...In this assignment I will outline the five approaches of gender development and consider which of these approaches provide the better explanation, I will do this by looking at various case studies and decide which has the best argument. Gender is the term used to refer to the socially formed roles of and relations between men and women, while 'Sex' refers to biological features which identify humans as male or female. These biological features are not absolute however, as it is possible for an individual to possess both. Gender roles are characterised by uneven power. The ‘norms’ of gender assign specific roles and rights of ways to men and women or girls and boys - for example, women may be expected to take on duties within the home and with their children, whilst men may be expected to be the sole earner and labourer, going out to work to earn a salary to support his family and to carry out manual tasks within the home. In terms of children, girls would be expected to play with ‘girl toys’ like dolls, prams and make-up, to be more sensitive and caring, whilst boys would be expected to play with cars and trucks, to be a lot more boisterous and active. As children grow from early childhood to adolescence, they are subjected to many aspects which influences their sense of behaviour and their attitude to gender roles. These behaviours and attitudes are generally picked-up in the home to begin with and are then strengthened by a child's peers, school, environmental experience...
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...EVALUATING WORK 1. JOB EVALUATION Job Evaluation is the process of systematically determining the relative worth of jobs to create a job structure for the organization. The evaluation is based on a combination of job content, skills required, value to the organization, organizational culture, and the external market. This potential to blend organizational forces and external market forces is both a strength and a challenge of job evaluation. 2. TYPES OF JOB EVALUATION JOB BASED Job-based employee performance evaluations focus on the duties of the position and the tasks required to perform them successfully. This is a standard type of evaluation you can use for all employees filling the same position. First you must perform a job analysis, separating all duties into large categories, such as essential functions and communication. Under the categories of the position, specify tasks required to fulfill them. Be thorough in your analysis and ask your manager or the human resources department to review it. This will be the performance plan for the position. Each employee will receive the plan, sign it and be reviewed formally at the end of the rating period based on the duties outlined. PERSON BASED A person-based evaluation is specific to each individual employee. It takes into consideration the knowledge, skills and abilities the employee possesses upon hire and learns in the course of the rating period. In this way, an employee is compensated fairly for...
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...Evaluation methods differ from an organization to another depending on the size, industry, power of influence, and complexity of that one. Three of the main evaluation methods that have been widely adopted by business and HR managers, and professionals to evaluate and scale their organizational state of concern. Hay Is ultimately one of the earliest methods of evaluation since it was adopted in The early 1950s. It aids in forming an organizational map that aids in the valuation of jobs and salaries. Its no longer sufficient one because of it generating very low points. Three factors that Hay evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Know how (technical knowledge, breadth, human relations, etc..) Problem solving ( environmental thinking, challenge thinking, etc...) Accountability (freedom, and impact of type and magnitude) Working conditions (human relations, work load, environment, etc..) Mercer Other evaluation approach that was widely used in the 1970s that came up with enhanced factors, one of these was the risk factor that is no longer applied because that nowadays firms are obeying international standards for risk and safety. Three factors that Mercer evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Expertise (knowledge, experience, breadth, interpersonal traits, etc..) Judgement (job environment, reasoning, etc..) Accountability (impact, independence and influence, involvement, etc..) Towers and Watson Another iterative approach of evaluation of...
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...Mapping the Modern “An argumentative essay on ‘Gender’ through comparison and contrast of the views of authorities who are postmodern practitioners” Introduction Defining postmodernism as well as gender is an extremely difficult task if not impossible. This essay is an argument on the two postmodernist’s concept on ‘Gender’. This essay argues posing foucauldian postmodernism of Judith Butler against Baudrillardean post modernism of Arthur and Marilouse Kroker with analysis on both their ideas on gender including sex and sexuality. This essay also argues that these two approaches are fully flawed for a number of important reasons. This essay offered an argument on the ideas of two of the most prominent postmodernists in the field of ‘Gender’ including sex and sexuality namely Judith Bultler and Discussion Postmodernism of Judith Butler Judith Butler is one among the most influential proponent of postmodern practitioner of gender including sex and sexuality. In Gender Trouble It is stated that identity of gender constitutes the very expressions which are its results and does not go beyond the expressions of gender. Butler does not consider gender as an appropriate social as well as natural expressions of a sexed body, but it is a fluid identity which is always in a deferral state ad does not exist fully at any given point of time (Norris, 2010). She does not believe in the notion of a stable and essential identity of gender manifesting itself by way of external activities...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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...due to their race, class, and gender certain groups of women, such as those of Indigenous backgrounds are treated unequally, and subject to marginalization and criminalization. Intersectionality explains how issues relating to race, class, and gender, such as capitalism, racism, colonialism, patriarchy, and gender inequality force women into the street sex trade in order to survive, and how social organizations provide useful resources despite the portrayal of these women as undeserving. Drawing on interviews conducted with Sage House and Transitional Educational Resources for Women (TERF) and several secondary sources, an intersectionality approach will be used to illustrate that the difficulties women in the street sex trade face are a result...
