Free Essay

French Writers

In:

Submitted By antta
Words 1280
Pages 6
Hippolyte Jean GiraudouxN 1 est un écrivain1 et un diplomate français, né le29 octobre 1882 à Bellac en Haute-Vienne et mort le 31 janvier 1944 à Paris.
Brillant étudiant et soldat décoré pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, il occupe des fonctions diplomatiques et administratives tout en écrivant des romans(Suzanne et le Pacifique en 1921, Siegfried et le Limousin en 1922) avant de se diriger vers le théâtre après sa rencontre avec le comédien Louis Jouvet qui mettra en scène et interprétera ses œuvres principales.
Il est aujourd'hui surtout connu pour son théâtre qui compte des pièces célèbres comme Amphitryon 38 (1929), La guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu (1935), Électre(1937) ou Ondine (1939) ou La Folle de Chaillot jouée en 1945 après sa mort. Jean Giraudoux a participé comme d'autres dramaturges des années 1930-1940(Cocteau, Anouilh, Sartre, Camus par exemple) à la réécriture des mythesantiques éclairés par les mentalités modernes. Il a su allier fantaisie poétique et goût pour les images insolites et également associer le tragique et le léger dans une langue élégante et fine, parfois même poétique
Jean Giraudoux meurt à Paris le 31 janvier 1944, à l'âge de soixante et un ans, à la suite d'un empoisonnement alimentaire ou d'une inflammation du pancréas. la guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu
Hector et Ulysse restent en tête-à-tête. Ni l'un ni l'autre ne veut la guerre. Mais ils sentent que le destin semble en décider autrement. Ulysse accepte de partir le plus rapidement possible.
La guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu est la pièce la plus connue de Jean Giraudoux. Elle présente une vision assez pessimiste des relations humaines. Elle montre qu'il faut éviter à tout prix les conflits. En tant qu'ancien combattant, il porte un regard très circonstancié sur les événements qui lui sont contemporains.
Il utilise la pièce pour présenter ses idées anti-bellicistes.
Certains personnages sont considérés comme ses porte-paroles, en particulier Hector. Ce dernier n'aura de cesse de discuter avec tous les autres, surtout ceux du camp ennemi pour les faire changer d'avis.
Mais il va échouer.
La pièce accorde aussi une part importante à l'amour et aux relations entre les hommes et les femmes. Le prétexte de la guerre c'est l'enlèvement d'Hélène. Les protagonistes reviennent souvent sur la notion de beauté. Là encore, deux camps s'opposent: ceux qui soutiennent la belle grecque et les autres qui se moquent de sa beauté.

Hector, de retour de guerre, cherche à préserver à tout prix son peuple et son enfant à naître d’un conflit que l’enlèvement d’Hélène rend inévitable.
Le dramaturge avait d’abord confié ce rôle au chœur, témoin impuissant du drame, qui jouait bien souvent le rôle de pleureur et accentuait par sa seule présence le pathétique de la scène. En confiant cette tâche à Hector, Giraudoux dénonce l’hypocrisie sentencieuse du genre codifié de l’oraison funèbre pour privilégier le contact intime d’un général avec ses soldats. Ce discours est constitué de deux parties principales interrompues par des dialogues. Plus qu’une parodie de l’éloge aux défunts, il s’articule autour d’une dénonciation efficace de la guerre.
Fidèle à la rhétorique classique, le discours aux morts d’Hector respecte le genre codifié de l’oraison funèbre et se découpe en quatre parties : l’exorde, la narration, la confirmation et la péroraison. Giraudoux, avec la fantaisie qui le caractérise, prend cependant de nombreuses libertés en interrompant ce discours officiel, de manière à lui donner une coloration parodique. Hector, chef militaire, est le mieux placé pour ce discours. L’éloge prend un ton plus familier et plus intime tout en proposant une virulente dénonciation de la guerre.

