...Different generational cohorts bring a variety of value sets and traits that have to be accounted for when dealing with employees from different generations. Studies show that different generations hold different expectations and value different aspects of their job (Eisner, 2005; Lancaster & Stillman, 2002; Macky, Gardner, Forsyth, Dries, et al., 2008; Smola & Sutton, 2002). Based on the work of Kupperschmidt (2000), Strauss and Howe (1991) and Mannheim (1952), we define a generation as a group of people or cohort that share birth years, significant experiences of life events and therefore mutual value sets. In this study, belonging to a generation covers the physical existence in a certain period, the experience of the same events as well...
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...Taylor, PhD, Nancy Klein, PhD, Marcia G Anselmo, MEd, Nori Minish, BS, Kimberly A Espy, PhD, and Maureen Hack, MB ChB Physical activity but not energy expenditure is reduced in obese adolescents: a case-control study 1-3 by Ulf Ekelund, Jan Aman, Agneta Yngve, Cecilia Renman, Klaas Westerterp, and Michael Sjostrom Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first national health and nutrition examinations survey epidemiologic follow-up study 1-3 By Lydia A Bazzano, Jiang He, Lorraine G Ogden, Catherine M Loria, Suma Vupputuri, Leann Myers, and Paul K Whelton The first study; Learning Problems in Kindergarten Students with Extremely Preterm, objective by the research objective was to implement a cohort study to assess early learning problems in extremely preterm(EP) children in kindergarten compared with term-born normal birth weight (NBY) controls; to identify risk factors of educational outcomes in the extremely preterm group with neonatal factor, early childhood neurodevelopmental impairment, and socioeconomic status (SES). Variables included the age, sex and ethnicity and children born January 2001-December 2003 (n=148), and term-born normal birth weight classmate controls (n=111). Main outcome measures are achievement testing, teacher ratings of learning progress, and individual educational assistance. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the extremely preterm (EP) and term-born normal birth weight (NBW) groups on...
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...An outbreak investigation featuring a cohort study associated with food contamination with an unknown organism: Confirmed with a variety of biological identification techniques 2015 – Karl Olsen N0425691 During October 2015, an outbreak of 14 cases of symptoms related to gastroenteritis occurred at a bank staff party in Nottingham, it was confirmed via a cohort study that Salmonella was the infectious pathogen. A lack of significant association between specific food sources and illness suggests an attack rate distributed through multiple foods, including salad and chicken, which were considered to be contaminated through a food handler. Introduction A conventional outbreak investigation is when two or more people share identical or related diseases/symptoms or excrete the same pathogens. This is common when cases are shared between individuals that have circumstantial association. In this particular case, the number of confirmed symptoms exceeded that expected and illuminated the potential cause; a foodborne disease. Moreover, on the 11th of October 2015, the first incidence of 14 human cases of symptoms related to food poisoning occurred between bank staff colleagues in Nottingham; United Kingdom. Symptoms of diarrhoea and fever manifested themselves and were reported within a week of a party of which 36 of 42 staff members attended. Symptoms subsided by the 15th of October. The occurrence and proximity of these infections suggest a link which can be explained by the consumption...
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...Republic of Sudan Federal Ministry of Health Health Research Council The National Technical Advisory Committee |GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 2007 I. PROPOSAL FRAMEWORK The proposal should include the following sections: title, introduction (background, statement of problem and rationale), objectives, methodology (study design, population, sample size, sampling technique, and instruments of data collection, ethical considerations, and methods of data analysis), budget, organization (work plan and time frame), references and annexes. II. INSTRUCTIONS TO APPLICANTS Research is systematic, scientific and methodological approach to search for basic facts related to a specific problem aiming to find solutions based on these facts. II.1. Selection of a topic The first step for one intending to do a research work is the selection of the research topic. It is of most importance that the topic should be a priority problem that goes with the national priority research agenda, which may affect a greater number of people or a serious problem being identified by managers or decision-makers. The originality of the work is required unless there is a gap in the previous works. The repetition of works results only in wastage of resources. It is preferred that the selected topic to be relevant to the researcher’s interest and in line with his/her personal and departmental...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report investigates the character and consequences of part-time work by school students. Between one quarter and one third of 17 year-old students are employed during the school year and spend on average nine hours per week in their jobs. Over half of all these 17 year-old student-workers in 1992 were found to be employed in sales jobs, and a third were labourers, with a marked gender difference – twice as many females as males were sales workers, while many more males than females did labouring jobs. Data on which the report is based come from the 1975 birth cohort of the Youth in Transition project that forms part of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth program. Students’ Motivation for Working, and Perceptions of their Jobs Most students indicated that they worked not simply for financial reasons; they liked the independence their job gave them, they generally enjoyed the work, and believed that the experience of part-time work would help them obtain employment in later life. These benefits were perceived to be true more often by females, and by middle and lower achieving students, the latter fact highlighting the importance of a part-time job for students whom may not be as well served by the school system as those who are higher achievers. For a small proportion of student-workers - perhaps as many as one in ten - there was some evidence of a financial imperative in their decision to work while at school; these were more...
