...world today. Whether we experience these theories through a form of counseling, or the way we behave on a daily basis, many of these theories are dated back to the late 1800's. There were many significant figures in the subject of Human Development and Psychology, but the most significant would have to be Sigmund Freud. Freud was most famous for his ideas on dreams (interpretations), childhood sexuality (Theory of Sexuality), and the role of the unconscious (The Psychic Apparatus). He saw himself as a scientist who had understood the mysteries of the mind, which he would later call Psychoanalysis or his “New Science”. While Freud was working in psychiatric hospitals and clinics, he became interested in a mental illness called Hysteria. Hysteria is a nervous disorder where patients experience physical symptoms but have no underlying physical disease. Which lead him to use hypnosis, and create the term psychoanalysis. I learned that Freud did not come up with the treatment of Psychoanalysis on his own. His colleague Yoseif Breuer made Freud begin to think about Psychoanalysis after his tries with hypnosis on his Hysteria patients. Although Freud may have gone deeper into the foundation of Psychoanalysis, the first person who should be recognized with the term Psychoanalysis should be, Yosief Breuer. Freud used a metaphor describing the antiquities he had in his office: “These are characteristics of what I do, I am too am an Archaeologist, and I like to dig, and what I dig at or...
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...Psychodynamic Approach • Freud’s psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas. • The words psychodynamic and psychoanalytic are often confused. Remember that Freud’s theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers. Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. • Sigmund Freud (writing between the 1890s and the 1930s) developed a collection of theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. His theories are clinically derived - i.e. based on what his patients told him during therapy. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be treating the patient for depression or anxiety related disorders. Psychodynamic Approach Assumptions * Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. * Our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences. * All behavior has cause even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behavior is determined. * Personality is made up of three parts: the id, ego and super-ego. * Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive & death instinct). * Parts of the unconscious mind are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind. This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt with by the ego’s...
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...younger brothers and sisters. His family constellation was unusual because Freud's two half-brothers, Emmanuel and Philip, were almost the same age as his mother. Freud was younger than his nephew John, Emmanuel's son. This odd situation may have triggered Freud's interest on family dynamics, leading to his ulterior formulations on the Oedipus Complex. Freud's father, a Jewish wool merchant of modest means, moved the family to Leipzig, Germany in 1859, and then settled in Vienna, where Freud remained until 1938. When Freud was eight years old, he was reading Shakespeare, and, during his adolescence, the hearing of a lecture about Goethe's essay on nature impressed him very much. Having considered studying law previously, he decided instead on a career in medical research, beginning his studies at Vienna University in 1873. As a student, Freud began research work on the central nervous system, guided by Ernst von Brock, and qualified as doctor of medicine in 1881. He worked at the Theodor Meynert's Psychiatric Clinic for a year, and later studied with Charcot, at the Salpetriure, in Paris. From 1884 to 1887 Freud published several articles on cocaine. He married Martha Bernays in 1886. The couple had six children (Mathilde, 1887; Jean-Martin, 1889; Olivier, 1891; Ernst, 1892; Sophie, 1893; Anna, 1895). He established a private practice, specializing in nervous disorders. His interest in hysteria was stimulated by Breuer's and Charcot's use of hypnotherapy. Freud moved...
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...parents in the Moravian town of Příbor (German: Freiberg in Mähren), Austrian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic, the first of their eight children.[10] His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel (1833–1914) and Philipp (1836–1911), from his first marriage. Jakob's family were Hasidic Jews, and though Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his Torah study. He and Freud's mother, Amalia (née Nathansohn), 20 years her husband's junior and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born.[11] He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as a positive omen for the boy's future.[12] In 1859 the Freud family left Freiberg. Freud’s half brothers immigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the “inseparable” playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel’s son, John.[13] Jacob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters (Rosa, Marie, Adolfine and Paula) and a brother (Alexander) were born. In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient...
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...not only psychology, but art, literature and even the way people bring up their children. Freud’s lexicon has become embedded within the vocabulary of western society. Words he introduced through his theories are now used by everyday people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Freudian slip, and neurotic. Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating a mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Typically Freud would encourage his patient to talk freely (on his famous couch) regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was in their mind. The Case of Anna O The case of Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) marked a turning point in the career of a young Viennese neuropathologist by the name of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole. Anna suffered from hysteria, a condition in which the patient exhibits physical symptoms (e.g. paralysis, convulsions, hallucinations, loss of speech) without apparent physical cause. Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events. Breuer discussed the case with his friend Freud. Out of these discussions came the germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue for the rest of his life. In “Studies in Hysteria” (1895) Freud proposed that physical symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply...
