...DiscussEl Gamal Algorithm. The El Gamal encryption system is based off of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and is a public-key or asymmetric cryptosystem. The security of El Gamal is based on the difficulty of G when computing discrete logarithms. Many times asymmetric, specifically, the El Gamal algorithm is known to be much slower than a symmetric cryptosystem. The breakdown of time pertaining to El Gamal can take milliseconds for encryption, seconds for decryption and up to minutes for key generation. Some of the delay is due to the fact that the cipher text can be up to twice as long as the plaintext. This is the reason that many people don’t strictly use asymmetric or El Gamal as an encryption method. Many times they use a hybrid cryptosystem utilizing the speed benefits of symmetric cryptography for data encryption and a public-key crypto system (such as El Gamal) for the key exchange. What is Triple DES? To understand what Triple DES is we first need to understand DES. DES is short for Data Encryption Standard which is a symmetric block cipher first founded by IBM. DES is a 64-bit cipher however only 56-bits are used for encryption. With the power of current computers there have been methods to easily brute force DES in several hours. Triple DES is essentially just the tripling of DES; this means that the key length is effectively 168 bits. The DES algorithm is simply applied three times to come up with a key that is 3 times as long thus making it 3 times as hard...
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...Islamic principals | 3 | Refinement of the Egyptian community | 4 | Conclusion | 4 | References | 5 | Introduction Gamal Abdel Nasser is considered to be the second Egyptian president, who had the ability to rule the Arab Republic of Egypt without any sort of interference from any foreign countries. (Mobile-Reference, 2010) Throughout Nasser’s rule, there had been many risings and opponents, who considered him to be ineffective leader for Egypt. Because of his different ideas and philosophies, which had been considered to be more communistic rather than Islamic, many of the historians criticized his actions and decisions. (Nissim Rejwan, 2000) This research will identify the main and critical services and benefits that the late president Gamal Abdel Nasser provided to the Islamic Religion. Implanting the Islamic Values During the early years of the Gamal Abdel Nasser ruling, there were huge enormous concerning for the Islamic life in Egypt, for instance; one of his great noticeable and achievements was the fact that the number of the mosques had been doubled from ten thousand mosques before the revolution to twenty-one thousand mosques in 1970. (Nissim Rejwan, 2000) In addition, Gamal Abdel Nasser had a great interest in making the Egyptians good Muslims and good Christians. (Nissim Rejwan, 2000) For the achievement of this purpose, Gamal Abdel Nasser followed several decisions, like; making the education of the Islamic religion and the Christians religion obligatory...
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...course dates back to the early times of Islam when different interpretations lead to a schism in the guided Caliphate called the Great Fitna which results we have to bear with until today. As the Islamic Thinker Mohamed Abdu suggested the Holy text is “alive” in the sense that its interpretations differ greatly depending on the background of the interpreter, these different interpretations lead to the forging of different schools of thought and Madhabs. And as political Islam is directly derived from Islamic teachings and has been affected by the differences in interpretations, Political Islam has never been united under one banner. The Ex Egyptians presidents Gamal Abd El Nasser and Anwar El Sadat had their different ways in dealing with the Islamists and of course helped in shaping political Islam in Egypt. Before Gamal Abd El Nasser, Egypt’s second president, Islamist groups were largely concerned with seeking independence from whichever external colonial, imperial, or even domestic (as the case with the monarchy) forces present within Egypt. When Nasser came into power, they had just emerged from a stalemate with the palace, which had revoked one of its groups’, the Muslim Brethren (MB), license for aiding an entrapped regiment by British forces during the 48-49 war and that was the launch of the Islamists gaining...
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...Name: Raghda Mostafa Hassan El-asra ID: 115743 Gamal Abdel Nasser is an Arabic leader not only an Egyptian leader who made a lot of achievements for Egypt, the Middle East and Africa. Nasser was an important figure in the recent history of Egypt and had a great role in 23 July revolution; he was one of the leaders of the free officers’ movement. Gamal Adel Nasser was a brave solider who fought against Israel. Nasser was a significant leader who had revolutionary ideas that supported the free officers’ movement. Nasser was the most popular Arabic leader in his era and had a big role in all Arabs’ revolutions and also made an Arabian nationalism, which included a short period of unity between Egypt and Syria (The painful presidency of Egypt's Nasser, 1969). Nasser also encouraged a number of revolutions in the Arab countries and a number of other countries. Nasser as a magnificent leader had an affective role in the political and social life during his judgment and after his death. (Nowaira, 2010) In July 26 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser took a great political decision. Nasser announced nationalizing the Suez Canal Company SAE to finance the Aswan high dam after the World Bank refused to finance the construction of the high dam. Nasser took that decision several years before the end of Britain’s contract of benefiting from the canal, which led to tension and escalation and bring hostility to Egypt. Nasser also increased...
