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Fundamental of Management

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Victor Vroom was born on 9 August 1932 in Montreal, Canada. He is a business school professor at the Yale School of Management. Professor Vroom is renowned for his work on the expectancy theory of motivation, which attempts to explain why individuals choose to follow certain courses of action in organizations, particularly in decision-making and leadership. His most well-known books are Work and Motivation, Leadership and Decision Making and The New Leadership. Vroom has also been a consultant to a number of corporations such as GE and American Express. The expectancy theory of Victor Vroom deals with motivation and management. Vroom´s theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Vroom suggested that the relationship between people's behavior at work and their goals was not as simple as was first imagined by other scientists. Vroom realized that an employee's performance is based on individual’s factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. The expectancy theory says that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that: There is a positive correlation between efforts and performance. Favorable performance will result in a desirable reward. The reward will satisfy and important need. The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory is based upon the following three beliefs. First is Valance refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes (rewards). Management must discover what employee’s value. Second are Expectancy employees having different expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing? Management must discover what resources, training or supervision employees need. Third is

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