Biographie de François Mauriac (1885-1970)
François Mauriac est né en octobre 1885 à Bordeaux. Son père meurt lorsqu’il est encore très jeune. Il est issu de la haute bourgeoisie catholique dont il fait la description dans ses œuvres. Il étudie les lettres à Bordeaux et vient à Paris pour entrer à l’École des Chartes.
Il publie un recueil de poèmes, Les Mains jointes, en 1909. Celui-ci est salué par Maurice Barrès . Mais c’est avec Le Baiser au lépreux, en 1922, et Thérèse Desqueyroux, en 1927, que François Mauriac acquiert une certaine notoriété.
D’une manière générale, l’œuvre romanesque de Mauriac présente des personnages tourmentés, hantés par le péché : c’est le cas, par exemple, du personnage de Thérèse (dans Thérèse Desqueyroux) qui tantôt incarne le crime (elle tente d’empoisonner son mari) tantôt incarne l’innocence.
En 1933, Mauriac est élu à l’Académie française.
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il s’engage en faveur de la Résistance et devient un fidèle partisan du général de Gaulle.
En 1952, il reçoit le prix Nobel de littérature .
Il est journaliste à L’Express et au Figaro littéraire à partir de 1961.
Il meurt en septembre 1970 à Paris.
Thérèse Desqueyroux: Outre son charme tant vanté, qu'on subit sans discuter, qui est Thérèse ? Adolescente, un ange plein de passions ; mariée, une morte vivante. Une fille de la lande qui a la propriété dans le sang ; et un esprit curieux et compliqué, une intelligence avide.

Marcel Proust né à Auteuil le 10 juillet 1871 et mort à Paris le 18 novembre 1922, est un écrivain français, dont l'œuvre principale est une suite romanesque intitulée À la recherche du temps perdu, publiée de 1913 à 1927.
Issu d'une famille aisée et cultivée (son père est professeur de médecine à Paris), Marcel Proust est un enfant de santé fragile et toute sa vie il aura des difficultés respiratoires graves causées par l'asthme. Très jeune, il fréquente des salons aristocratiques où il rencontre artistes et écrivains, ce qui lui vaut une réputation de dilettante mondain. Profitant de sa fortune, il n'a pas d'emploi et il entreprend en 1895 un roman qui restera à l'état de fragments (publiés en 1952, bien après sa mort, sous le titre Jean Santeuil). En 1900, il abandonne son projet et voyage à Venise et à Padoue pour découvrir les œuvres d'art en suivant les pas de John Ruskin sur qui il publie des articles et dont il traduit sans succès certains ouvrages.
En 1907, Marcel Proust commence l'écriture de son grand œuvre À la recherche du temps perdu dont les sept tomes seront publiés entre 1913 (Du côté de chez Swann) et 1927, c'est-à-dire en partie après sa mort ; le second volume, À l’ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, obtiendra le prix Goncourt en 1919. Marcel Proust meurt épuisé, le 18 novembre 1922, d'une bronchite mal soignée.
L’œuvre romanesque de Marcel Proust est une réflexion majeure sur le temps et la mémoire affective comme sur les fonctions de l'art qui doit proposer ses propres mondes, mais c'est aussi une réflexion sur l’amour et la jalousie, avec un sentiment de l'échec et du vide de l'existence qui colore en gris la vision proustienne où l'homosexualité tient une place importante. La Rechercheconstitue également une vaste comédie humaine de plus de deux cents acteurs. Proust recrée des lieux révélateurs, qu'il s'agisse des lieux de l'enfance dans lamaison de Tante Léonie à Combray ou des salons parisiens qui opposent les milieux aristocratiques et bourgeois, ces mondes étant traités parfois avec une plume acide par un auteur à la fois fasciné et ironique. Ce théâtre social est animé par des personnages très divers dont Marcel Proust ne cache pas les traits comiques : ces figures sont souvent inspirées par des personnes réelles ce qui fait de À la recherche du temps perdu un roman à clés et le tableau d'une époque. La marque de Proust est aussi dans son style dont on remarque les phrases souvent longues, qui suivent la spirale de la création en train de se faire, cherchant à atteindre une totalité de la réalité qui échappe toujours.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

