...The French Revolution started in 1789 and ended in the late 1790’s. It represented a time in history where Napoleon Bonaparte ascended to power and all his escapades occurred. There were many ideas and ideals that influenced the French Revolution that affected the way European power changed and the changed the European nation. Of these ideals and ideal, there was a group of them that all related to each other. Liberty, equity, and fraternity (brotherhood) were statements that were said a lot and usually together during the French Revolution, yet they each had their own meaning and ideals in the overall Revolution. Liberty in the French Revolution was the idea of the citizens not being oppressed, especially from government (“The ideas,” n.d.). During the French Revolution, the King was signing orders that would put citizens in prison without a trial or due process. In order for the French people find liberty from the King and his tyranny and oppression, the French people drew up a new constitution in order to have more freedoms within the country, along with making Napoleon their ruler to remove the king from power. Equity was another ideal that was powerful during the French Revolution. Equity was about having all members of France being represented in all facets of government. During the revolution, the members of the Third Estate wanted to be equal of those in the Second Estate when it came to government representation. By pushing for the equality in government, the Third...
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...it’s not about speaking the language, it’s about understanding it. And if you want to speak the language you need to take it slow, or else you won’t learn it. It’s about hard work and dedication. The theme of the text is learning a foreign language, and the perspective is from the forty-year old person who is also in the class, learning French. He writes about his experiences on learning French. The forty-year old person who’s in the story is learning to speak French in Paris, and has a teacher who is cruel to the ones who can’t speak French. For example if a girl in the class doesn’t know the exact correct words or verbs, she gets held down and the teacher is trying to get them down in shame. The teacher also poked a girl in her eye with a fresh sharpened pencil and the teacher didn’t spend much time apologizing. The teacher seems cold, harsh and angry with the student and seems like she doesn’t really care if they learn something. She acts like this so they feel shameful of even trying to learn French. She makes them all equal even though they all have differences. Even though she is like this, she makes the narrator learn more French than he could ever imagine. The narrator speaks in a very funny and ironic language, because he talks about irrelevant stuff like, a stegosaurus eating a ham sandwich. The class didn’t speak fluent English, and some of them are saying sentences like: “sometimes me cry alone in night… that be common for I, also, but me more strong, you...
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...Question Using suitable examples, describe and comment upon some of the reasons for language change. Language changes, as do all things in the living world, as language reflects and affects the society which uses it. The mechanics of language change show language as a system with larger and larger scale trends, which allows us to examine the conditions necessary for change. The process of change occurs gradually, and the rate of this change does conform to a pattern. For instance, if you get an influx of foreign words, few people use them, and they spread slowly until people have become familiar with them. When they have, the word usage stabilizes. Another factor affecting language change is hyper-correction. This occurs when a sentence is corrected so frequently that the deviant form becomes the norm in spoken English. For example, the sentence Jill and me went to the fair is often corrected to Jill and I went to the fair. The result of this is that the phrase and me has become disdainful and unacceptable. The ultimate effect of this is an exaggerated use of the term and I. For example, Mother gave the book to John and I is a deviant form which has become the norm in spoken English. Research has also discovered many other reasons why language changes. William Labov conducted a study in America investigating the use of the letter r. He used three sets of shop assistants from high-class, middle-class, and lower-class stores and found that all three sets consciously...
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...origin), welcomes foreign words, not homogenous lg like French (majority of expressions was taken from F.) reasons: lg feels a need for a new word; to pre-denote a special concept (Sputnik, gradually disappeared from lg; certain lg has a kind of prestigious position (matter of fashion, but overuse of English words; matter of political force); distinction of functional style (matter of development) – three synonymical expressions of diff. origin (anglo-saxon origin: home, French words (additional meanings): resindence, Latin words: domicile, Greek origin, etc.) layers of three origins : hunt/chase/pursue rise/mount/ascend ask/question (certain amount of intensity)/interrogate high tolerance in English; in French and in German – used to avoid it; in Czech – had to defend its position to German, Linguists tried to set certain rules for using words=re-establishion of Czech lg English changes pronunciation of borrowed words (E. is simply a germanic lg, but more Romans lg in vocabulary) the basic vocabulary=core vocabulary (be, have, do) is Anglo-Saxon, surrounding periphery of v. maybe borrowed (count a word each time that occurs) wave of new adoptions: swift adotion - in some periods in lg more words than usual are adopted, in the 13. century after the Norman conquest, natural mechanism!! self-regulated – if there are too many foreign words, number of them drops (závisí na lgs) King Jame´s Bibel: team of scholars of Oxford University used Anglo-Saxon´s words in translation (typical...
