...Introduction This lab deals with the concept of frequency response. During steady state, sinusoidal inputs to a linear system will generate sinusoidal responses of the same frequency, but of different amplitude and phase angles. This is due to a time lag between input and output generated. These differences are functions of frequency. In this experiment, the frequency response test is used to identify the (linear) dynamics of a plant. It is performed by inputting a sinusoidal signal and comparing it with the sinusoidal output. Objective of Experiment 1. To perform a frequency response test on an aircraft electro-hydraulic servo-actuator, hence determining the phase and gain margins of the servo-actuator. 2. To verify that increasing the gain by the gain margin causes instability. Equipment and Apparatus 1. Electro-hydraulic servo-actuator 2. Amplifier unit 3. Oscilloscope (CRO) 4. Function generator (FG) 5. Hydraulic power supply (outside laboratory) Background of Experiment This experiment utilizes a servo mechanism which is an automatic device that takes advantage of error-sensing feedback to correct and amplify the signal. The servo system comprises of a servo-actuator and an amplifier unit. In aircrafts, a similar system is used to convert electrical autopilot voltage outputs into a proportional mechanical movement. The mechanical movement is linked to the control rods, which controls the equipment the pilot uses to move the plane...
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...R.F.I.D. (Radio-Frequency Identification) RFID is the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnet fields to transfer data. RFID tags are used in many industries to enter or exit buildings as well as buy certain things (mostly use in the government). It can also be attached to cash, clothing, and everyday possessions (such as cell phone, Laptops, desktop computers, tablets, etc.). Let me give you some history about where this technology came from In 1945 Leon Theremin invented an espionage or spying tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm, which slightly altered the shape of the resonator that modulated the reflection radio frequency. So basically Leon Theremin created the processor for the RFID technology because it is being energized and activated by waves from an outside source. RFID uses signaling between the reader and tag is done in several different incompatible ways its all depending upon the frequency band being used. Tags operate on LF and HF bands, which use small radio waves to transmit signals. In the near electromagnetic field region the tag is closely combined electronically with the transmitter in the reader. The tag can increase the electromagnetic field created by the reader by changing the electrical loading. By changing the relative loads higher or lower the tag produces a change that the reader can detect. RFID...
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...Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to verify the relationship between frequencies, wave length and wave velocity of a transverse wave on a string, as well as the relationship between the spring tension and the number of standing waves formed. Two different strings used in this experiment are white and black in colour; the µ1 value calculated for the white string is 2.73 x 10-3 ±0.00055kg/m with an uncertainty of ±8.2932 x 10-5 kg/m while the µ2 value calculated for the black string is 1.38 x 10-3 kg/m with an uncertainty of ±8.6492 x 10-5 kg/m. However, the actual linear mass density µ0 of the white spring calculated is 2.87x10-3kg/m; compared to the experimental linear mass density µ1, the difference in error was 4.88%, however, the mass of the black spring was too small to be weighted therefore the actual linear mass density µ0 was unable to be calculated, so cannot be compared to the experimental linear mass density µ2. Introduction: A wave can be described as a disturbance that carries energy and travels through a medium form one location to another. Waves can be classified into two types, transverse waves and longitudinal waves. This experiment was based on transverse wave and can be described by the position of the particles at a particular time as well as how the position changes with time. Transverse wave can also be considered as a wave that remains at constant position. Wave produced by a vibrator travels down a string and reflects...
