...What are the fundamental rights of every citizen of India ? SAPTARSHI DUTTA Our Constitution gives us some other rights which are known as Fundamental Rights. These rights cannot be taken back in normal times. The Constitution gives us six fundamental rights. The following are the fundamental rights given by our Constitution. 1. Right to Freedom: Right to freedom is an important fundamental right. Every one is free to express his thoughts and ideas through speeches, writing or through newspapers. He is free to criticize and speak against the policies of the Government, if he does not agree with them. He is free to move about and carry on any trade or business in any part of India. 2. Right to Freedom of Religion: The State has no religion. It does not favor any religion. All religions are equal before the law. Every citizen is free to practice, propagate and worship any religion he likes. The State does not interfere with anybody's faith. 3. Right to Equality: All citizens are equal before the law. There is no discrimination between the rich and the poor, high or the low. There is no discrimination of caste, creed, religion, sex or place of birth. Every citizen can get the highest office for which he has the ability and the required qualifications 4. Right to Education and Culture: Every child is tree to receive education in any educational institution without distinction of caste, creed, religion and sex. He is free to receive education up to any level...
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...CONSTITUTION AND ENVIROMENTAL LAW Environmental protection has found a special mention in the Indian constitution. The preamble to the Constitution provides that our country is based on socialistic pattern of society. The basic aim of socialism is to provide a decent standard of living to all, which can be possible only in a pollution free environment. Also, in a democratic republic, people have the right to know and access information on government policies which is very important for the success of environmental policies. The starting point of environmental protection is the fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy which underline our national commitment to protect and improve the environment. The interpretation given to article 21 of the Constitution contained in the Fundamental Rights has added new dimensions to the quality of life and its relating effect on the environment. The Constitution of India as originally enacted did not contain any specific provision to deal with environmental pollution though Article 47 made an indirect reference to improvement of public health as one of the primary duties of the state. Article 51 (c) provides that the state shall endeavour to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one and another. Article 253 of the Constitution specifically empowers parliament to make any law for the whole or part of india for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention...
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... 2012-2015 Who is the father of extension? James strut What is extension work? In modern times, particularly in the last 25 years or so, extension work has come to have great significance in popular education, in adult or fundamental education, and in public information. It is now regarded as an essential feature of the development of progressive and democratic nations. Principals of extension:- Principle of Interest and Needs: The rural people should voluntarily participate in the extension work. Extension work must be based on the needs and interests of the people. These interest and needs differ form individual to individual, form village to village, form block to block and form state to state and therefore there cannot be one programmes for all people. To be effective, extension work must begin with the interested and needs of the people. Many times the interests of the rural people are not the interest of the extension worker. Even though the sees the needs of the people better than they do themselves, he must begin with the beds and interests as they (the people) see them. Principle of Participation: * The participation of the people is of fundamental importance of the success of any educational endeavour. People must share in the development of a programme and must feel that it is their own programme. Good extension work helps the rural people identifying their problems and then helping them in solving these...
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...and state governments to guide the establishment of a just society in the country. According to the constitution, the government should keep them in mind while framing laws, even though they are non-justiciable in nature. Directive Principles are classified under the following categories: Gandhian, social, economic, political, administrative, legal, environmental, protection of monuments, peace and security. * Article 36 to 51 of the Constition of India embodies the Directive Principles of State policy and for these we are indebted to the Constitution of Ireland. The objective is to establish a social and economic democracy in India * Article 37 reveals that : 1. The Directive Principles are not justiciable 2. They are Fundamental in the governance of the country 3. It shall be the duty of the State to apply these Directive Principles while formulating policies or making laws for the governance of the State CLASSIFICATION * Socialist Principles * Liberal Principles * Gandhian Principles * International principles SOCIALIST PRINCIPLES * Article 38 of the Constitution of India shall endeavour to formulate such social system which will secure social, economic and political justice to all in all the spheres of life. * Article 39(a) the state shall try to formulate its policyin such a manner so as to secure adequate means of livelihood for all its citizens. * Article 39(b) the ownership of material resources would be controlled...
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...In a country like Jamaica human rights are conflicting with long term established values and norms. Stone (1992) states that “Values define for a society the things people strive for and attach great meaning and significance to. Norms set rules of behaviour designed to express a commitment to the society’s underlying values.” The United Nations in their article on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights define human rights as “rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status.” We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. The International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states in its preamble, "in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his or her economic, social and cultural rights, as well as his or her civil and political rights". Jamaica is widely perceived to be the most homophobic country in the Caribbean and, by some accounts, the world (Padgett 2006). Sexuality-based oppression in Jamaica is institutionalized throughout the legal system, health and social welfare institutions, popular culture, religion and through extreme forms of social stigma (White and Carr 2005). Poverty and public...
