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Geography Igcse Paper

In: Social Issues

Submitted By tunney94
Words 2065
Pages 9
Surname
Centre No. Candidate No.
Paper Reference(s)

Initial(s)

Paper Reference Signature

4 3 7 0
4370/2H

2 H

Examiner’s use only

London Examinations IGCSE
Geography

Team Leader’s use only

Question Leave Number Blank

Higher Tier
Paper 2H
Monday 9 November 2009 – Afternoon Time: 2 hours 30 minutes

Section A 1 2 3 4 5 6

Materials required for examination Ruler, pencil and pen

Items included with question papers Nil

Section B 7

Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature. Check that you have the correct question paper. This paper is arranged in two sections, A and B. In Section A, answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. In Section B, answer ONE question in the spaces provided. Indicate which question you are answering by marking the box ( ). If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new question with a cross ( ).

8 9

Information for Candidates
The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). There are 9 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 150. There are 40 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated. The following abbreviations are used throughout this paper:

MEDC: More Economically Developed Country LEDC: Less Economically Developed Country

Advice to Candidates
Write your answers neatly and in good English.

Total
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2009 Edexcel Limited. Printer’s Log. No.

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SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1. Water (a) Study Figure 1 which shows the regimes of two rivers in northern Europe: the Thames and the Yenisey.
N Atlantic Ocean 4 3 2 1 0 J MM J S N J Month Maritime humid climate River Thames regime 4 3 2 1 0 Continental snowmelt climate River Yenisey regime

J MM J S N J Month Pacific Ocean

Key Numbers: show the relative flow of the river. Months are: January, March, May, July, September, November, January. 0 2000 km

Figure 1 (i) Describe how the regimes of the two rivers differ. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4)

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(ii) Climate is the main factor influencing the regime of a river. Suggest how the River Yenisey illustrates this. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (iii) Identify and explain two non-climatic factors influencing river regimes. 1 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4)

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(b) Draw and label a sketch diagram to show the key features of a river in its upper (upland) course.

(4)

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(c) For a named dam, describe its purposes and its impacts. Named dam: .................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (6) (Total 20 marks)

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2.

Hazards (a) Study Figure 2 which shows the Irrawaddy delta in southern Myanmar one week after a strong tropical storm struck the area.

N
BAY OF BENG AL
Aid by air from EU, Japan

Irrawaddy River

A AFFE REAS C FLOO TED BY DING
Rangoon

Aid by land from Thailand, China

Disaster declared in areas under water or affected by flooding where: • 100 000 people dead or missing • thousands of houses destroyed • farming, transport and economy devastated.
Areas affected by flooding Areas under water Path of tropical storm

Path of tropical storm

AREA SU WATE NDER R

Dedaye

ANDA MA SEA N
Laputta
Irrawaddy River

Aid by sea from India, USA, France 0 km 60

Figure 2 (i) Give two reasons why the Irrawaddy delta was so badly affected. 1 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4)

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(ii) Suggest why this tropical storm is likely to have had a long-term damaging effect on Myanmar. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4) (iii) What is meant by the term emergency aid? ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2)

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(b) Describe the measures taken by some countries to reduce the damage caused by tropical storms. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (c) Explain the causes and characteristics of a tropical storm. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (6) (Total 20 marks)

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3.

Production (a) Study Figure 3 which shows inputs and outputs of a car factory.

Supply of components Raw materials Energy supplies Water supply Capital and technology Labour supply Access to transport Availability of land for development Finished products Waste products

Figure 3 (i) To which economic (employment) sector does this factory belong? ................................................................................................................................ (1) (ii) Referring to the inputs shown, explain why a factory may choose to relocate. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (5)
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(iii) Describe the disadvantages that factories can bring to a local community. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4) (b) Referring to examples, describe the characteristics of informal employment. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4)

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(c) Describe and explain how the relative importance of the economic (employment) sectors change as a country develops. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (6) (Total 20 marks)

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4.

Development (a) Study Figure 4 which is an annotated map of part of the Middle East focusing on Qatar, a country which is currently experiencing an economic boom.
51° E

Persian Gulf
Madinat ash Shamal BAHRAIN 26° N Gulf of Bahrain Ras Laffan Industrial City Al Khawr

N

Now: • • Highest GNP per person in world GNP grew 14% in 2007; 60% from gas and oil Major oil exporter World’s largest LNG (liquid natural gas) exporter and expanding; 15% of world’s total known reserves Infrastructure developing High population growth rate; major migration destination from Asia.

26° N

• •

In the past: a poor, pearl-diving and desert economy

QATAR
Dawhat Salwa

DOHA Al Wakrah

• •

25° N

25° N

Persian Gulf

SAUDI ARABIA
0 10 20 km 51° E UAE

Diversifying, especially in Dubai into property, mass tourism, shopping and financial services.

Figure 4 (i) Suggest what has happened to GNP in Qatar during this economic boom. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (1) (ii) Name one export associated with this boom. ................................................................................................................................ (1)

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(iii) Explain how exports have contributed to the boom. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4) (iv) Suggest how populations change with economic development. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4)

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(b) Describe how people benefit from rising GNP. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (c) Countries such as Qatar will need to diversify their economies in the future. Suggest why this may be necessary and explain how it might be done in a sustainable way. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (6) (Total 20 marks)

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5.