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...Dynamic Systems and Controls Laboratory Experiment 2: Fundamental Frequency of a Beam Due: October 9th, 2015 Submitted: October 9th, 2015 Table of Contents Abstract | 2 | List of Symbols and Units | 3 | Theory | 4 | Procedure and Experimental Setup | 8 | Sample Calculation | 9 | Error Analysis | 12 | Results | 13 | Discussion and Conclusion | 16 | References | 18 | Appendix | 19 | Abstract The experimental analysis of rotating equipment and the fundamental frequency of an attached beam was achieved by attaching a motor to a simply supported beam with adjustable weights. The input from the motor provided a method of creating a frequency that could be correlated experimentally to the theoretical Dunkerley’s formula and Rayleigh’s energy method. Using the accumulated data, the experimental values obtained were Ke = 5285.4 lb/ft, me = .09773 slugs, and ωn = 232.56 rad/s; comparatively, the theoretical values were Ke = 5493.16 lb/ft, me = .06967 slugs, and ωn = 278.7 rad/s. The resultant margin of error for these values were 3.78%, 40.28%, and 16.56%, respectively. List of Symbols and Units Symbols | Description | Units | ωns | Natural Frequency of System | radsec | ω1n | Natural Frequency of Beam Alone | radsec | ω2n | Natural Frequency of Motor and Added Mass | radsec | mb | Mass of Beam | slugs | me | Effective Mass of Beam | slugs | ke | Effective Stiffness of Beam | lbfft | M | Mass of Motor and Added Mass | slugs...
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...Radio Frequency Identification system Riordan Manufacturing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a widely used wireless device to scan products. It is a non contact wireless device, which uses radio frequency electromagnetic fields that transfer data from a unique tag placed on products for purchase. Tags will be placed upon every item which will include raw materials, plastic beverages, cooling fans, stents, bottles, and storage containers. This device is non contact unlike the bar code technology, RFID removes the need to have straight line contact like the bar code requires. TH RFID can scan from distances as far as 100 feet. The hardware consists of an antenna and a transceiver. Both of these hardware’s read and delivers the information to a processing device. This streamlines the tracking process throughout the ordering and shipping process. Sales department fills the order and enters the data into the billing and shipping system. At this point the order goes on to the customer shipping department where it is processed for shipment and then loaded on to the delivery truck. All of the items shipped on a daily basis are updated by time and date, and truck number the order has been shipped on. Several benefits come from an RFID system. The enhancement of the supply chain visibility will deliver more efficiency, speed, and allows for tracking products throughout the shipment process. In addition, reducing costs due to efficient waste management. The RFID has many different...
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...Figure 2 shows the data collected for all cell and molecular biology labs at King’s College. After all the data was collected, the results showed 2 homozygous dominant, 3 heterozygous, and 32 homozygous recessive. Lab sections D, G, E1, and E2 all experienced problems during the lab causing the data to be skewed and no results were collected. Figure 3 shows the calculated allele frequencies, chi square analysis, and Hearty Weinberg done for the Alu data collected during lab. In order to calculate the observed frequency, the amount of a genotype (+/+, +/-, or -/-) is divided by the total amount of all genotypes collected in lab. The frequencies for each genotype are homozygous dominant (+/+) at 0.05405, heterozygous (+/-) at 0.08108, and homozygous recessive (-/-) at 0.86486. In order to calculate the allele...
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...Unit 3 Assignment 1: Frequency Modulation Ch. 5 (pp 253-255 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 26, 28, 33, 35, 48 Section 5-1 1. Define angle modulation and list its subcategories. Answer: Angle modulation is defined as modulation where the angle of a sine-wave carrier is varied from its reference value. The subcategories are Phase modulation and Frequency modulation. 2. What is the difference between frequency and phase modulation? Answer: The difference between frequency and phase modulation is; Frequency modulation is where the instantaneous frequency of a carrier is caused to vary by an amount proportional to the modulating signal amplitude, Phase modulation is the same but it is where the phase angle of a carrier is caused to depart from its reference value. Section 5-2 6. Define deviation constant. Answer: Deviation Constant is defined as in units of kHz/V. and it’s how much the carrier frequency will deviate for a given modulating input voltage level. 7. A 50-mV sinusoid, at a frequency of 1 kHz, is applied to a capacitor microphone FM generator. If the deviation constant for the capacitor microphone FM generator is 500 Hz/20 mV, determine: (a) The total frequency deviation. (±1.25 kHz) Answer: 50mV x (500 Hz)/(20 mV)= ±1.25 kHz (b) The rate at which the carrier frequency is being deviated. (1 kHz) Answer: The rate at which the carrier frequency is being deviated is ±1.25 kHz at a rate of 1 kHz. 8. Explain how the intelligence signal modulates...