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...examples to show that knowledge and language cannot be separable. Language in general is always controlled by knowledge as they come hand in hand. It can be expressed through different forms depending on the context and media. Language can be communicated verbally, through the use of words, using signs and signals. For example, a small issue like making a phone call can be shown using actions, signs and words, however this relates to the knowledge one has about making phone calls, hence the language has to be there. Also, on the road, drivers are very familiar with road signs all around the world as it is universal, this makes it an issue considering if knowledge is universal. In my opinion, knowledge is universal because all the drivers anywhere in the world can understand the content and therefore be able to communicate fully without hesitation. The question that arises is that; do you know knowledge the same as I do, and if we speak different languages to express the same knowledge, can the knowledge we wish to express be different? In some languages, there are situations where there is no particular word to express ideas. This has occurred in French when we say “manger bien ou bien manger.” In French, this means eat healthy or eat a lot, but in English it means eat well or well eat. The direct translation does not make sense at all...
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...The standardization of spelling is mainly due to dictionaries, that determine how a word should be spelled, pronounced and defined based on its usage, moreover, dictionaries must take the changes and differences into account. Writing speech differ form the oral speech, as it has the possibility to insert punctuation, however, nowadays, writing in order to reflect the oral patterns can be accepted under certain circumstances. Those circumstances are mostly related to the Internet and the netspeak (Crystal, 2001), in which the written type look more spoken than any other type. Netspeak is often criticized as a threat to the literacy of children, but it’s still spreading and has its own features ; tolerance for typos and misspelling, optional capitalization, use of abbreviations, use of emoticons, allegro speech. Printing words had an impact on people’s language acquisition, once people realize how a word is spelled, they automatically change its pronunciation from the former, incorrect one to the correct one, that is why pediatrician encourage literacy and exposure to books the earliest for...
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...constitutes a "word" involves determining where one word ends and another word begins—in other words, identifying word boundaries. There are several ways to determine where the word boundaries of spoken language should be placed: Potential pause: A speaker is told to repeat a given sentence slowly, allowing for pauses. The speaker will tend to insert pauses at the word boundaries. However, this method is not foolproof: the speaker could easily break up polysyllabic words, or fail to separate two or more closely related words. Indivisibility: A speaker is told to say a sentence out loud, and then is told to say the sentence again with extra words added to it. Thus, I have lived in this village for ten years might become My family and I have lived in this little village for about ten or so years. These extra words will tend to be added in the word boundaries of the original sentence. However, some languages have infixes, which are put inside a word. Similarly, some have separable affixes; in the German sentence "Ich komme gut zu Hause an", the verb ankommen is separated. Phonetic boundaries: Some languages have particular rules of pronunciation that make it easy to spot where a word boundary should be. For example, in a language that regularly stresses the last syllable of a word, a word boundary is likely to fall after each stressed syllable. Another example can be seen in a language that has vowel harmony (like Turkish):[5] the vowels within a given word share the...
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...C is the number of correctly recognized words, I is the number of incorrect recognitions and N is the number of total words. A simulation of 200 runs is performed. To this end, a two small but well-known databases are used. The simulations are performed in two phases: the training phase and the testing phase. During the training phase, different words are estimated by GMM models and stored in the codebook to be used later during the testing phase. During the testing phase, unknown words are presented by GMMs and compared with the Gaussian mixture configurations available in the codebook. Then, the most similar one is considered the recognised word. The first database used is 16-bit, mono at a sampling rate of 44 KHz. Word level labelling at millisecond accuracy is done manually, this database contains 05 different speakers and 5 words chosen randomly and similar in terms of...