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...On Tuesday, we discussed that there are many different approaches and views to interpreting the true definition of feminism. One definition to feminism is that it is an ideology that supports that women are superior to men while the other definition is that it the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. So when people discuss about feminism, it is mostly unclear if we are talking about equality or men giving up their rights to women. My approach to feminism is having equal opportunities for women and men especially in the employment field. We didn’t go in depth in the gender pay gap issue on Tuesday but we did mention how it is a serious matter throughout the world. After reading multiple articles from reputable...
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...Diana Gomez Gender and Crime Crime and Gender According to the data for the Bureau of Justice Statistics, females have lower arrest rates than males for nearly all crime categories except prostitution. Statistics also indicate that men are more likely to commit crime, both serious and not, than women. This is true for all countries, racial and ethnic groups, and for which data are available. In the United States, women comprise less than 20 percent of arrests for most crime classifications and is typically the smallest for the most serious offenses. Criminologists believe that the gender gap in crime is universal, women are always and everywhere less likely than men to commit criminal acts. Moreover, the most significant variable associated to crime is gender. Gender gap is the difference in number between both genders in one particular state, area, zone or nation. It is the differences between women and men, as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or attitudes. Public Policy Center researchers took two approaches to examining this issue of gender gap or gender differences. In the first, they examined the declining gender gap in arrests for all Part I Index Offenses using the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and linked these changes to changes in women’s economic circumstances and welfare provisions over time. Research professors point out that in the second approach, it involved conducting analyses of victim’s reports of the gender of their assailant using...
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...Gender is defined by FAO as ‘the relations between men and women, both perceptual and material. Gender is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution’ (FAO, 1997). Development is a process of structural societal change. Thomas (2000, 2004) refers to this meaning of development as a process of historical change. The essay shall look at Women in Development, Women And Development and Gender And Development and give their contributions to development as well as their strengths and limitations. The term "women in development" came into use in the early 1970s, after the publication of Ester Boserup's Women's Role in Economic Development (1970). Boserup was the first to systematically delineate on a global level the sexual division of labour that existed in agrarian economies. The Women in Development concept is based on a recognition of the importance of the roles and status of women in development process. It is meant to give special attention to the women's role, while extending development assistance. For the effective and efficient implementation of assistance, it is essential to ensure that the women should have the opportunities to participate positively as important players in development process. Such enlargement of opportunities will also pave the way for...
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...THE WID, WAD, GAD APPROACH ON GENDER DEVELOPMENT March 19, 2013 · by cn2collins · Bookmark the permalink. · Over the years development programs have been criticized for ignoring gender roles and the impact it has on women in the global south. However we see a shift to integrate women into development programs in hopes of eradicating poverty and low social economical status. The six main theoretical approaches are: “(1) the welfare approach; (2) women in development (WID); (3) women and development (WAD); (4) gender and development (GAD); (5) the effectiveness approach (EA); and (6) mainstream gender equality (MGE). Martinez tries to understand the various outcomes and effectiveness of all 6 development theories. Despite the effort to reinforce gender mainstreaming into society we still see a vast number of gender inequality especially in the developing world. Women make up the 70% of individuals living in poverty and in sub-Saharan Africa 57% of HIV infected individuals are women. This also includes the disproportionate ratio of women to men in the job market and at leadership position, low level of education among women, and low socio-economic status among women. The term “Women, Gender and Development” could be seen a discipline much like ever other area of knowledge. However, what sets it apart from various disciplines is that, its major contributors are individuals that raise issues and concerns, concerning women, gender and development. These are academics, feminist...
