...WHAT WILL BE A "GAME CHANGER" FOR EUROPE AND POLAND: SECURE SUPPLIES, SHALE GAS, OPEN MARKET OR RENEWABLE ENERGY (a "game changer" means- which of the mentioned options will influence strongly/determine energy developments in Europe and Poland) Zarówno w Polsce, jak i w Europie można zaobserwować wielkie zmiany zachodzące w sektorze energetyki. W ostatnich latach zintensyfikowano poszukiwania złóż gazu łupkowego, Polska przygotowuje się do wzniesienia elektrowni atomowej, ponadto wdraża się system inteligentnych sieci, a także co raz bardziej wspiera się inicjatywy dotyczące odnawialnych źródeł energii oraz gorąco debatuje się nad kwestiami ekologicznymi oraz emisji CO2. Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne oznacza – zgodnie z polskim prawem – stan gospodarki, który umożliwia porycie bieżącego, a także perspektywicznego zapotrzebowania na energię przy zachowaniu wymagań odnośnie ochrony środowiska. Oznacza to, że Polska powinna się starać stworzyć taki system prawny i ekonomiczny, który zapewniałbym pewność dostaw, wysoką konkurencję oraz powinien zapewniać ochronę środowiska. Jeśli chodzi natomiast o Unię Europejską, jej polityka energetyczna sprowadza się do trzech głównych celów: przeciwdziałania zmian klimatycznym, ograniczania podatności państw członkowskich na wpływy czynników zewnętrznych od importerów oraz na wspieraniu zatrudnienia, a także zapewnienia wzrostu gospodarczego. Polska w swoich planach określających perspektywy bezpieczeństwa energetycznego zamierza poprawić...
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... In science, matter is such a thing that has mass and can takes up space. Generally, matter is not transparent like water. We can also observe matter. From this definition, we can say that matter has some criteria so that we can identify matter as a matter. Matter has four to five states according to scientists. In general they are formed in four categories. These states are as following: 1. Be Condensates 2.Solids 3.Liquids 4.Gases 5.Plasmas These states change one to another by changing their situation. This called physical change and it occurs usually when heat(energy) is either added or taken away. Each of these states also known as a phase. For example; when an ice cube melt by heating it turns in to liquid. Then if we still give heat on melted water it turn in to gases and start to disappeared in the air. By this way, energy transformed the matter in several states. Now, we are going to write down about the main forms of these states in details as below: Solid is one of the state of matter. The properties of solid is depending, how the particle are packed. Solid could be soft or hard. In solids, the particle are closely packed in a fixed position and cannot move anywhere. Solids are rigid this is why they cannot be squashed to compress. It is one of the reason that they cannot flow. Their fixed position give them a shape and fix volume as well. For example; The computer. In liquids, The particle...
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...Form of energy, measured in Joules, J (b) Heat Heat is transferred from hotter object (higher temperature) to colder object (lower temperature) When an object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and the temperature will increase. When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and the temperature will decrease. (c) Thermal Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy contact can be transferred between them. (d)Heat transfer When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. (e) Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium Energy is transferred at a faster rate from the hotter object to the colder object. Energy is also transferred from the colder object to the hotter one, but at a slower rate. There is a net flow of energy from the hotter object to the colder object. (f) Thermal When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is Equilibrium no net flow of heat between them. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature 60 The hotter object cools down while the colder object warms up . After some time, energy is transferred at the same rate between the two objects. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Example of thermal equilibrium A wet towel is placed on the forehead of a person who has high fever. Initially the temperature of the cloth is lower than the body temperature of the person. Heat energy is transferred...
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...spreadsheet that everything went down in price and the price in first spreadsheet was high due to Co2 pounds per year making the prices went way u and will cost more if you don’t reduce the Co2 consumption of the electricity. The gasoline consumption was high per gallon of gas and the miles you get when you drive for a certain amount of miles. Was that the Co2 of gas consumption went down just a little bit but not a lot due to how many miles you drive your car and how long you drive it to get a full tank of gas to the E sign but the miles of gas per gallon will tell you the price that you will be spending each time when you fill up your tank if it needs a whole tank of gas or a half of tank that needs less gas and Co2 consumption I got my calculation from using the cells times it and then finding the math for how many week per year. My strategy to reduce the Co2 consumption was the when I’m not using something unplug t because when it is off and still plug in it is still making energy from the wall socket. Keep things of for a short period of time and not keep everything on all day long. Giving things a break. I believe my strategy was really good because it’s a goal to reach on saving money and energy to keep things on the low side and not the high side of money. Keeping things under one hundred dollars.....