William Shakespeare Research Paper

...The fact that Shakespeare’s plays have had such an impact on the world draws a particular idea of the nature that the plays adopt depending on the region in which they are being treated. When a particular focus is placed on viewing Shakespeare in the Arab world, many interesting points can be discovered. Although the exact period in which Shakespeare’s plays began to resonate in the Arab world is not certain, it is noted that in the early 19th century, poets and writers began to study and translate his plays (Litvin, Hamlet's Arab Journey,p17). The way in which writers such as Sulayman Al-Bassam have altered aspects of Shakespeare’s plays to make critiques and observations about their own culture bring to light just how important the plays are on a world stage. Although William Shakespeare has evidently made a massive contribution to English theatre, it is also true that his work has played an integral cultural role in regions such as the Arab World. By examining various aspects of the Arabic theatre, it will be made evident that Shakespeare has played a very important role in artistic Arabic theatre...

Words: 2070 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Roland Barthes

...that writes. — Probably this has always been the case: once an action is recounted, for intransitive ends, and no longer in order to act directly upon reality — that is, finally external to any function but the very exercise of the symbol — this disjunction occurs, the voice loses its origin, the author enters his own death, writing begins. Nevertheless, the feeling about this phenomenon has been variable; in primitive societies, narrative is never undertaken by a person, but by a mediator, shaman or speaker, whose “performance” may be admired (that is, his mastery of the narrative code), but not his “genius” The author is a modern figure, produced no doubt by our society insofar as, at the end of the middle ages, with English empiricism, French...

Words: 2399 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Shakespeare, And The Anti-Stratfordian Movement

...Adding to the evidence is the fact that Shakespeare’s works were definitely written by someone with high education, as the earl did. However, William Shakespeare has no evidence of an education – the grammar school he claimed to attend held no record of his attendance and the only other documents under his name are 6 signatures, which were roughly written, as if by an illiterate person, and a will, which was written in a mundane fashion. All in all, there is no evidence of his eloquent language elsewhere. Nonetheless, there has been supporting evidence of his existence by his friends and colleagues. Other actors and writers identified him as a playwright in their written works. After he passed away, poets such as Hugh Holland, and Leonard Digges referred to him in their writing. Most valid, however, was a piece by Ben Jonson, Shakespeare’s friend and fellow writer. He wrote To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr William Shakespeare and What He Hath Left Us, and published it in 1623. The acknowledgement of Shakespeare by other playwrights did much to invalidate the conspiracy theory. However, as suggested in Anonymous, William Shakespeare could have been a cunning cheat, who knew exactly how to manipulate people into giving him what he wanted. Perhaps, he was skilled enough to remain a threat, even after his death. Word Count: 312 Evaluation: I find it entirely fascinating that people have done such extensive research to formulate this theory. The evidence, or lack of evidence...

Words: 2529 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Reading and Technology

...Writing for me was never a struggle, I was just lazy. I learned to write better when I started college. I would practice writing more because I had to. My writing improved and I desired to write more. When a student doesn’t want to write because they feel they can’t, you can’t expect them to try. Writing is hard and messy; it takes will and caring enough to want to write. It’s that more interesting, stimulating and fun when you write about something that captures your interest to get students motivated to write. I’ll start with one good old fashion method, “motivation.” Motivation plays an essential role in developing good writing skills. Teachers want to be able to present students with the materials and tools they need to gain their interest. It’s also important for them to have access to everything they need at their fingertips. What I also think would make a student’s successful at writing is to implement writing workshops daily, into their everyday curriculum. Routines and rituals are set-up for the workshops. This gives them something to look forward too. It’s a way to work out the things that they struggle with, like not getting enough writing or expectations of how much they should write about. They need to grow on those things, motivate them to focus and brainstorm on ideas and get those ideas down on paper. Motivate them to share and reflect on what they write about. Every day, during the beginning of the class, they start with an expectation for the activity, they...