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...The Effect of Different Music Frequencies on Society BS/P-001 09-05-2013 Although not everyone listens to music regularly, it can (music) have a positive or negative effect on the listener depending on the frequency. Music tuned to A=432Hz can have a healing effect, while music tuned to the frequency of 440Hz can have the opposite effect. They have both proven to be a powerful influence depending on how they are used. According to some sources, Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbles set the 440Hz standard in 1939, which was later adopted by the International Standards Organization as early as 1953. Music can have a positive effect on society depending on the frequency. For example, listening to music which ash been tuned to the international standard frequency of 440Hz can cause a shift in consciousness toward more negative attributes of violence, anti-social behavior, aggression and negative emotions. In contrast, music which has been toned to the more natural frequency of 432Hz, which has been considered the pulse of the universe, when listened to, has been known to generate profound healing on all levels and spiritual well-being. Music has such a powerful influence that it has Benn used for everything from selling products to making money for entertainers. While in public, whether walking down the street, on the bus or on the subway, you see people listening to music on ipods, ipads and mp3 players and music is downloaded daily from websites that have the latest...
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...Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is currently being used in such areas as agriculture, athletics, manufacturing, security and law enforcement, and transportation, but few applications have been developed that are related to the construction and facilities operations environment. Lack of standardisation, high costs of implementation, slow technology development and deployment risks, and the lack of skilled labour are all contributors currently preventing the adoption of new RFID technologies in the construction industry. The RFID technology can help improve data accuracy by tracking products through supply chains and by identifying products and items/objects at specific points through Automatic Identification (Auto-ID). The technology enables the detection and identification of tagged objects through the data it transmits. Objective of this topic ‘RFID IN CONSTRUCTION’ is to get an overview of the present application of RFID technology in Construction. Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is an old technology which was already in use for recognition for anti-aircraft gun shooting in World War. Since then RFID has been taken into use for many other purposes, i.e. securing against theft of goods, bridge crossing fees, car keys etc. The new importance of RFID is connected to certain measures which a group of the world’s biggest retail chains and brand suppliers initiated under the name of Global Commerce Initiative at the end of the 1990’es. The interesting...
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...Abstract There is a growing importance for the studies of frequency stability and control of power system with increasing levels of wind power penetration, especially in United States with a goal of 20% or more by 2030. The increasing penetration of wind in to existing synchronous based generation capacity requires the modifications in the procedures of grid frequency control as wind turbine units fail to provide inertial support and primary control reserves during the initial and later stages of frequency events respectively. Therefore, it is necessary for the wind turbines to emulate the response of current synchronous based generation capacity so as to make the power system reliable. This type of response can be introduced by control schemes developed. This report provides a literature review of the frequency control basics and controller schemes used. And also it provides an overview of the basic concepts related to the effects of wind generation on frequency behavior of the power system network. Introduction Frequency stability and control very much dependent on active power balancing is a major research topic concerned with grid integration of large wind farms. The instability of frequency occurs when power system fails to maintain it within particular limits under normal conditions. Active power imbalance indicates the variations in frequency and consequently the constancy of frequency represents the quality of power supply. Such an imbalance can be due...
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...International Conference on VLSI, Communication & Instrumentation (ICVCI) 2011 Proceedings published by International Journal of Computer Applications ® (IJCA) Energy based Detection Scheme for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Bala Aditya Kota, Bharadwaj S #, Kiran C S, Nithin Krishna B M, Sutharshun V Students (B.Tech), Dept. of ECE, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ettimadai, Coimbatore – 641105. P.Sudheesh, Dr.M.Jayakumar Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Dept. of ECE, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ettimadai, Coimbatore – 641105. 1 2 ABSTRACT Orthogonal Frequency Division M ultiplexing (OFDM ) has been accepted as the modulation scheme of choice for the next generation high-speed wireless communication systems due to the advantages that it offers like high spectral efficiency, resistance to multipath fading and resistance to frequency selective fading. M oreover, it lends itself to simple channel equalization. Conventional single carrier systems do not provide such advantages and hence, OFDM would almost ubiquitously be used for high speed wireless data transmission. However, the main drawback of such systems over single carrier systems is that in the presence of noise, there is an increased computational complexity at the receiver end to decode the data. In this paper, a low complexity detection algorithm is proposed for OFDM systems. M aximum likelihood detection is taken as the baseline detection algorithm and the proposed algorithm is compared with...