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...Some commentators have referred to Sigmund Freud as “Psychology’s man of genius”. Evaluate this claim, with reference to his work and impact on the discipline of Psychology. Sigmund Freud analyzed the human mind to a greater extent than did any other scientist who came before him. His contribution to psychology is enormous and his work has influenced not only areas concentrated around psychology but also literature, art and even the manner in which parents raise their children. Even though much of his work is refereed to as a ‘fallacy’, his findings remain relevant and applicable to this day. Freud hypothesized that personality emerged through a series of stages of psychosexual development, namely the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stage. He argued that the Oral stage occurs from birth until the age of two during which the child is focused on oral pleasures e.g. sucking, and if it receives too much or too little gratification, it can result in an oral personality evidenced later in life through preoccupation with oral acts such as a tendency to smoke, chew gum excessively, bite nails etc. Freud believed that these people would then have a personality that is over dependent on others and naïve. The Anal stage was said to occur from the age of two to four and Freud believed that during this stage the pleasure source arose from retaining or eliminating feces. The effects of anal fixation were also believed to become evident later in life. Those who were retentive, were...
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...Psychoanalytic Paper Donald Jenkins PSY/310 October Saturday, 2014 Professor Sarah James-Felton Psychoanalytic Paper “Thought is action in rehearsal” – Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is the observations of individuals are unaware of factors that determine their behaviors and emotions. This paper will discuss the foundation and components of psychoanalysis. Also this paper will cover the contributions as well as criticism of the psychoanalytic models of explaining human behavior. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious, which during the beginning was a subject ignored by other systems of thought. The foundation of psychoanalysis has many contributors and goes back as far as the eighteenth century. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician that developed the idea called monadology. Leibnitz’s idea was the psychics are elements of reality and not made up of physical matter, which are mental in nature. Leibnitz believed that mental events which are composed if monads had a different degree of consciousness and were called petites perceptions (Schultz, 2011). Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) also a German philosopher had refined Leibnitz’s theory of the unconscious to the concept of the threshold of consciousness. Arguing that ideas in the mind rise to the conscious level of awareness. So in order for these ideas to rise to a conscious level of awareness it must be already relevant in the minds consciousness (Schultz, 2011)...
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...Introduction to Research Paper Writing The purpose of research writing is to collect, present, and interact with what is known about a topic. Primary research is “firsthand”—original research that generates new knowledge, such as scientific studies, social science surveys or case studies, and so on. Most college papers do not involve this kind of research. Secondary research is much more common. This is done by reading and organizing materials generated by others’ studies. (Most lower division college research papers are secondary research; primary research writing always begins with a survey of already-published research, often called a “review of related literature” or “lit review.”) Since this kind of writing is using materials that others have developed and published, it is very important to document and cite the sources of material used in writing. If sources are not documented and given proper credit, the result is plagiarism. Plagiarism may not be intentional, but it is still a serious problem. Passing off ideas, concepts, and data as one’s own is a violation of intellectual integrity. It amounts to theft of intellectual property. For many reasons, then, it is critically important to learn how to properly use material collected in research. The appropriate presentation of research content uses proper format. The format, or style, of a paper refers to the systematic way in which research materials are documented and cited. The documentation of sources used in a paper is...
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...behavior. During a career that spanned 58 years, beginning with an earned medical degree in 1881 and continuing to his death in 1939, he developed and repeatedly revised his theory of psychoanalysis. Most of Freud’s theory was developed from contact he had with patients seen in his private practice in Vienna. This type of “clinical” work was a radical departure from the laboratory research that was practiced by most leading psychologists of the day. When Freud first presented his ideas in the 1890s, many of his contemporaries reacted with hostility. In fact, throughout his career, Freud faced enormous opposition to many of his ideas. Those especially controversial included notions about the role of the unconscious in behavior, childhood sexuality, and how the mind was governed (id, ego, and superego). But despite the opposition, Freud eventually attracted a group of followers that included well-known theorists 1856–1939 AUSTRIAN PHYSICIAN, PSYCHIATRIST VIENNA UNIVERSITY, M.D., 1881 1 4 5 S i g m u n d S c h l o m o F r e u d social relationships are patterned after his or her early family relationships. BIOGRAPHY Early years Sigmund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in a small town in Freiberg, Moravia, located in what is now the Czech Republic. Freud’s father Jacob was 40 when...
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...human behavior. Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Freud would encourage his patients to talk freely regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was on their mind. The case of Anna O marked a turning point in the career of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole. Anna suffered from hysteria, a condition in which the patient exhibits physical symptoms (e.g. paralysis, convulsions, hallucinations, loss of speech) without an apparent physical cause. Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events. Breuer discussed the case with his friend Freud. Out of these discussions came the germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue for the rest of his life. In Studies in Hysteria (1895) Freud proposed that physical symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply repressed conflicts. However Freud was not just advancing an explanation of a particular illness. He was proposing a revolutionary new theory of the human psyche itself. This theory emerged slowly as a result of Freud’s clinical investigations and it led him to propose that there were at least three levels to the mind. Freud (1900, 1905) developed a model of the mind, whereby he described the features of mind’s structure and function. In this model the conscious mind (everything we are aware of) is seen as the tip of the iceberg, with the unconscious mind a repository of a...