Words: 515 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Experiences as a Writer

...In the past 5 years, I have been using my opportunities for writing in my work environment. I work in a Mini Medical Health insurance company where I have to communicate with not only my co-workers but the clients. A lot of my writing is done through emails and billing. I also write letters to our patients who are also members, notifying them of any problems regarding their insurance. Another form of writing I do through out the week is discussion questions for my English class and my Math class. The discussion questions are usually about what we learned that week. One example of the discussion questions would be, “How would I improve in my writing”? Another example would be, “How does mathematics affect our lives?” Also, I would respond to one of my classmate’s answer and give them my feedback on what they wrote. I know that writing is used a lot in the business world and that I need to improve in it because I am not very good at writing. It is hard for me to come up with ideas and conclusions. Writing also sometimes is confusing for me when it comes to using certain words in writing. An example would be remembering when to use the words” there” and “their”. One is talking about a place and the other about a group of people, but sometimes I use it incorrectly in my writing. What I would do in that situation is look it up in a dictionary to make sure I use the correct word in the sentence. There was once a time when I wrote an email to my boss and I did not proof...

Words: 441 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Karim

...understand | استنتج | 5 | explicit | specific | صريح | 6 | frequently | Much , a lot | كثيرا | 7 | illustration | clarification, explanation | توضيح | 8 | critique | criticism | نقد | 9 | generalization | popularization | تعميم | 10 | desirable | eligible | مرغوب فيه | 11 | authors | writer, bookkeeper, prosaist | الكتاب | 12 | assignment | task, mission, job | مهمة | 13 | argue | dispute, debate, quarrel, | تجادل | 14 | proposition | suggestion, motion, | اقتراح | 15 | mass | Collective, memorial prayer | كتلة | 16 | perception | understanding, grasp | الإدراك | 17 | influenced | affected | متأثر | 18 | apparent | visible, obvious, manifest | واضح | 19 | theoretical | abstract, notional | نظري | 20 | approaches | oncoming, access | المناهج | 21 | argument | excuse, pretext, | حجة | 22 | coherent | solid, concrete | متماسك | 23 | demonstrate | explain, expound, | شرح | 24 | | | | 25 | | | | 26 | | | | 27 | | | | The Explanatory Synthesis The purpose of this handout is to describe briefly the purpose of the explanatory synthesis essay and to provide you with some writing suggestions. In the explanatory synthesis, writers divide a subject into its component parts and present them to the reader in a clear and orderly fashion. You will present the facts objectively, without judgment. Your purpose is to use your sources to inform your readers. In developing a thesis for your explanatory synthesis, base your thesis on...

Words: 836 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Experiences as a Writer

...Experiences as a writer My experience as a writer is very limted. As a mechanic and seeing that this is my first time attending college I do not have much experience. The only time have to dedicate to writing is when I’m off from work. I am usually writing about my feelings for my loved ones in a journal. When at work I am required to write reports on the equipment and the functions of the machines. At school I am allowed to expand my knowledge for writing. My feelings towards writing are mixed. On one hand I enjoy writing but, because of my lack of knowledge and my busy schedule I do not have time to fully dedicated myself to it. To me in order to write u have to have a feeling towards it, and truly understand what you are doing. I believe that you cannot simply jump into writing it has to be learned over time and practice in order to become a good writer. My experience from writing comes from my journal entries that I try to write in every day. I believe that is going to help me become more adjusted to writing in a class room. My bad experiences with writing come from when I was in high school. I was not a very good writer and it showed in my grades. I do believe it’s because of I lacked the passion to write. So that taught me that whenever I pick a topic to write about it has to be sometime that I could relate to as closely as...

Words: 268 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Writing Purpose

...Imagine reading a poorly written review of a movie that you would like to see this weekend. You cannot follow the characters, action, or conflict because the author of the review rambles on and on. Without clear paragraphs, this review will likely lose your interest, and you may skip the movie altogether! When you are the writer, it is helpful to position yourself as a reader. Ask yourself whether you can focus easily on each point you make. Effective writers use a single paragraph for each new idea they introduce. Paragraphs separate ideas into logical, manageable, and distinct units. Each paragraph focuses on only one main idea and presents coherent sentences to support that single point. Because all the sentences in one paragraph support the same point, a paragraph may stand on its own. Each paragraph is shaped by Purpose: the reason why the writer composes the paragraph. < Tone: the attitude the writer conveys about the paragraph’s subject. < Audience: the individual or group whom the writer intends to address. < Content: the written material in the paragraph. < 174 WRITING FOR SUCCESS To create longer assignments and to discuss more than one point, writers group together paragraphs and link them together with transitions. The assignment’s purpose, audience, and tone dictate the content, which determines what paragraphs cover and how each will support a main point. The main point of the paragraph is the message you want to share with the...