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...President Eisenhower Eisenhower’s Doctrine and Beliefs 1/23/2012 Carlos Williams | In the history of international diplomacy the appearance of the Eisenhower Doctrine was an important and life changing document. Before January of 1957 there was no such notion in the entire world; it was introduced by President Eisenhower. Before that date all countries decided for themselves what political direction they were taking and were on their own in the political world arena. By that time the Soviet Union however was a powerful and ever growing country with desires to occupy more and more territories and to control as many countries as it could. Situation in the Middle East was a very favorable one for such actions of the Soviets that only waited for a suitable moment to contribute their political domination to those territories. Most of the Middle East countries were struggling for the independence and were trying to establish self-governing systems as in developed parts of the world. In the course of the history they frequently found themselves in the middle of fighting and misunderstanding between the nations, thus it was a rough process which was still continuing. In the midst of such conditions it was understandable that those countries were a piece of cake for the Soviet Union to make them communist "believers". The problem was not only based on the Soviet's desire, but mainly on the opponent‘s inability to resist the pressure of being involved in a new political...
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...Assignment #3 By Rajiv Ravishankar One month after Gamal Abdel Nasser (President of Egypt from June 23, 1956 – Sept 28, 1970) took presidency, he overlooked the nationalization of the Suez Canal by issuing Law No. 285 of 1956 (Nationalization of the Universal Company of the Suez Maritime Canal). The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, which in turn also provides access to the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. The Suez Canal greatly shortens the travel distance between Africa and Asia. This made it extremely important for the export of goods, especially oil. France and Britain had invested a lot in the Suez Canal Company and when Nasser had wanted to take over control, they saw it as a threat against them by the Egyptian Regime. Nasser knew fully well that nationalizing the Suez Canal would cause a mighty disruption in the oil industry as the Suez Canal was and is the only connection between Asian and Africa that ships could access. Nationalization of the canal affected most of the oil exporting countries in the area. However, his assumption that Egypt was impervious to attack from Britain, France and Israel however was completely amiss. The UK, France and Israel had an agreement to overtake control of the canal back and prevent Nasser from expanding his territory over Sudan. Nasser’s ploy of using the Suez Canal as a power play shows his dominance and leadership ability. Moreover he used the abrupt retraction of funding for the Aswan...
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...coming years, relative to the rest of the countries in the Middle East. It is critical to study the reasons behind this success in order to be able to reenact it and benefit from that knowledge. The success of any country begins with its legislative system, as all legal activities that take place need to be compatible with the law first in order to be executed. For Egypt, this system changed greatly after two major revolutions; the 1952 and 2011 revolutions which both aimed to overthrow the regimes at that time. The Egyptian legal system is based on both the Islamic laws, which is called Al Sharia in Arabic, and on the Napoleonic code. The first written constitution adopted after Egypt became a republic was in 1956 by former president Gamal Abdel Nasser after the 1952 revolution. Later, in 1971, President Anwar El Sadaat adopted a new democratic constitution, which gave more freedom and democratic practices allowing political parties to return. When the fourth Egyptian president, Hosni Mubarak, took control, he amended the constitution twice in 2005 and in 2007 having changed 34 articles in 2007. Moreover, during the 2011 Egyptian revolution, 5 articles were amended in addition to having removed one article. Later, also in 2011, the military suspended the constitution and suggested the amendment of 7 articles and the removal of one. This proposal was voted on by the citizens and it passed having 77.2% of the votes in favor of the changes. Today, there...