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...Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Cohran, Robin Dec, 1, 14 PSY/301 Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis remains the single most influential theory for the practice of psychotherapy. Freud (1964) began the movement and his theory can be broken down into five parts. The first part of Freud’s theory is Dynamics. This level deals with instinctual forces (Rapaport and Gill, 1959). Freud traces all instincts, in a certain sense, therefore all actions, back to two instincts; they are Eros (“sexual instinct” or “libido”) and the “destructive” (aggressive) instinct”. They work together and against each other and have a hand in everything we do. The primary example of this is, sex itself, where of course libido is present, and varying degrees of aggressiveness (or lack of) can lead someone to either be bashful and impotent or a sex murderer and anything in between. Economic Freud’s theory of the instincts is further realized in the “economic” level of his theory. This attempt, in some fashion, to abstractly quantify the power of instincts through the concept of “psychic energy”. This is described through a system in which this energy is invested towards instinctual goals through catharsis, toward maximizing the pleasure for the individual. This, however, is balanced by the concept of anti-catharsises, in which the energy is invested as a force against the instinct, via defense in the ego. Developmental Oral phase begins at birth. Sadistic-Anal...
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...Counselling and Psychotherapy at Birkbeck College, University of London Introduction This paper attempts to trace the evolution of Freud’s concept of the Oedipus complex within psychoanalysis. One case will be considered in detail to illustrate relevant theoretical formulations focussing mainly on the work of Freud, Klein, Britton and Bion. The wider implications of the Oedipus complex will also be considered before I conclude. History of the Oedipus complex and Freud’s theoretic evolution Freud used the term Oedipus complex to describe a boy's feelings of desire for his mother and hostility towards his father which he regarded as a universal event of early childhood. The term is derived from the Greek myth of Oedipus who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. In a letter to Fliess dating back to 1897, Freud (1954) attributes these ideas to his self analysis and indirectly to the Greek myth as presented in the popular Sophocles’ play ‘Oedipus Rex’. During the late 1890s Freud, theorised that fantasies built around the Oedipus complex were the primary cause of hysteria and other neurotic symptoms. The idea is explored in Studies on Hysteria, where Freud (1895), traced his patients’ symptoms of hysteria to sexual seductions by their fathers. The concept was introduced in ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ (1900), and is central to Freud’s (1905) analysis of Dora. He further elaborated his ideas in the case study of Little Hans (1909), but the term ‘Oedipus complex’...
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...factors that determine human emotions and behavior that individuals are often unaware of, there is no one more influential than the Austrian neurologist and the founding father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. In creating psychoanalytic theory, Freud himself developed various therapeutic methods to establish his central thought process. His analysis of dreams, outlined in his famous work, The Interpretation of Dreams, provided a framework that was used for clinical analysis and diagnosis. He redefined sexuality in his work, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and formulated the concept of the Oedipus complex. Although Freud’s work dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he is still relevant and his theories equivocally influential. In this essay, I will outline Freud’s key ideas with regards to dreams and sexuality as seen in his famous works, The Interpretation of Dreams, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality as well as provide a critical background on both themes along with a assessment of his central concepts based on personal experiences and observations. Freud’s overall framework on dreams is very elaborate. According to Freud, dreams are all forms of “wish fulfillment” at the psychological level, which is that dreams are attempts by the unconscious mind to resolve a problem or conflict that could be rooted in earlier stages of an individual’s life or...
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...Life doesn’t stand still. We are in a state of constant change throughout our lives. When we ask ourselves who we are, we think of ourselves in terms of who we are now. But we have been and will be many different people in our lifetime; an infant, a child, a teenager, a young adult, a mature person, and an aged person. Young children understand their worlds in ways that are so different from adults. To understand ourselves fully, we must understand the process of development, the more-or-less predictable changes in behavior associated with increasing age. Both nature and nurture work together in development. Without getting some advice (nurture), a child can’t use a baseball glove correctly. But the child must be physically developed enough to use the glove (nature). You cannot effectively teach children to do much with a glove until age 4 or so, after considerable physical development has taken place (nature). We are creatures of complex combinations of both our nature and nurture (Lahey (2007) page 316, 317 para 1). It is very important to understand that it’s normal for child development to be highly variable, even when they are raised in typical conditions. This is true in two senses: a) There are differences between children in their development b) Children vary in the rate of their own development from one period to the next Parents must make important decisions about raising children that can have a major impact on their child’s emotional and intellectual development...
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...minds of the past century. Through much of his life Freud worked toward a career in law with aspirations of becoming an attorney. While attending the University of Vienna, Freud began focusing more on the studies of and theories of Charles Darwin. This attracted him and drew him toward the study of the sciences. His intention was to study the philosophically-scientific questions facing doctors and scientists in the late 19th century. One of the major influences on Freud and in his decision to change career paths was French psychiatrist Jean Charcot. When Freud met Charcot, Charcot being the Director and Head Instructor at Salpetriere Hospital in Europe, Freud showed intense interest in Charcot’s investigations on hysteria. The studies of Freud with Charcot led to Freud’s desire to learn and accelerate studies of psychopathology. Freud developed a new method of psychology and study of the psychosis, Psychoanalysis and the Theory of Dreams. The theory of dreams was to show symbolism and reference to our waking lives. Freud discussed this symbolism as distorting operations that he claimed were applied to repressed wishes in forming the dream as recollected: “it is because of these distortions (the so-called "dream-work") that the manifest content of the dream differs so greatly from the latent dream thought reached through analysis, and it is by reversing these distortions that the latent content is approached.” The...
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