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...Quantitative Critical Appraisal To commence this quantitative analysis the start point was to formulate a robust quantitative question in order to provide direction for the literature search. Newell & Burnard (2006) suggest that a strong question informs the research design, research method, the population, the intervention and the outcomes of interest. There are three factors for focusing questions 1. Facilitating the search for relevant evidence, 2. deciding whether the evidence is applicable to the group in question, and 3. sorting best evidence from weaker, less valid evidence (LoBiondo-Wood et al, 2002). The question was framed around the elements of PICO; standing for “patients,” “intervention,” “comparison,” and “outcome” (Boston University Medline Plus, 2000a; Craig & Smyth, 2002). The PICO approach was developed around Evidence-Based Medicine (Richardson & Wilson, 1997), and was therefore designed for clinical studies, it can though be adapted to any research context. | | |People, patients or population - who are you asking the question about? | |Intervention - what intervention are you interested in? | |Control or comparison - what are you comparing the intervention to? ...
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...Q) Evaluate the use of a longitudinal research design when considering upbringing as an explanation for criminal behaviour. (15) A) Longitudinal studies are psychological investigations carried out over a long period of time, or at various intervals over a long period of time. They allow psychologists to study changes in behaviour and, for instance, partiality to crime, and how this behaviour and the attitudes of those partaking in such behaviour change over time and why. But there is a flaw in the fact that longitudinal studies like Farrington, et al., have many extraneous variables that can affect the validity of the results. This is not an issue for studies like Wikstrom & Tafels Peterborough Youth Study, which was a snapshot study â a study conducted at just one point in time â and consists of a singular analysis of the school reports of 2,000 14/15 year olds and one interview, thus making the practicality of psychological research far easier than the 40 year-long longitudinal study Farrington conducted. On top of this, the most commonly used approach to collecting data from longitudinal research is self-report; both Farrington and Wikstrom & Tafel used them. Self-report techniques are a good indicator of partiality to criminal behaviour because you can ask personal questions and learn about smaller crimes that unreliable criminal records (used by Farrington in a bid for concurrent validity) and school reports (used by Wikstrom and Tafel for the same purpose) omit...
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...Taylor, PhD, Nancy Klein, PhD, Marcia G Anselmo, MEd, Nori Minish, BS, Kimberly A Espy, PhD, and Maureen Hack, MB ChB Physical activity but not energy expenditure is reduced in obese adolescents: a case-control study 1-3 by Ulf Ekelund, Jan Aman, Agneta Yngve, Cecilia Renman, Klaas Westerterp, and Michael Sjostrom Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first national health and nutrition examinations survey epidemiologic follow-up study 1-3 By Lydia A Bazzano, Jiang He, Lorraine G Ogden, Catherine M Loria, Suma Vupputuri, Leann Myers, and Paul K Whelton The first study; Learning Problems in Kindergarten Students with Extremely Preterm, objective by the research objective was to implement a cohort study to assess early learning problems in extremely preterm(EP) children in kindergarten compared with term-born normal birth weight (NBY) controls; to identify risk factors of educational outcomes in the extremely preterm group with neonatal factor, early childhood neurodevelopmental impairment, and socioeconomic status (SES). Variables included the age, sex and ethnicity and children born January 2001-December 2003 (n=148), and term-born normal birth weight classmate controls (n=111). Main outcome measures are achievement testing, teacher ratings of learning progress, and individual educational assistance. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the extremely preterm (EP) and term-born normal birth weight (NBW) groups on...
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...TEMPERAMENT AND TEMPERAMENTAL TRAITS Temperament refers to an individual’s natural behavioral style which is present from birth. It is the how of behavior, not the wh y, wha t, or how well . It is not to be confused with motivation (why) or ability (what and how well). Temperamental traits are innate, not produced by the environment. However, the environment - including the behavior of the parent - does interplay with temperament and influences the expression of temperamental traits. Nine characteristics or temperamental traits were originally identified in the New York Longitudinal Study. The NYLS was begun in 1956 by Doctors Alexander Thomas, Stella Chess, and Herbert Birch, and is still ongoing. This project, the first of several longitudinal studies of temperament, has followed over 130 persons from infancy to adulthood, identifying the temperamental characteristics of each child, studying the influences of these traits on the child’s development and interactions with their environments. The nine temperamental traits can be defined as follows: 1. Activity level. How active is the child typically and how much of the time is the child active? 2. Rhythmicity (regularity). How predictable is the child with regard to the timing of his/her sleep, appetite, and elimination patterns? 3. Approach/withdrawal. Is the child’s initial response to newness - new person, foods, places, objects - positive or negative? 4. Adaptability. How does the child deal with transition, change,...