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...Madalyn Huffman Nasser and Sadat in Egypt On June 23, 1956, the people of Egypt voted for a president. They really did not have much of a choice. The ballot had just one single name on it. Gamal Abdel Nasser. Since he was the only name to pick from, he was elected by the people of Egypt to be their first president to rule over the Republic of Egypt. Along with Nasser being the only person on the ballot, so was his new constitution. Under this new constitution, Nasser is making Egypt become a one-party socialist state. The official religion would now be Islam. Nasser is originally from Alexandria, Egypt. He was born there. During his young years, he often was involved in demonstrations against the British rule. After going to school,...
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...RISE OF GADDAFI AND HIS RULE: Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafiwas the longest-serving leader in the Arab world. He ruled Libya after he took it over from King Idris I in 1969.Gaddafi was born on 7th June, 1942 in Qasr Abu Hadi located outside the town of Sirte in western Libya. He attended a Muslim elementary school in Sabha. During his schooling, he was profoundly influenced by major events in the Arab world especially the Arab nationalist movement. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser became his idol. Gaddafi joined the army in the 1960s as a supporter of Arab nationalism. In 1959, significant oil reserves were discovered in Libya. Revenue from petroleum exports moved Libya from being one of the poorest nations, to becoming a wealthy state. However, people began to resent the increased concentration of wealth in the hands of King Idris. This discontent grew with the rise of Nasserism and Arab nationalism throughout North Africa and the Middle East. In August 1969, King Idris was in Turkey for medical treatment. On September 1, 1969 a group of 70 junior Libyan military officers led by Muammar Gaddafi took the opportunity to stage a bloodless overthrow (coup d’état). The coup started in Benghazi, by members of Libyan Signal Corps. They placed the crown prince, Sayyid as-Sanussi under house arrest The coup leaders were referred to as the Free Officers’ Movement. They declared an end to monarchy in Libya and renamed the country the Libyan Arab Republic. The movement...
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...The Suez Crisis During the 1950’s, Britain’s rule over Egypt led them to gain joint control over the Suez Canal with the French. However, many Egyptians were tired of Britain’s presence because they felt as if they were second class citizens in their own country. This led to Egypt’s military beginning to pressure Britain’s armies, located in the Canal Zone, so they would leave. Not only were attacks made on the British, but also on Israeli troops along the border between the two countries. Years later, this long and negative history between the nations would eventually lead to the joint decision for Israel, Britain, and France to attack Egypt when Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in July 1956. As a result, the Suez Crisis ensued. During the course of this paper, I will argue that the Suez Crisis had a greater impact on Britain and Frances’ power as colonizing countries as it exposed significant military weaknesses. I will first discuss in further detail what the Suez Crisis was. Then I will explain the different measures that were taken to maintain peace amongst the nations involved. Lastly, I will discuss the different outcomes Egypt, Britain, France, and Israel faced. When Colonel Nasser replaced General Neguib in 1954 he had three main goals for Egypt. These included: making Egypt independent by ending British occupation, building up the Egyptian forces for an effective attack on Israel, and building the economy by constructing a dam at...
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...Egypt’s Politics and Culture Nicole L. Hoo SOC315: Cross-Cultural Perspectives (CIL1545A) Instructor: Sheila Farr December 7, 2015 Egypt’s Politics and Culture Egypt is for the most part a modern nation country relative to organization, rule, and administration; however it is not a modern Western country. Although the contemporary Egyptian state remained in essence authoritarian, such rule was not accepted unconditionally. Its legitimacy depended on adherence to certain public expectations. Egypt’s path to democracy has been continues to harshly challenge the country’s socioeconomic, political, and cultural institutions and continues to plague the nation with the current uprising for open democratic governance. Civilization and pictures of an ancient land established somewhere down in history are evoked by the insignificant notice of Egypt that was a riddle until the mid nineteenth century. In old times, Egypt was known for its magnificence, the considerable sphinx, pyramids, and pharaohs. Past the magnificence, Egypt is likewise perceived for improvements of hieroglyphic written work and accomplishments in craftsmanship, building design, and horticulture. The wellspring of antiquated Egypt's flourishing realm is said to be the Nile River and agriculture. Herodotus, the traditional Greek history specialist, depicted Egypt as the endowment of the Nile. The Nile was the life of the valley with its downpour surges and retreating cycles. Egypt was a standout...