Words: 11739 - Pages: 47

Premium Essay

Channels of Comm

...Communication Channel Scenarios In business and social environments good communication is vital. It is therefore of great importance to produce viable channels of communication when addressing situations, to effectively transmit a message clear from barriers that may cause distortion. Author Robins (2011) presents three scenarios requiring a proper form of communication to address each situation. The first scenario presents a situation requiring a formal channel of oral communication conveyed through group discussion. This would be the most efficient means of communication to best facilitate strategic planning within the time frame given as stated in the first scenario. This channel of communication proves to be most beneficial, because it is direct and promotes speed and feedback with the least amount of distortion among team members. The composite of team ideas should then be placed in the written format of a marketing plan. Author Robins (2011) suggests that “written communications are more likely to be well thought out, logical, and clear.” Once completed, the final written layout of execution should be submitted to the Vice President of Operations by email. The second scenario presents an IT issue affecting all levels of a business. I would contact the IT department utilizing the channel of oral communication to efficiently address the issue, while receiving immediate feedback. I would then relay the new login name and password to all employees by channel of written...

Words: 355 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Fsfsfs

...During the 1890s, many women were limited to what they were allowed to do. They could not go to school, have a job, or even vote. Men viewed women as though they were only meant to bear children and be a housewife. However, a writer by the name of Kate Chopin was a voice for women all the over the world. Two of her most famous writings are “The Storm”, and “Story of an Hour”. Within these two writings, she discussed issues that many other women writers would have avoided. Another writer who was famous for his portrayal of gritty topics was Ernest Hemingway. One of his most memorable writding is titled “Hills like White Elephants”. These writers were able to write about challenging realistic new ideas such as freedom after the death of a love one, abortion, and adultery. Although some of these stories are deemed gritty, Hemingway’s “Hills like White Elephants” deals with realistic issues couples often face. These writings also have ironic undertones such as, when Mrs. Mallards dies from seeing from dead husband and the girl who thinks about abortion, but notices greener fields on the other side of the track. Furthermore realism is when an author intends to tell real life events to his/her audience. Realism can appear in many different aspects of society. When it comes to writing, realism focuses on the average individual, and can be heard as a voice for the ordinary human being. There is a focus on realistic people and events. For example in “Hills like White Elephants”...

Words: 342 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Experience as a Writer

...Writing is a skill set. I consider it one of the basic fundamentals that make up one’s individuality. Writing can be exciting for some and frightening for others. I do enjoy writing, but I am often concerned when I have to write. Writing is a major part of my life, ranging from responding to a guest at work to emailing my attorney about my case. My desire to learn and ability to adapt to the writing process will make me a better writer long term, which will turn this weakness into a strength of mine. I do consider writing a concern of mine. I find myself getting uncomfortable when I have to write. First, I have a hard time starting; I just don’t know where to begin. Secondly, in my opinion, I came up through a poor educational school system in New Orleans. I believe I was not taught the proper way to speak English, nor was I able to write it proficiently. Being a native from New Orleans, I spoke with an unusual tongue that resembles street slang or jargon. I then found myself writing how I spoke. Another problem that I have a hard time with is properly identifying grammatical errors. Since I cannot remember the rules or retain the information to correct errors, I will miss it in my writing or someone else’s writing for that matter. I will begin writing in one form and tense then shift to another form and tense and not notice a difference. This is one reason why I get uneasy about writing. One day while I was at work, the hotel had a pipe burst in a guest room. The room filled...

Words: 574 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

English 101

...this subject area. I have always struggled with English and before this semester had assumed that the college level class would be the death of me. As I read over the syllabus for this class it states that we will learn to understand writing assignments as a series of tasks and develop flexible strategies for generating, revising, editing, and proof-reading the assigned papers. I shuddered at the sheer thought of having to write five papers. Narrative, Evaluation, Profile, Position. These words might as well have been written in another language because I had no idea how to differentiate between them. Despite my fears, I believe this semester’s English 101 course has truly helped me develop my writing skills and advance to a more capable writer. Throughout my life English has always been my most difficult subject. Even back in elementary school I would have 100 percent averages in all of my other classes except English. I do not know what it was that challenged me so much but I had a terrible time. With the start of my high school career coincided the beginning of my paper writing experiences. I would work for hours each day trying my best to write a paper that made sense and would flow smoothly between paragraphs. My countless hours of work, however, never seemed to pay off. Every single paper that I had returned to me from my teachers was always covered in bright red Sharpie marker, usually with a large “B” circled somewhere on the front. The words “hard to follow” were...

