...achievement in education 2013 review’ Professor Chris Pascal and Professor Tony Bertram UK Research Team: Sean Delaney, Selma Manjee, Marjory Perkins and Manja Plehn International Research Team: Alice Bennett, Carol Nelson, Sarina Razzak and Maureen Saunders Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) © Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) 2013 The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of Ofsted. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to Elizabeth Boulton at publishing@ofsted.gov.uk or Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2 6SE This publication is available at www.ofsted.gov.uk/accessandachievement. No. 130155-RR-005 In June 2012, Sir Michael Wilshaw, HMCI, stated his determination to address the issue of narrowing the gap of educational achievement between disadvantaged pupils and others. To support this intention, The Centre for Research in Early Childhood has been commissioned by OfSTED to conduct a review looking at the impact of Early Childhood Education (ECE) initiatives to combat social and economic disadvantage, both in the UK and internationally. This paper: Examines the impact of national and international initiatives in ECE over the last 10 years on the attainment of socio‐economic disadvantaged children and young people ...
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...Reaction paper one According to the article, childhood abuse leads to greater mortality and morbidity in later adulthood, and dysregulated physiological stress responses may underlie the greater health risk among abused individuals. Therefore, this study mainly focused on evaluating the impact of childhood abuse on inflammatory responses to naturalistically occurring daily stressors. There are 130 older adults participate in this study. Recent daily stressors and childhood abuse history were evaluated using the Daily Inventory of Stressful Events and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. To provide data on inflammatory responses, blood samples are collected to test circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Study visits were scheduled between 8 to 10 A.M to account for diurnal changes on circulating cytokines. Participants are divided into two groups: caregiving group and non-caregiving group (control). Then a Childhood Trauma Questionnaire is given to assess abuse in childhood. Lastly, Daily Inventory of Stressful Events is given to assess the occurrence of daily stressors in the past 24 hours. The results are consistent with theoretical models, revealing that childhood abuse history was associated with amplified IL-6 responses to naturalistically occurring daily stressors. According to the article, abused individuals experienced multiple daily stressors have IL-6 levels 2.35 times higher than those of non0abused participants...
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...Janique Picquet INF103: Computer Literacy Jeanette Cobabe June 29, 2011 Childhood obesity has become one of the most predominant health problems facing our nation today. Its prevalence in the United States is such that it is considered an epidemic that has a powerful, adverse impact on the well-being of our society. Childhood obesity affects all aspects of a child’s life; most significantly by contributing to poor health and negative social perceptions by society. Extensive research of this issue has identified numerous causal and risk factors associated with obesity. Given the multifaceted nature of the problem, and its severe implications for the future health and well-being of affected children, I believe that the most effective solutions will be achieved through programs that focus on prevention efforts. This thesis begins with a definition of the obesity epidemic, followed by a discussion of research into the multiple causal factors associated with childhood obesity. Particular emphasis is placed on prevention and intervention programs in the school environment, as many of the efforts to address childhood obesity have been school-based. This thesis also concludes the causes of obesity, environmental factors, biological, genetic, and dietary behaviors, the cost of obesity, and so much more. Recent studies and surveys provide clear evidence that children and adolescents are becoming overweight and, more significantly, obese at increasingly younger ages. Statistical...
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...indigenous community of Australia. What is the evidence on closing the gap in these areas with the non indigenous community? Assess the implications of your results for employment, income and hence the standard of living? Introduction It is very important to provide better education training and health facilities to the indigenous community of Australia for the prosperous economy of the country. These are the fundamental elements to get higher productivity, to create more employment opportunity following by the higher income level with higher HDI of the country. It is important to share in the prosperity of the nation. Providing Indigenous Australians with...
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...play in the lives of young children, primarily those growing up in poverty (Rouse, Brooks-Gunn, & McLanahan, 2005). Specifically, some have argued that high quality education and care programs that begin early in life have the potential to close gaps in school achievement that often exist between poor and minority children and their middle-class, mostly White, counterparts (Magnuson & Waldfogel, 2005).Based on these conclusions, U.S. policymakers and practitioners interested in improving the lives of poor children have considered the possibility that early education programs may contribute to solving the myriad of problems that growing up in poverty poses. This paper will examine the benefits of early education and the arguments against early education and references or in text citation with bibliography. Introduction During early years, children go through critical stages of development, and consistent, high-quality early education can have long-lasting, beneficial effects on the overall development of children. Choosing a preschool in which your child will be loved and cared for is of utmost importance, of course. But it's also important to select a preschool that will partner with your family to ensure your child's healthy development throughout his or her early education years. Some parents believe that early education is a valuable opportunity to enrich the lives of children and prepare them for formal educations, while...