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...READING AND VIEWING GUIDE Title: Cinderella | I think it means: It’s the name of the main protagonist in the story, it means “of the ashes” in French. This is because after Cinderella would finish her work, she would sit at the corner of the chimney where there were cinders and ashes. | Key Words and Phrases: 1.)“Cinderwench”2.) “There came thither the finest princess, the most beautiful ever was seen with mortal eyes; she showed us a thousand civilities, and gave us oranges and citrons.” | I think these words are included because…1.) “Cinderwench” is what Cinderella’s elder stepsister called her to mock her, cinder because she was dirty and wench because it means servant or a prostitute. 2.) This phrase was said by Cinderella’s stepsister to her and what’s ironic is that the “finest princess” she’s talking about is Cinderella. This shows that her stepsisters find her to be really attractive but are just jealous. | Big Ideas and Quotations:“When she got home she ran to seek out her godmother, and, after having thanked her, she said she could not but heartily wish she might go next day to the ball, because the King's son had desired her.” | I remember this because…This quote shows that Cinderella was indeed very special, since she impressed the Prince and he choose her over the several other girls at the ball. | Resolution: The Prince falls in love with Cinderella and marries her. | I think the Big Idea is…That there is hope for everyone and that the good path...
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...BASBAS, BEVERLY GARABILES BS Accountancy Journey to the World of Words “Not to know is bad, not to wish to know is worse.” We can relate the proverb above to the significance of knowing something. Something that is worthy to be learned and discovered. Something that takes a very important role in our daily intellectual intercourse. Something that you are actually using as part of your everyday lives but in the end of the day, we’re not even reminiscing all of those if they were used effectively or unconsciously hurt someone’s feelings. ---- “WORDS!” Every word that comes from our mouth is part of our personal and social responsibility as a human. So, with this great accountability we must consider ourselves to be an instrument in studying the meaning of words that we are exploiting every second. Should I say, we must give importance to SEMANTICS which focuses on the relations between signifiers such as words, phrases, signs and symbols and what they stand for or their denotation. The word semantics itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation. When I was in high school, I had a hard time in choosing the appropriate word for my sentence from a couple of somewhat synonymous words. For me, this is not just an ordinary problem because I am chosen as the editor-in-chief of our school paper and often selected to be the representative...
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...TECHNOLOGY MAKING THE WORLD SMALLER With television and the internet, more and more people are exposed to more and more language. Even just visiting a chatroom on the internet, there’ll be influence from diverse languages in the chatters’ usernames. Hollywood ensures that English is widespread through movies. Within individual countries, centralized television and expanded communication in general exert a moderating influence that counteracts the countries’ natural tendencies to diverge into multiple dialects. For example, if the United States were suddenly cut off from eachother and isolated, over a period of hundreds of years, the East Coast and West Coast would diverge from eachother linguistically until they were incomprehensible to eachother. But with technology as it is now, that isn’t going to happen. Instead, what dialect does exist, tends to slowly converge. LANGUAGES DYING OUT Some small languages are actually dying out, with younger generations using a more convenient lingua franca instead. In Ireland, for example, the state is doing whatever it can to preserve the Irish language, but the truth is English is used more and more. With smaller languages weakening, the trend is toward a smaller number of languages each with more market share. Of course, these sort of changes take place on the scale of hundreds or thousands of years. People generally don’t want to try learning every language in the world, because there are too many to learn. Imagine, however...
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...quite a different language altogether? And were you not surprised that you could understand some of the words they were saying? Yes. It is gayspeak, that wonderful lingo, argot, or jargon, which Filipino gays in general seamlessly switch into when they are gathered together or most immediately when they are around other people in order perhaps to “cloak” their intimate conversations, the better to protect the “virgin” ears of those around them. Historically though, it is known as swardspeak, a word coinage in the 1970s attributed by Jose Javier Reyes to columnist and movie critic Nestor Torre. Reyes himself devoted a book on the subject titled Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study. No other term has replaced swardspeak in local usage since the 70s but Ronald Baytan (in his essay “Language, Sex, and Insults: Notes on Garcia and Remoto’s The Gay Dict”) opines that the term sward these days has become anachronistic, making it improper to call the language of the gay people as “swardspeak” preferring instead to term it gayspeak. Consciously or unconsciously, even straights or heterosexuals have peppered their vocabulary with words traceable to gayspeak. Mention the word anech (from “ano” or “what” in English with anesh, anik, anikla as varieties) to anyone in the metropolitan area and in all likelihood, the person being spoken to will reply as casually. There are also the familiar words chika, chuva, and lafang. Thanks or no thanks to media (depending on which side you’re in), gayspeak has...