Words: 1480 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Article Summary

...Quible and Griffin (2007), in their article, “Are Writing Deficiencies Creating a Lost Generation of Business Writers,” claim that the traditional methods of teaching grammar have been examined and shown to be ineffective. The authors go on to say that due to these ineffective teachings, the costs to employers and businesses are very high. Having employees who are unable to write at an academic level not only makes the company look bad, but it also wastes invaluable time and money, and causes confusion in the decision making process. The authors suggest that by combining the traditional teachings of grammar with other methods of learning will help to decrease the errors in writing that are being found in today’s business world. Some of these methods include, in-context writing, glossing and error labeling. Context writing is when students are given guidelines for grammar and punctuation, but how it is applied is based on the students own writings or readings. Glossing is when a student’s writings are evaluated by an instructor and their mistakes are marked. The work is returned to the student with a request to fix the mistakes and summarize the rules of grammar regarding those mistakes. Then they are required to correct and turn in the noted mistakes along with the summarization. Error labeling is when a student is given a sample of a piece of written material and asked to find and label any writing mistakes (Quible & Griffin, 2007). The authors did a literature review...

Words: 372 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Book Review: Playing for Keeps: a History of Early Baseball, 20th Anniversary Edition

...hName: Johnson Waweru Occupation: Freelance writer Date: 26th November, 2014 Book Review: Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball, 20th Anniversary Edition The development of sports from their early stages, their metamorphosis and evolution to their current form and status is one of the most interesting areas of study. Unfortunately, most writers on such subjects only concentrate on the sport itself and players without exploring other ulterior factors that influence the development of a sport such as the emotional, economic and social environment. The book, Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball by Warren Goldstein is one of the few that have managed to avoid this perennial mistake. This paper is a review of the book, its content, author, objectives and ideas. The book traces the roots and development of baseball. It explains how it began with the culture of organized baseball in 1850's and later graduated from an amateur sport to a professional one a few decades later, thereafter developing into a business. The book not only traces the sport’s linear development, explaining the chronological events that marked its evolution, but also the constant and recurrent elements that have characterized it through different generations, the cyclical history. The writer shows how the game was an amateur club-based sport when it began around 1857. At the time, the main players were clerks, artisans and shopkeepers; there was nothing professional about the sport. Around...

Words: 725 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Essay Do's and Don'Ts

...Essay Do’s and Don’ts These are some things that you ABSOLUTELY have to learn to be good writers. These are not meant to be the only rules, but they are really important. 1. Always label all work in the LEFT hand corner. Some professors and instructors want their headings done a specific ways, but if specific instructions are not given, it is good to include your name, the professor’s name, the class name, and the date. 2. Essays ALWAYS get a title. Center the next line after your label, and enter a title for your essay that reflects the SUBJECT you are writing about, NOT the ASSIGNMENT. Also, in MLA, titles do not get ANY special treatment; no BOLD, no UNDERLINES, no SPECIAL FONT. Title should be just the same as the text. 3. Essays should all be typed in 12 pt. Times New Roman font (or another simple font if allowed or specified by the instructor or professor). This means you have to change it from the default font most times. Nothing fancy, and ALWAYS DOUBLE SPACE YOUR LINES. If you do not know how to do this, learn. Pull down the format menu, and choose paragraph. In the middle of the box is a spacing box. Choose double. Or, on the tool bar above the paragraph box choose the icon with the little arrows up and down. Click on the little arrow to the right and choose double. It is that easy. You will lose points if you do not double space. 4. Essay specifics: * Avoid beginning a sentence with a BUT. That means NO BUT OR AND to start a sentence. These...

Words: 1066 - Pages: 5