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...Under what economic conditions are children living across the United States? Child poverty and its misfortunes By: Racheal H. Caldwell A Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of CST5006 – Survey of Research Methodology Racheal H. Caldwell May 2013 Address: 22-04 Collier Ave Apt 5H Far Rockaway NY 11691 Phone: 347-985-6673 Email: racheal_caldwell@yahoo.com Instructor: Kathy Blaydes Abstract The United States economy is going through a phenomenon described as “globalization” of an economy or global competition. A very large part of global competition involves the development of a strong labor force, and this development starts with the nurturing of children (Ozawa, Soo, & Kim 2004). A great challenge lives in the United States and by international standards; the United States has the highest proportion of children in low income families than any other industrialized country (Smeeding, Torrey, & Rain 2002). It is believed that the reasoning for children’s income status being relatively low is due to adults and the elderly. In the proposed research, we will: examine the published research on child poverty that impacts social and behavioral studies and define the scope and nature of problem and discuss strategies for solving this problem. Qualitative and quantitative research approaches will be used to examine diverse perspectives and factors associated with child poverty. In addition, we will summarize key findings of research and...
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...Early Childhood Cognitive and Executive Functions affected by Traumatic Brain Injuries Introduction Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are an important problem in the United States requiring attention because of the life-altering changes occurring a few months to a few years post-injury. Sometimes called the “silent killer”, TBI’s claim more than 52,000 lives per year with more than twice that number that are hospitalized or unreported (Faul, 2010). With its invisibility, initial diagnosis of a TBI is difficult and often overlooked. There is a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities, classified as either mild, moderate or severe. It can sometimes difficult diagnosing a TBI when physicians are treating other conditions in the Emergency Department. A mild TBI is classified as an altered state of conscious level with no mass/lesion visible on a CT or MRI. Moderate TBI’s are present with either a mass on a CT/MRI and/or the presence of neurological deficits, while the severity of severe TBI’s represents the existence of a coma and a lesion (Zollman, 2011). The bump, blow or jolt to the head may disrupt a child’s brain function. The blow may be considered open or closed based on whether the injury penetrates the skull and underlining meninges. For instance, the historic example of Phineas Gage had a large iron rod driven completely through his head and is classified as an open head injury. Compared to open head injuries, closed ones are more severe because of the increased intracranial...
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...seniors, and families in need. I chose this agency because they have so many programs that they offer to their community that address so many different issues and problems. At The Family Services Association, they offer many different programs to the community that address social issues. I chose to write about their Early Childhood Well-Being program. The Early Childhood Well-Being Program was initiated in January 2011. This program is to identify gaps in the areas of medical and mental health services for young children and their families. The program will then collaboratively build strategies to effectively meet the needs of young children and families with the intended outcome of maximizing their healthy development and successful educational achievement, and establishing a healthy foundation for lifetime success. Developing and mentoring infrastructure of professionals and services that are accessible to families that effectively address early childhood development issues. This program also educates trains and mentors early education/health staff and administrators. Health providers to utilize effective tools and strategies. Funding for the Early Childhood Well-Being program is received through the Methodist Healthcare Ministries. Although through researching The Family Services Association, they are a private, non-profit, non-sectarian agency that is funded through United Way. This organization also has fee-for-services contracts with both public and private organizations...
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...The Joy Luck Club: The Generation Gap “The old woman remembered a swan she had bought many years ago in Shanghai for a foolish sum. This bird, boasted the market vendor, was once a duck that stretched its neck in hopes of becoming a goose, and now look!—it is too beautiful to eat.” (The Joy Luck Club). The Joy Luck Club, written by Amy Tan, takes you on a rollercoaster ride of emotions with the heartbreaking truth of the harsh realities of the world around us. Bringing serious topics to the attention of her audience, she is informing them through her work, what the hardships of life are. As this story progresses, the viewer will see a various amount of themes, but the generation gap is visibly present. With her mother nearly dying,...
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...United States. The number of Americans living in poverty is continually increasing. Poverty indicates the extent to which an individual does without resources. Resources can include financial, emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical resources as well as support systems, relationships, role models, and knowledge of hidden rules. Poverty directly affects academic achievement due to the lack of resources available for student success. Low achievement is closely correlated with lack of resources, and numerous studies have documented the correlation between low socioeconomic status and low achievement. Several strategies exist to assist teachers in closing the poverty achievement gap for students. Key words: Poverty, family income, achievement gap, academic gap. INTRODUCTION In the United States (US), the gaps in achievement among poor and advantaged students are substantial (Rowan et al., 2004). Through multiple studies, The U.S. Department of Education (2001: 8) has indicated results that “clearly demonstrated that student and school poverty adversely affected student achievement”. The U.S. Department of Education (2001) found the following key findings regarding the effects of poverty on student achievement in a study conducted on third through fifth The grade students from 71 high-poverty schools: students scored below norms in all years and grades tested;...