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...JURISDICTION………………………………………………………………12 STATEMENT OF ISSUES………………………………………………………………………13 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS………………………………………………………………….14 ARGUMENTS ADVANCED…………………………………………………………………….15 I. THE PRESENT WRIT PETITION IS MAINTAINABLE……………………………………15 A. Petitioner has the Locus Standi to file the writ petition……………………………...15 B. There is a violation of fundamental rights……………………………………………17 a) There is a violation of the fundamental right under Article 14 of the Constitution………………………………………………………………………...17 b) There is a violation of the fundamental right under Article 19(1) (g) of the Constitution…………………………………………………………………………18 c) There is a violation of the fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution………………………………………………………………………...18 II. THE STATE LEGISLATION IS NOT COMPETENT TO PASS THE “NUDI CLOUD SEEDING ACT, 20XY”…………………………………………………………………...……………19 III. THE FARMERS OF THE TALUKAS FALLING UNDER THE NORTH – EASTERN DRY ZONE HAVE A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT AGAINST TAMPERING WITH BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE MODIFICATION…………………………………………………………….23 A. The state of Nudi has failed to fulfill its constitutional obligation to safeguard the fundamental rights against tampering...
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...extent the ECJ's judgements in Viking, Laval, and Rüffert make it difficult to uphold the division between labour law on the one hand and the law of the (internal) market on the other hand, which - according to Lyon Caen - has been characteristic of labour law in Western Europe so far. Dissociation between labour law and law governing markets Labour law emanicapted from law governing markets Is it difficult to uphold labour law? and law of internal market? Balance the two? Introduction Balance the application of the EU's free movement rules (in particular the right to work and provide services in another member state) with the maintenance of different national social systems How will these freedoms affect trade union rights such as the right to collective action and collective bargaining? For a long time there has been a tendancy to look upon the EC as a guarantor of labour and social rights (particularly by the UK) Globalisation poses threats to national protection of labour law. Creates pressure for race to the bottom. So, supranational action is needed to defeat this pressure (justification for ILO) In the topography of the common economic aims ,there will always be upstream struggle from social/labour protection EC seemed to deny it legislative competence in the field of industrial action. Said that this neutrality was a façade There can be tension between four freedoms and industrial action Some people say that these cases signify...
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...------------------------------------------------- What do you mean by secondary market? What do you mean by stock split? What do you mean by Bonus Issue? What do you mean by Buy Back? What do you mean by Right issue of shares? What are ADR’s? ------------------------------------------------- What is the difference in between IPO and FPO? Risk-Return analysis Risk meaning and Measurement – Types of Risk – Systematic, Unsystematic risk, Beta Coefficient, Alpha, CAPM theory etc. What is return? Expected rate of Return, computation formulae. Case studies on risk-return using standard deviation, variance, probability and other statistical tools. ------------------------------------------------- What is beta? ------------------------------------------------- What is cost of equity? ------------------------------------------------- What is WACC? ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- "Stock A generates a return of 20% while stock B generates a return of 25%. The risk free-rate is 5%. Stock A has a standard deviation (risk) of 20%, while stock B has a standard deviation of 15%. Which stock gives a better risk adjusted return?" Security Research – (Fundamental) ------------------------------------------------- Fundamental Analysis –...
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...market for labor. The purpose of Chapter 27 is to introduce the students to some tools that people use when they participate in financial markets. We will show how people compare different sums of money at different points in time, how they manage risk, and how these concepts combine to help determine the value of a financial asset, such as a share of stock. KEY POINTS: Because savings can earn interest, a sum of money today is more valuable than the same sum of money in the future. A person can compare sums from different times using the concept of present value. The present value of any future sum is the amount that would be needed today, given prevailing interest rates, to produce that future sum. 469 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the...
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...rs)∞ ValueStock = Market interest rates Market risk aversion Cost of equity (rs) Firm’s debt/equity mix Firm’s business risk Common Stock: Owners, Directors, and Managers Represents ownership. Ownership implies control. Stockholders elect directors. Directors hire management. Since managers are “agents” of shareholders, their goal should be: Maximize stock price. 4 Classified Stock Classified stock has special provisions. Could classify existing stock as founders’ shares, with voting rights but dividend restrictions. New shares might be called “Class A” shares, with voting restrictions but full dividend rights. 5 Tracking Stock The dividends of tracking stock are tied to a particular division, rather than the company as a whole. Investors can separately value the divisions. Its easier to compensate division managers with the tracking stock. But tracking stock usually has no voting rights, and the financial disclosure for the division is not as regulated as for the company. 6 Different Approaches for Valuing Common Stock Dividend growth model Constant growth stocks Nonconstant growth stocks Free cash flow method (covered in Chapter 11) Using the multiples of comparable firms 7 Stock Value = PV of Dividends ^ P0 = D1 (1 + rs )1 + D2 (1 + rs )2 + D3 (1 + rs )3 +…+ D∞ (1 + rs)∞ What is a constant growth stock?...