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...provides new job opportunities for the families seeking employment in the area. The creation of these jobs is greatly accepted throughout the entire community. Bee concludes that small businesses have higher survival rates than most people assume: Longitudinal research by the Small Business Administration concludes that two-thirds of small businesses survive for two years and about fifty percent survive for four. As researchers evaluated the longitudinal data, they concluded that these figures overstate the failure rate for small businesses since many closures are due to 1, mergers into larger firms or 2, voluntary closures by the owners who take a new job or otherwise terminate a profitable venture. If one makes adjustments for this cohort, the overall failure rate becomes twenty-four percent after two years and thirty-five percent after four years. Therefore, the jobs are still available for the most part. “The failure rate for small businesses varies with industry” (Bee, 2004). If there is no demand for a certain product or service in a specific area, a small business offering that certain product or service most likely will not exist in that specific area. Since it is likely to fail, citizens would not want to work for a small business industry not desired by the...
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...design 5. Case study design DESIGN THAT SUITS OUR TOPIC: Keeping in consideration all other methods and designs, we think that cross sectional design suits our research topic. Cross sectional design may be defined as “A basic type of research method in which a large cross-section of the population is studied at one specific time and the differences between individual groups within the population compared.” The most important advantage of cross sectional studies is that in general they are quick and cheap. As there is no follow up, fewer resources are required to run the study. Cross sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence and are useful at identifying associations that can then be more rigorously studied using a cohort study or randomized controlled study. Cross-sectional surveys can be conducted using any mode of data collection, including telephone interviews in which landline telephones are called, telephone interviews in which cell phones are called, face-to-face interviews, mailed questionnaires. Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research, not causal or relational. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. This type of research can be used to describe characteristics that exist in a population, but not to determine...
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... Another study was conducted on the relationship between domestic exposure to radon and childhood cancers. There are three major types of quantitative research methods namely; experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental (Polit & Beck, 2012). In the study on air pollution and exposure and lung function in children, the method applied is descriptive research. The study is important since lung function is a marker of respiratory health and a predictor of cardiorespiratory system disease and mortality. The study was carried out in five European countries with birth cohorts taken from a credible agency European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The study population for the analysis consisted of 5,921 children 6–8 years of age. The tabular analysis was then done for population characteristics, lung function measurements and the prevalence of low lung function according to the cohort. Distribution of estimated annual average air pollution levels, traffic indicators, and short-term air pollution exposure variables. Crude and adjusted associations of annual average levels of air pollution and traffic indicators with FEV1: results from random-effects meta-analyses and Adjusted associations of annual average levels of air pollution and traffic indicators at the current address with low lung function (FEV1 < 85% predicted): results from random-effects meta-analyses (Gehring, Gruzieva, Agius, Beelen, Custovic, Cyrys &...
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...Cyber and Traditional Bullying Victimization as a Risk Factor for Mental Health Problems and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents Rienke Bannink1, Suzanne Broeren1, Petra M. van de Looij – Jansen2, Frouwkje G. de Waart2, Hein Raat1* 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2 Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Abstract Purpose: To examine whether traditional and cyber bullying victimization were associated with adolescent’s mental health problems and suicidal ideation at two-year follow-up. Gender differences were explored to determine whether bullying affects boys and girls differently. Methods: A two-year longitudinal study was conducted among first-year secondary school students (N = 3181). Traditional and cyber bullying victimization were assessed at baseline, whereas mental health status and suicidal ideation were assessed at baseline and follow-up by means of self-report questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between these variables while controlling for baseline problems. Additionally, we tested whether gender differences in mental health and suicidal ideation were present for the two types of bullying. Results: There was a significant interaction between gender and traditional bullying victimization and between gender and cyber bullying victimization on mental health problems. Among boys, traditional and cyber bullying victimization...
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...monitoring the participants in this way it unfolds patterns and allows the researcher to more easily see relationships over a period of time. For example our textbook used an example of behavior types and then added male and female to further see relationships. The limitation to this study is the possibility of drop out of the participants due to the length of study. The cross sectional seems to be a more convenient type of research due to the time frame. It does study different age groups but at one period of time not over a period of time as in the longitudinal research. The strengths are there are fewer participants who drop out because participants are asked to participate only one time. The limitations may include something called cohort effects, which is the way of thinking of a certain age group based on cultural or historical conditions during the time period they grew up. The final research style appears to be the newest style,...
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...longitudinal study is that it shows genuine development and growth and how situations adapt and change over time rather then it being a snapshot of what I s going on at that current time it provides more in depth and detailed information for the observation it also helps to establish a more reliable judgement on the situation. Another Strength is that it allows effects long term to be examined instead of just examining the short term effects as the long term effects could be crucial in concluding results. It also avoids participant variables as you will be using the same participant over the whole course of the time this allows factors such as personality and background to be minimalized from affecting the background. It firther avoids cohort affect as other factors such as background and personal issues wouldn’t differ if using same participant. As it provides in depth data the validity of the study can be increased due to the long term examination. By also using same participant it allows cause and effect to be established. This allows for direct comparisons unlike cross sectional that uses different and therefore unlike participants. On the other hand weaknesses of longitudinal studies would be that it is time consuming and expensive as it is conducted over a long period of time a lot of resources needed it also lacks generalizability. As generalizability issues as factors affecting the group may not affect a different groups at another time. Another main weakness...
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