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...Egyptian Uprising of 2011 Things will never be the same in Egypt due to the Egyptian revolution that has been ongoing since January of 2011. The uprising began in Cairo and many other cities followed, eventually causing the president to resign from office. I am going to tell a little bit about the revolution and what it has meant to me. The Egyptian revolution began in early January 2011 by activist revolting against the president of Egypt calling for the end of poverty, unemployment, government corruption and requesting the end of the presidents ruling. On January 25th, a national holiday in Egypt, the activist took to the streets to calling it a day of rage. From there on out for about a month there was brutal ongoing fights, with many people losing their lives. During this time, the city of Cairo was considered a war zone. During this uprising, over 800 people died and more than 6,000 people were injured. It makes me sad that there were so many people that had died just for speaking up and expressing their selves. As a child, you are taught to express what you feel and think, showing people what you are made of and what you represent. With that being your family, your religion, your rights and freedom of speech. The Egyptians, similar to us, used social media to share to the world what was happening in their desperate lives. The main difference I felt was that when they tried to use freedom of speech they were punished. I have learned that I am very lucky...
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...* Principles of Islamic banking Islamic banking refers to a system or banking activity that is consistent with the Islamic jurisprudence [arab. fiqh] based on the principles of the Sharīʿah. Literally, it may be translated with “Path to the water of source”, rendering the “right” way that Allah has carved out for all Muslims. Main sources of the the Sharīʿah are the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Basic aims of the Sharīʿah are the spread of wisdom and welfare through transferring faith including beliefs and practices. In addition, in the past centuries Islamic religious scholars and jurists have been developing its practical application [arab. fatwa] to a system of instructions; some of them find their way into the constitutions of Arabic countries like Kuwait. Today Islamic jurisprudence is a code of conduct that on the one hand regulates the relationship between Allah and the mankind [arab. ʿibādāt] and on the other hand the economic and interpersonal relationship between individuals [arab. mu’amāt]. Since the entire legal framework of Islamic banking is codified in the Sharīʿah, every Islamic bank in the GCC region and the majority of the remaining Islamic banks worldwide have an in-house Sharīʿah -board that audits the compatibility of the banks’ products and services with the restrictions imposed by the Islamic law. In the following, the main principles of Islamic banking are explained. * Prohibition of riba, gharar and maysir (Qur’an 4:161) The first and most important feature...
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...CS 6903 - Applied Cryptography Lecture 10: Lecture 10, slides 3-15 Speaker: Giovanni Di Crescenzo, Scribe: Chaitanya Bhorade December 13, 2014 Summary: This document contains notes for Lecture 10, slides 3-15. These are the lecture notes with some additional information by the scribe, for Lecture 10 Slides 3- 15. The primary focus is on Digital Signatures and its constructions. Properties of a digital signature is then discussed. This is followed by some Digital Signature schemes. And finally Digital Signatures in practice are shown to conclude the notes. 1 Introduction Digital Signatures is a concept derived form a normal signature which is used to confirm the origin of a received document. Asymmetric cryptographic technique is been implemented to ensure whether the received document is authenticated or not. With some factors, a digital signature offers more security than a real-life signature. Because it is difficult to convert a digital signature for message m which can be used as a sign a new message m’ A digital signature for a document would be bits which are derived from: the document and the secret key of the signer.The public key is available freely to anyone who wants to verify the signature. Whereas the other key, which is a secret key, is only known to the one that is authorized to generate the signatures which are associated with that public key. 2 Properties of Digital Signature • Integrity: Recipients can be confident that the message has not been...
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...BEY2OLLAK Table of content. Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-5 What is bey2ollak-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-7 What they do and how they do it----------------------------------------------------- 7 Success factors---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1. They fulfilled a need------------------------------------------------------------------ 8-9 2. Creativity and using existing resources-------------------------------------- 9-10 3. They had what it takes----------------------------------------------------------- 10-11 Why bey2ollak is such a success-------------------------------------------------- 11-12 Bibliography---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 Abstract The frustration caused by everyday traffic in Egypt’s biggest cities such as Cairo and Alexandria made people wish if they only knew that the road they are planning to drive thru is blocked they would have probably took another route to where ever they hoping to go.Bey2ollak nowadays is helping to achieve such wish throughout all Egypt. With almost one million trusted users and more than two thousand active monthly users. This five years old application is now an award-winning...
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