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...Differences in vocabulary development and use in early childhood appear to be closely correlated with socioeconomic status. For the purpose of this paper Socioeconomic Status (SES) is going to be defined using the American Psychological Association’s measurement for socioeconomic status which combines education, income, and occupation. Vocabulary development in early childhood is important because vocabulary size upon entry into kindergarten is one of the most important factors in predicting a child’s ability to succeed in school (Rowe, 2012). When children enter Kindergarten there is often a large gap in the amount of words children from high- and low- SES backgrounds know. The same gap that is present in vocabulary size when children enter...
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...United States. The number of Americans living in poverty is continually increasing. Poverty indicates the extent to which an individual does without resources. Resources can include financial, emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical resources as well as support systems, relationships, role models, and knowledge of hidden rules. Poverty directly affects academic achievement due to the lack of resources available for student success. Low achievement is closely correlated with lack of resources, and numerous studies have documented the correlation between low socioeconomic status and low achievement. Several strategies exist to assist teachers in closing the poverty achievement gap for students. Key words: Poverty, family income, achievement gap, academic gap. INTRODUCTION In the United States (US), the gaps in achievement among poor and advantaged students are substantial (Rowan et al., 2004). Through multiple studies, The U.S. Department of Education (2001: 8) has indicated results that “clearly demonstrated that student and school poverty adversely affected student achievement”. The U.S. Department of Education (2001) found the following key findings regarding the effects of poverty on student achievement in a study conducted on third through fifth The grade students from 71 high-poverty schools: students scored below norms in all years and grades tested; students who...
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...Persuasive Essay: Equalization of Local, County, and State Funding Systems Siria Rivera Grand Canyon University: EDA 535 August 15, 2014 * * Students today face many challenges that we did not encounter in our adolescence. One of the biggest challenges they face is the need for them to evolve into capable civic members in a ever changing and far more complex world than the one we grew up in. Their futures and that of our communities depend on their education. Cutting things like smaller student to teacher ratios, full day kindergarten, and alternative programs for at risk high school students can only lead to 1st graders that are under prepared, overworked teachers, and lower high school graduate percentages for the state of New Jersey. Senator Donald Norcross, in the essay I urge you to consider an alternative sources for generating tax dollars in order to create a more equalized school district for Camden, New Jersey and avoid these cuts. An Equitable and Adequate Tax System. While there is no universal definition of what equitable school funding should look like, equity is a based on fairness. This does not necessary mean that fairness does require total equal per pupil expenditures. For example, we (New Jersey) provide more funding for school districts with greater needs. Equity at the school district level can be broken down by the following three criteria. First, every school district within a state should be guaranteed an adequate base line level of...
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...University of Phoenix Material Development Matrix Part I – Developmental Stages For each developmental domain, physical, cognitive, and social, identify two major changes or challenges associated with the following stages: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Stage of Development | Physical Development | Cognitive Development | Social Development | Childhood | * Has a greater plasticity in their neural functions. * Develop motor skills | * learns to grasp and manipulate objects. * learning language. | * dependant on their parents to help them survive. * Deep emotional bond with caregiver (attachment) | Adolescence | * Secondary sexual characteristics(pubic hair, breast development in girls, and lowered voice for boys. * Girls have their first menstrual cycle . * Boys ejaculate for the first time around 14 | * Growth of moral reasoning. * * Able to think and reason logically . | * Form an identity (individualized sense of self.) * Increasing emphasis on peer relationships. (seeks friendship of the opposite sex and also distinguish between friends and romantic partners.) | Adulthood | By mid 20’s finally are physically mature and are fully developed.By 30s or 40s will notice a physical change such as: wrinkles, stooped in posture, thinning or gray hair and shrinking in height. | * Mental process slows down takes long to recall information. * Have more trouble assimilating new information. | This period focuses on...
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...contribute to the development of a person is education. People should be surrounded with good opportunities throughout their lives, and having received a good education gives them a greater chance of doing so, because education enables them to have more welfare in life. As people live in prosperities, the development of a country will be carried to a good level in the future. In my opinion, education is the single and most important in the development of a country. First of all, education is something that follows us as we grow up to be adolescents. Children start school generally when they are 4~6 years old, and in that process of going through their childhood and teenage period, they structure their outline of life from their experiences gained at school. Many decisions are asked and required by and from the students, and dreams and goals are also concepted at school. These decisions and visions construct a person's character, habits, and one's way of thinking. If inadequate education were to meet a student during this phase, then the potentials that one might certainly pertain in a normal educational environment might not be possible. Going on, the gap between the well educated and less educated is evermore becoming a great problem in many countries around the world. Well-educated people are thought of as a valued asset in accordance to their country and society. As these 'well-educated' people continue to gain a higher status in society, the gap between them and...
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