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...understanding of the Fourier transform and the frequency domain, and how they apply to image enhancement. Background Introduction to the Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain DFT Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters 4.1 Background • Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as the sum of sines and/or cosines of different frequencies, each multiplied by a different coefficient (Fourier series). • Even functions that are not periodic (but whose area under the curve is finite) can be expressed as the integral of sines and/or cosines multiplied by a weighting function (Fourier transform). • The advent of digital computation and the “discovery” of fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm in the late 1950s revolutionized the field of signal processing, and allowed for the first time practical processing and meaningful interpretation of a host of signals of exceptional human and industrial importance. • The frequency domain refers to the plane of the two dimensional discrete Fourier transform of an image. • The purpose of the Fourier transform is to represent a signal as a linear combination of sinusoidal signals of various frequencies. = Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as a sum of sines and cosines of different frequencies each multiplied by a different coefficient – a Fourier series 4.2 Introduction to the Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain • The one-dimensional Fourier transform...
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...Anita Sarkeesian is a Canadian-American feminist media critic, blogger, and public speaker. She is the founder of Feminist Frequency, a website that hosts videos and commentary analyzing portrayals of women in popular culture. She has received particular attention for her video series Tropes vs. Women in Video Games, which examines tropes in the depiction of female video game characters. In 2012, Sarkeesian was targeted by an online harassment campaign following her launch of a Kickstarter project to fund the Tropes vs. Women in Video Games series. At the same time, supporters donated almost $160,000 to the project, far beyond the $6,000 she had sought. The situation was covered extensively in the media, placing Sarkeesian at the center of...
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.... CIS 513 Assignment One Unicode & Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Name School Class Professor Dates Abstract Unicode provides a standardized means for text in nearly any language to be shared across the Internet. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum is a means by which transmissions “hop” between a variety of frequencies, lessening the transmission’s vulnerability to outside sources. Assignment One Unicode Our world is increasingly shrinking as new technologies are bringing people and their cultures in closer contact with each other. Two technologies that are helping make this happen are wireless computing in all its various forms and Unicode. To understand how important Unicode is to the future of the Internet and computing, first we need to understand why Unicode was developed. Its main predecessor, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ACSII), which is “stored as 1 byte (8 bits) in binary code.” (Olenewa, J. & Ciampa; M. (2007) However, “one of the limitations of ASCII is that there are not enough codes for all the symbols used by foreign languages.” (Olenewa, J. & Ciampa, M.; 2007) Additionally, ACSII is only useful for up to 128 different codes. Unicode breaks this barrier by using 2 bytes (16 bits) in order to represent nearly all of the languages of the world. From this it’s not too much of a leap to see that using Unicode is useful to global businesses in a variety of ways. As these global businesses become...
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...Frequency and Uses David Pearlmutter IT/235 June-Sunday,2015 Frank Futyma Frequency and Uses Photography whether that being out sourced or in house is an important aspect in advertising for any type of business. These options will contain both pros and cons when you are going to discuss the financial and beneficial aspects for the company effectively reaching the target audience. The convenience of doing in house photography and that of the scheduling of the out sourced professional photographers will prove interesting and vital in details. Also the idea of the many uses of this imagery and accessibility can be a factor in the merchandising, advertising and the business fortitude. The convenience associated with that of having complete access to the utilization of developing an in house photography staff that is far superior to that of any other option. The fact is that the company can offer any schedule constraint to the imagery team and allow that task to be completed within the time sensitive request. Employees are more likely to understand the needs of the company when given the task of providing merchandising imagery. The company also has access to these images because the photographs are the sole property of the company. Alternatively, out sourced photography also has many beneficial aspects in regards to advertising, this is especially true when discussing the professionalism associated with the character, products, and services provided by a person or a company...
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