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...comparable (or comp) same-store-sales in Q1 2013. This is the first such decline in 6 quarters of Walmart reporting comp increases. Based on a recent report published by Bloomberg, it appears Wal-Mart is struggling to keep its stores stocked with items that consumers are seeking. As seen in the below chart, Walmart’s tock, WMT, has been lagging behind its main competitors, Costco (COST) and Target (TGT). Given the weakness in global economies, and cautious consumer spending in the U.S. (WMT's biggest market), investors might be wondering whether Walmart stock is a good buy, sell or hold. Does WMT stock still make sense as a good investment or should investors seek better opportunities somewhere else? Let's analyze some of the valuation, fundamental and technical variables to better determine whether Walmart stock is a good buy, sell...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu...
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...PLEKHANOV RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL COURSE WORK « Business Valuation on the basis of Damodaran model » Corporate Finance Student: Pavel Terefera Supervisor: Irina Sokolnikova Moscow 2015 Contents Introduction _____________________________________________ 3 Chapter 1. Valuation______________________________________ 4 1.1 Valuation in portfolio management_________________________ 7 1.2 Valuation in acquisition__________________________________ 10 1.3 Valuation in corporate finance_____________________________ 10 Chapter 2. Approaches to Valuation___________________________ 11 2.1 Profitable Approach_____________________________________ 12 2.1.2 Income capitalization approach __________________________ 12 2.1.3Method of discounted cash flows__________________________ 14 2.1.4 Discounted Cash Flow Valuation on example of JSC NLMK____ 20 2.2 Relative Valuation Approach______________________________ 23 Conclusion _______________________________________________ 28 Bibliography ______________________________________________ 29 Introduction. Knowing the value of an asset may not be a guarantee for success for investor, but it does help us make more informed judgments. A postulate of sound investing is that an investor does not pay more for an asset than its worth. In conditions of market economy when all transactions are made "on fear and risk" their participants, both seller...
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...■ Fundamental Analysis: Fundamental analysis is a technique that attempts to determine a security’s value by focusing on underlying factors that affect a company's actual business and its future prospects. On a broader scope, you can perform fundamental analysis on industries or the economy as a whole. The term simply refers to the analysis of the economic well-being of a financial entity as opposed to only its price movements Fundamental analysis serves to answer questions, such as: • Is the company’s revenue growing? • Is it actually making a profit? • Is it in a strong-enough position to beat out its competitors in the future? • Is it able to repay its debts? • Is management trying to "cook the books"? The term fundamental analysis is used most often in the context of stocks, but we can perform fundamental analysis on any security, from a bond to a derivative. As long as we look at the economic fundamentals, we are doing fundamental analysis. For the purpose of this tutorial, fundamental analysis always is referred to in the context of stocks. Intrinsic Value of Fundamental Analysis: Intrinsic value is one of the primary assumptions of fundamental analysis is that the price on the stock market does not fully reflect a stock’s “real” value. In financial jargon, this true value is known as the intrinsic value. For example, let’s say that a company’s stock was trading at $20. After doing extensive homework on the company, we determine...
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...“When the price of a stock can be influenced by a “herd” on Wall Street with prices set at the margin by the most emotional person, or the greediest person, or the most depressed person, it is hard to argue that the market always prices rationally. In fact, market prices are frequently nonsensical.” ------------------------------------------------- This report will analysis the statement by Warren Buffett, and it considers the contrasting evidence on the validity of the observation on the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. The report briefly outlines the forms of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, the report also analysis’s the evidence both seminal and recent on the theory relating to the three forms of the hypothesis. It also examines the theoretical role and motivation of analysts in creating market efficiency; lastly it looks at alternative perspectives on the pricing of securities. Introduction In 1984 Warren Buffett penned an article titled “The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville”, based on a speech he had given on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his mentor Ben Graham’s legendary textbook, Security Analysis. In it, Buffett rejected the then growing (and now entrenched) view in academia that markets are ''efficient'' because ''stock prices reflect everything that is known about a company’s prospects and about the state of the economy.'' Warren Buffett argued against EMH, saying the preponderance of value investors among the world's best money managers rebuts...
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