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...story Bradbury uses figurative language when he talks about the veldtland and “the hot straw smell of lion grass, the cool green smell of the hidden lake, the great rusty smell of animals, [and] the smell of dust like a red paprika in the hot air” (Bradbury 1). This provides the reader with an exceptionally striking idea of the exact feeling of standing in the veldt/nursery in that instant. The figurative language puts one in that moment while reading and keeps the reader’s mind active and engaged and their imagination flowing while reading the story. Another instance in the story where Bradbury uses figurative language is when describing the lions in the nursery stating, “the yellow of them was in your eye like the yellow of and exquisite French tapestry, the yellows of lions and summer grass, and the sound of matted lion lungs exhaling on the silent noontide, and the smell of meat from the panting, dripping mouths” (Bradbury 2). This quote paints an extremely vivid image. The description of the sound and smell and sound are so incredibly detailed that the reader has no question as to what Bradbury was intending when describing the lions. Another example of Bradbury’s impactful use of figurative language if found when describing the children, “cheeks like peppermint candy, eyes like bright blue agate marbles, a smell of ozone on their jumpers from their trip in the helicopter” (Bradbury 4). The preceding quote supplies the reader with an immensely detailed description of the children...
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...file which you will name as hw1.c through the cow web system. Resubmission is allowed (till the last moment of the due date), The last will replace the previous. Team: There is no teaming up. The take home exam has to be done/turned in individually. All parts involved (source(s) and receiver(s)) get zero. Cheating: INTRODUCTION This problem is about identifying a text language. A human approach to this problem could be an attempt to spot well known and frequently used words form languages. So a use of ’the’ would imply ’english’, a use of ’avec’ would imply ’french’ etc. Our approach will be totally different. We will be making use of the computers ability to process data in huge amount. The concept that we will employ is called ’bigrams’. In general n-gram is the grouping of n many entities in a neighborhood. A bigram is the neighborhood of two entities. In our case ‘entities’ are letters and some punctuation characters and neighborhood means “being followed by” (in a word). So for example in the word “ATTRIBUTED” (considering also the surrounding spaces as letters ‘ ’) Has the following bigrams: A, AT, TT, TR, RI, IB, BU, UT, TE, ED, D The frequency of bigrams differ from language to language. So bigram frequency can be considered as a signature of the language. Of course to be conclusive the amount of the text analyzed must be large. Just as an example (taken from www.cryptograms.org/letter-frequencies.php) The most often occurring bigrams and their frequency percentage...
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...|1. Lexicology as a branch of |3. Etymological survey of the |4. Types of word meaning. Word |5. Change of meaning in English. |№ 6 Polysemy in English. |№ 7 Homonymy in English. Polysemy vs| |linguistics. Lexical units. |English lexicon. |meaning and motivation. |Word-meaning is liable to change in |1. The semantic structure of the |homonymy | |Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and|The term “etymology” comes from |Types of word meaning |the course of the historical |word does not present an indivisible|Homonyms are words that sound alike | |logos ‘learning’) is the part of |Greek and it means the study of the |(classifications): |development of language. Causes of |unity, nor does it necessarily stand|but have different semantic | |linguistics dealing with the |earlist forms of the word. Now |According to the aspect relation of |Semantic Change |for one concept. It is generally |structure. The problem of homonymy | |vocabulary of the language and the |etymology studies both: the form and|a word to the components of the |extra-linguistic — various changes |known that most words possess a |is mainly the problem of | |properties of words as the main |the meaning of borrowed and native |situation where it is used: |in the life of the speech community,|number...
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