO) on consumers’ brand perceptions and their behavioral intensions. It has been proved that the country of origin of a product was one of the two or three most important attributes in preference evaluation. A comprehensive review of the literature regarding the effect of country of origin on consumer perceptions of products and services, COO in France and France Cosmetics Industry have also been handled. In this study, it has been indicated that customer perceptions differ significantly on the basis of product/service and country of origin. The country of origin may be an important element in the perceptions of consumers about the products and services especially where little other information is known. However, the question of how much influence the country of origin provides in product and service evaluations remains unclear. Keywords: Country of origin, cultural values, brand, consumer perceptions. 1 SECTION 1-COUNTRY OF ORIGIN EFFECT Impact of Country of Origin on International Marketing The impact of country of origin (COO) on the consumer's perception of products has been one of the most widely studied areas of international marketing. (Samiee, 1994; Peterson and Jolibert, 1995, Leonidou et al, 1999). Increasing globalization of today's business environment has also renewed the interest in...
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...Causes of the French revolution The French Revolution of 1789 had many long-range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions in France contributed to the discontent felt by many French people-especially those of the third estate. The ideas of the Enlightenment brought new views to government and society. The American Revolution also influenced the French Revolution. The political dissatisfaction of France was one of the causes of the Revolution. In the 17th and 18th centuries, France was ruled by an absolute government. The king had all the political powers. Anyone who criticized the government could be arrested and put in prison without trial. Louis XVI was king at the time of the French Revolution. He was more interested in hunting than governing France. He and his Austrian queen, Marie Antoinette, lived an extravagant life at the Palace of Versailles. They did not really care about the state of their country. The people of the 3rd estate felt a sense of betrayal when the king supported the block voting over the head voting. The first two estates worked together to outvote the large third estate to keep them from becoming a threat to the power. An Englishmen, states that the monarchy being overthrown wasn't the spark of the Revolution. He recognizes the American Independence as the spark of the French Revolution. The French government was inefficient, unjust and corrupt. There were numerous government departments, different laws in different parts of the country and...
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...periods of resistance to French colonization, fighting Japanese occupation in WWII, the war with the United States and regional conflicts involving Cambodia and China, Vietnam was left with little time for nation building. Recently, Vietnam has finally experienced an extended period of peace and is using this opportunity to emerge from obscurity and become a major player in the world economy. The nation of Vietnam, officially called the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is located on the eastern side of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Vietnam is bordered to the north by People’s Republic of China, to the northwest by Laos, to the southwest by Cambodia and to the east by the South China Sea. Vietnam’s long coastline with the South China Sea is of strategic importance as this allows for significant control of this body of water (Burke, 2011). The location of Vietnam was also considered of vital importance during the Cold War. Many politicians and military officials believed that if Vietnam fell to the communists that a domino effect would begin and several other East Asian countries would become communist as well (Moise, 2011). This theory led to the Vietnam War which greatly impacted the history of Vietnam. This war, however, was but one chapter in the Vietnamese struggle for a unified and independent nation. At the beginning of the 20th century Vietnam was a French colony and been a part of French Indochina since 1887 (CIA, 2005). The French established a plantation...
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...The French Revolution of 1789 had many long-range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions in France contributed to the discontent felt by many French people-especially those of the third estate. The ideas of the intellectuals of the Enlightenment brought new views to government and society. The American Revolution also influenced the coming of the French Revolution. The Philosophes planted the seeds for the French Revolution. Their goals were to expose and destroy the inequalities of the ancient regime (old order). The political discontent of France was one of the causes of the Revolution. In the 17th and 18th centuries, France was ruled by an absolute government. The king had all the political powers. Anyone who criticized the government could be arrested and put in prison without trial. Louis XVI was king at the time of the French Revolution. He was more interested in hunting than governing France. He and his Austrian queen, Marie Antoinette, lived an extravagant life at the Palace of Versailles. They did not really care about the state of their country. The excerpt from the cahiers mentioned in document 3 shows that the votes in the assembly were not taken by head. The people of the 3rd estate felt a sense of betrayal when the king supported the block voting over the head voting. The first two estates worked together to outvote the large third estate to keep them from becoming a threat to the power. Lord Acton, an Englishmen, states that the monarchy being overthrown...
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...the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, and President James Polk (1845-1849) was determined to acquire the Oregon territory from Great Britain and California from Mexico. He secured Oregon through a series of treaties, but California was a lot tougher (Elder, 2013). From January 1848 to 1860, the rivers that flowed from the Sierra Nevada produced a flood and abundance of gold. As soon as word passed around many people migrated to California in hopes of getting a piece of the “pie”. In 1849 almost one hundred thousand people came over from other places, while an estimated two hundred fifty thousand came by 1855. From San Francisco to China, from Australia to Western Europe, the social, economic, and political effects of California gold were profound. Among European nations, the impact in France and on the French was perhaps the most profound. Once it hit, gold fever attracted experienced miners from Latin America, laborers from China, investors from Europe, and speculators from Australia. Almost overnight, San Francisco was transformed from a tiny settlement of 1,000 in 1848 to a boomtown of 25,000 by the end of 1849 (the rush of gold prospectors eventually lent their nickname "the 49ers," to San Francisco's NFL team) (Elder, 2013). France began 1848 with a violent revolution that gave rise to the country’s second experiment in republican government. The course of that revolution was...
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