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...textbook, read about gas pressure. STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY CHAPTER 13 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY States of Matter Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 13. Pressure is defined as force per unit a. area. 14. What is an instrument designed to measure atmospheric pressure? a. barometer b. manometer c. sphygmomanometer b. mass. c. time. Section 13.1 Gases In your textbook, read about the kinetic-molecular theory. d. volume. Complete each statement. 1. The kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in d. thermometer motion a. altitude. b. atmospheric pressure. . 15. The height of the liquid in a barometer is affected by all of the following EXCEPT the c. density of the liquid in the column. d. diameter of the column tube. Chemistry: Matter and Change 16. The pressure of the gas in a manometer is directly related to which of the following 2. The kinetic-molecular theory makes the following assumptions. a. In a sample of a gas, the volume of the gas particles themselves is very small quantities? compared to the volume of the sample. b. Because gas particles are far apart, there are no significant attractive or repulsive forces random motion. d. a c. a a. height of the mercury column in the closed-end arm b. height of the mercury column in the open-end arm between gas particles. b b c. Gas particles are in constant...
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...In the Atlantic ocean there was water droplets move from the air and back to the ocean to do again. One of them was named flowey, flowey was a crystal clear water droplet. Sometimes he thought it well be just a normal day in the ocean but when thinking that it will be the same but it wasn’t he was being transported to the air with other water droplets from oceans and plants around them, they all were turning in gas to form a cloud in the sky. That’s when evaporation comes to play evaporation is when a gas state (vapor) the sun’s light gives energy to the water, causing it to change from a liquid to a gas. Then which also helps is transpiration when another gas state. The process where plants release water vapor into the atmosphere. Then condensation...
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...ESC 1000 - Earth Science - Online Chapter 12 Homework Name Micheline salomon . Section number: . ESC1000C Using the textbook and notes fill in the following tables and answer the questions. Underline your answers. (Just click in underline and type, your answer will be underlined.) Some answers are already filled in in CAPS, do not fill in your answers in CAPS. 1) Changes of state are important in the atmosphere. Name the changes of state and tell whether energy is absorbed or released in the change of state. Note that two are already given. Change of state | Name of change of state | Is energy absorbed or released? | Solid to Liquid | MELTING | Absorbed . | Solid to Gas | Sublimation . | ABSORBED | Liquid to Gas | Evaporation . | Absorbed . | Liquid to Solid | Freezing. | Released . | Gas to Liquid | Condensation . | Released . | Gas to Solid | Deposition . | Released. | 2) Humidity, water in the atmosphere, is VERY important in the atmosphere. Fill in the following table relating to humidity. Answers for some are given in ( ). A measure of actual amount of water in air (Dew Point, Relative Humidity, or Specific Humidity) | Relative Humanity . | Measured in g of water per kg of air(Dew Point, Relative Humidity, or Specific Humidity) | Dew Point . | A ratio of air's actual water vapor content to its capacity to hold water vapor(Dew Point, Relative Humidity, or...
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...instead of the more powerful chlorine dioxide could be a legal problem due to the to the lack of disinfecting properties required by insurance and governing policies. School buses play a major role in the intermodal world we live in. The public transportation network moves millions of people around the world in vehicles that are prime targets for the growth of microbials such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. About Microbes within Athletic Facilities Microbial populations of viruses, bacteria, and fungi are among the oldest living things on earth. They require very little to grow--moisture, specific temperature, and a food or energy source are all it takes to get them going. For some microbes, their food source can be anything from which they derive energy. Some get it from minerals in the earth and can grow on bare rock, while others get energy from any organic material living or dead When colonies of...
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...will Rachel Notley and Justin Trudeu do? What does CO2 over 400ppm mean? Ppm mean parts per million, which mean in every 1 million of unit of substance, there is 1 unit of substance presents. In simple words, in I Kg of gas, there is 1 microgram of CO2. How does the value 400ppm being measured? The CO2 concentration value 400ppm, is measured in Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii. Mauna Loa is chosen as the measuring spot as it is far from any human activities, and it is high in altitude. The air sample is less likely to be affected by nearby human activities and can reflect the true value of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. These measurements is usually for plotting the Keeling curve with respect to the atmospheric temperature....
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...it, weigh the water that has been pushed out of the tumbler, and compare that with the weight of the object, you'll know whether it floats or not. • Use the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation to explain common effects of ideal fluid flow. The pressure in a fluid moving steadily without friction or outside energy input decreases when the fluid velocity increases Assignment Requirements 3. Mass is the same, so if the whale is taking up less volume, the density must have increased. The whale has displaced a greater mass of water at the depth, so the buoyant force is greater. 20. Ice cubes float in water, and sink in alcohol. Anything with less density than the liquid that it's in will float. 22. It will increase 35. It would be harder on the top of a mountain because the pressure of the atmosphere is lower the higher you go. The atmospheric pressure pushes on the surface of the liquid when you suck which helps the liquid move up the straw. At sea level, the pressure is fourteen and a half pounds per square inch and reduces as you move higher. 43. When a steadily flowing gas flows from a larger diameter pipe to a smaller diameter pipe the speed of gas is decreases and pressure...