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...It’s clear that the world is divided into two genders, and these two sexes have been a subject of definition by every known society. The culture is seen as a huge determinant to the roles that each gender will play. Therefore, sexism will be defined as a social construct that promotes the discrimination of individuals based on an individual’s gender. Sexism arises from stereotypes that define the roles of both sexes, therefore having issues when the gender roles are performed by the opposite sex. This social construct mainly affects the minority group identified as women and girls. Sexism is recognized in all aspect of life, and it’s not strange to identify it in the technology industry. The male figure has always identified its gender role as the provider. This social construct originated from the nature of man been the hunter who provided his family with their daily meal. Therefore relegating the women to the role of caretaker and this aspect has kept its hold over the society. In the 21st century, sexism has been a covert and subtle process that tries to establish an environment that is less friendly and less accessible to women. It’s clear that sexism is evident in the Silicon Valley and beyond. We also identify that the technology aspect has always been associated with male perspective. Therefore, it has become common to hear a conversation about women who have suffered sexism and sexual harassment in their digital related jobs. Women have also been identified to facilitate...
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...color just because men believes women has less ability to take charge of the society. Both Collins in the “Matrix of domination” and Beauvoir by “Woman as other” presents us the history of gender discrimination from a feminist perspective. These two authors present theories on how men dominate women for their own benefit. Moreover, Collins theorized that there are many forms of discrimination in our society and each is interconnected with the other. On the other hand, Beauvoir shows us many tactics...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has been conducted at the department of the Graduate School of Business at University of Tun Abdul Razak. During the time period of my writing my thesis, I have gained knowledge from the down and up parts. This journey has been giving me some good experiences and I hope that this thesis will contribute to other students in the subject of Women in Management later. Throughout the writing of the thesis, I would like to thank several people that have been essential for conducting to my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my beloved supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Khairudin Damhoeri for being supportive and for his valuable advices. Secondly, I would like to send a special gratitude to my respondent Puan Nor Rubaiha Mohamed Nor, CEO of Yayasan UEM, UEM Group Berhad. Last but not least, a special thanks goes to my husband, family and friends for putting a smile on my face every single day. ABSTRACT The topic of the thesis is Women in Leadership and Management. This essay concerns the subject of thesis work is to make research of women leadership attributes and management styles. In order to get clearer details about that, I have made some investigations or researches on women leadership starting from definition of it, followed by the data collection in order to strengthen the research topic. Data shows that women continue to increase their share of managerial positions but unfortunately the rate of progress is slow and uneven...
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...Running Head: The Gender Achievement Gap 1 The Gender Achievement Gap Clint Overstreet 2 The No Child Left Behind Act requires that states bring students up to the "proficient" level on state tests and individual schools have to meet state “adequate yearly progress.” This mandate targets not only all “typical” students, but students from all demographics. With this factor of accountability, as well as school success, many researchers have studied the gap in educational achievement and how these gaps can be lessened. The most noted gaps in academic success include the areas of gender, socioeconomic status, race, students with disabilities, and ethnicity (2001). Gender has been one of the areas in which the notable gap in achievement has been studied. Researchers have studied this trend for many years. They attribute this discrepancy in gender achievement to a number of various factors. Possible influences in this gap include: culture, biological factors, theories in gender behavior, and school attitudes and factors (2008). The longtime concern regarding the role gender plays in academic success has been the grounds for numerous studies around the globe. Our culture has strong imbedded ideals on the role of males and females. Although, changes in these roles continue to evolve there continue to be underlying ideals and behaviors, which are often unintentional, which dictate how we view the...
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...the sexual double standard for men and women? Should it? Why or why not? Use examples from the reading(s) to support your position. When there is an epidemic of any disease, especially sexually transmitted diseases, the evolution and consequences of it are inevitably tied to its socially constructed meanings. The issue of AIDS has been around for several decades, and has affected the perception of men and women in different ways. The rising rates of AIDS has had various social impacts on sexuality, gender, and social control, but not has not affected the double standard that has always worked against women. When it comes to sex and sexuality, men have constantly been given more leeway to be with as many women as they want while women are shamed if they are promiscuous at all. The way each gender is treated when it comes to treatment and prevention of AIDS has historically shown to be radically different. AIDS researchers Moerkerk and Aggleton have identified three approaches that various nations have taken to deal with AIDS: pragmatic, political, and biomedical (Steele 390). However, through observation in the United States it is clear that each response is used to control young women through education and legal institutions. The stereotypes surrounding women have always been taken into consideration when implementing public policy. Female prostitutes, African American women, and pregnant women have especially been factored into public policies. Female prostitutes are one...
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