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...Chemistry Reflux Reflux is a distillation technique involving the condensation of vapours and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time. You should never allow the top of the condenser to be stoppered because if you attempt to heat sealed glass apparatus it may explode. Also, you should heat gently because there is a huge risk, when not heated gently, of the equipment exploding and breaking. Also, heating under gentle reflux means the solution can vaporise correctly. Distillation Distillation is when you purify a liquid by a process of heating and cooling. Water enters at the end of the tube. The thermometer is placed inside the distilling flask. Anti-bumping granules are used to provide many places where bubbles of gas may form as the water boils. The bubbles are small and rise steadily to the surface of the liquid where they burst. Without the granules, fewer but larger bubbles form. They rise and burst with such force that they shake the test tubes which can be a hazard. Recrystallisation We recrystallise in order to purify chemicals. In order to recrystallise, we first have to add a small quantity of appropriate solvent to an impure solid. Then we have to apply heat to dissolve the solid. After this, we have to cool the solution to crystallize...
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...1 ) Explain how kinetic energyand potential energy determine the properties of the three states and phase changes, what occurs when heat is added or removed from a substance and how to calculate the enthalpy change. Answer In a gas, the potential energy (energy of attraction) is small to the kinetic energy thus, on average, the particles are far apart. This large distance has several macroscopic consequences : a gas fills its container, is highly compressible, and flows easily through another gas. In a liquid , attractions are stronger because the particles are touching, but they have enough kinetic energy to move randomly around each other.Thus, a liquid conforms to the shape of its container but has a surface ; It resists an applied force and thus compresses very slightly ; and it flows, but much more slowly than gases. In a solid, the attractions dominate the motion so much that the particles are fixed in position relative to one another, just jiggling in place. Thus, a solid has its own shape, compresses even less than liquids, and does not flow significantly. Each phase change has a name and an associated entalphy change : Gas to liquid, and vice versa. As the temperature drops, the molecules in the gas come together and form a liquid in the process, changing from a liquid to gas, is vaporization. Liquid to solid, and vice versa. As the temperature drops further, the particles move slower and become fixed in position in the process of freezing ; In common speech...
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...experimented on by putting a shield/microscope slides (imitates greenhouse gasses) over the top of a miniature environment (box). We recorded temperature differences between an environment with no shield cover, partial cover (1 slide) full cover (2 slide) and a fully taped and enclosed environment. The goal of this experiment was to recreate the greenhouse effect and investigate, test and observe how greenhouse gasses affect earth. It is hypothesised that if a microscope slide (represents greenhouse gas) is placed over the top of an environment (box), fully enclosing it to limit the amount of radiation/heat emitted/reflected/escaping, the temperature will increase when all other variables are kept the same. Theoretically a fully enclosed environment will mimic the greenhouse effect, because just as solar radiation is trapped by greenhouse gasses, the heat emitted by the light source used in this experiment will also be trapped by the shield (microscope slide, represents greenhouse gas). Also if there was no shield (greenhouse gasses) covering the earth, much more heat would escape, resulting in -18.C temperatures. Therefore it could be predicted that the environment (box) with no cover would be colder than a fully enclosed, taped environment. The outcome of this experiment does not support the hypothesis because the average temperatures were 33.4 C for the fully opened environment and 34.2 C for the partially opened (1 slide) environment , In comparison the fully enclosed and taped...
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...what your group noticed. And finally the application, the application is just a comparison or real life example that can relates to the experiment. And then in the end just need to draw a diagram that looks exactly likes the experiment. Now these are just key words that should be used in an experiment most often. Flow rate is just a rate in which the liquid can flow. It is measured in volume (mL)/Time (sec). Viscosity, viscosity is a liquids thickness or resistance to flow. Somewhat similar is viscous. Viscous is known as when a liquid is thicker than another liquid it is said to be viscous. Next is the particle theory, this theory is used most often when studying about gravity, density and buoyancy. The particle theory is when the more energy a substance particle has the more space...
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...Chang: Chemistry 7th Edition - Chapter 11 CH116 General Chemistry II INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Inter-molecular Forces Have studied INTRAmolecular forces—the forces holding atoms together to form molecules. Now turn to forces between molecules — INTERmolecular forces. Forces between molecules, between ions, or between molecules and ions. Table 13.1 Summary of Intermolecular Forces Ions Dipoles Induced Dipoles (Overhead & book p 585) Covalent bond energies 100-400 kJ/mol Attractive forces between ions 700-100 kJ/mol Intermolecular attractions less than 15% of bond energies Intermolecular Forces Ion-Ion Forces Na+ — Cl- in salt. These are the strongest forces. Lead to solids with high melting temperatures. NaCl, mp = 800 oC MgO, mp = 2800 oC Intermolecular Attractions Coulomb’s Law Force ~ (n+)(n-)/d2 Distance - twice the distance = 1/4 the force Charge on the Ion Magnitude of the dipole Composition - Solids and Liquids are closer so composition has greater role in attractive forces Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water. Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water. Dissolving Ionic Solids Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Many metal ions are hydrated. It is the reason metal salts dissolve in water. Attraction Between Ions and Permanent...
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