Migration (a) Study Figure 5 which shows net international migration for the United Kingdom between 1974 and 2007.
12 10 Period A economic growth Period B economic slowdown

+
Per 1000 inhabitants per year

8 6 4 2 0

Net international migration



2 4 6 1974 1980 1986 Year 1992 1998 2004 2007

Figure 5 (i) Describe what has happened to net international migration since 2002. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) What is meant by the term net international migration? ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2)

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(iii) In periods of economic growth, such as Period A, why does net international migration become more positive? ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (b) Describe two push factors encouraging international migration. 1 .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (4) (c) Urban-to-rural migration is a feature of the United Kingdom and other MEDCs today. (i) Explain two pull factors behind this type of internal migration. 1 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4)

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(ii) Describe the consequences of this type of migration for both urban and rural areas. Examples may help your answer. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (6) (Total 20 marks)

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6.

Urban Environments (a) Study Figure 6 which lists the world’s six largest cities in 1970 and in 2007, and the six largest predicted for 2025. 1970 City Population (millions) 16.5 13.4 10.5 10.0 8.6 8.4 City Tokyo Mexico City New York Sao Paulo Mumbai Delhi Figure 6 (i) Name a city in Figure 6 which more than doubled its population between 1970 and 2007. ................................................................................................................................ (1) (ii) Describe the changes between 1970 and 2025 in: 1. city size ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2. the mix of MEDC/LEDC locations. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4) 2007 Population (millions) 35.2 19.2 18.6 18.3 18.2 15.0 2025 (prediction) City Tokyo Mumbai Delhi Dhaka Sao Paulo Mexico City Population (millions) 36.4 26.4 22.5 22.0 21.4 21.0

New York Tokyo London Shanghai Mexico City Los Angeles

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(iii) What is the minimum population of a mega-city? ................................................................................................................................ (1) (iv) Give reasons for the growth of mega-cities. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4) (b) (i) Describe two problems associated with the development of mega-cities. 1 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4)

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(ii) Explain how these problems are being managed in a named LEDC city. Named LEDC city ................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (6) (Total 20 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 120 MARKS

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SECTION B Answer ONE question only from this section. If you answer Question 7 put a cross in the box 7. Fragile Environments (a) Study Figure 7 which shows how the forested areas of the world are predicted to change between 2000 and 2025. .

Numbers are 000km2 (average annual change in forested area, 2000–2025)

Figure 7 (i) What is meant by the term deforestation? ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (1)

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(ii) What evidence is there to suggest that today’s deforestation is: 1. mainly of tropical rainforests ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2. an issue for the whole world. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4)

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(b) Explain the impact that deforestation has on: 1. the local ecosystem and economy ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 2. global climate change. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (10)

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(c) With reference to examples, give reasons for the loss of forests. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (6)

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(d) Read the recent newspaper headline below. MEDCs should pay LEDCs to stop deforestation Explain how and why sustainable tropical rainforest management requires international cooperation. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (9) (Total 30 marks)
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If you answer Question 8 put a cross in the box 8. Globalisation

.

(a) Study Figure 8 which shows the locations of Samsung’s headquarters, offices and factories. Samsung is a transnational company (TNC) making electrical and electronic goods.
More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs)
Europe Asia Tropic of Cancer Africa Equator South America South Korea

North America

Tropic of Capricorn

Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)

Australasia

Key:

Factories

Offices

Company headquarters

North-South divide

Figure 8 (i) What is the evidence that Samsung is a transnational company? ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (3)

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(ii) Compare the global distribution of Samsung’s offices and factories. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (4) (iii) Suggest reasons for the differences in these distributions. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (6)

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(b) (i) What is meant by the term global production chain? An example may help your answer. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) Explain the factors (including TNCs) that are helping to create the modern global economy. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (6)

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(c) Explain the advantages and disadvantages that TNCs bring to the LEDCs in which they locate their factories. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (9) (Total 30 marks)

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If you answer Question 9 put a cross in the box 9. Human Welfare

.

(a) Study Figure 9 which shows life expectancy in six African countries in 2007 and predicted changes by 2010. Country Botswana Kenya Mozambique South Africa Swaziland Zambia Life expectancy in years (2007) 50.7 54.1 42.1 49.3 39.6 42.3 Figure 9 (i) Name a country where life expectancy is predicted to: 1. increase by 2010 ................................................................................................................................ 2. decrease by 2010 ................................................................................................................................ (2) (ii) What is meant by the term life expectancy? ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) Predicted change by 2010 (in years) +2.1 +1.7 –0.8 –2.0 –1.7 +1.4

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(iii) Identify and explain three factors that help to increase life expectancy. 1 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 3 ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (9)

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(b) What is meant by the term infant mortality rate? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (2) (c) Referring to examples, describe how international aid can improve the welfare of some people in LEDCs. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (6)

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(d) Explain how differences in the level of human welfare are best measured. Refer to a range of indicators and indexes. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... (9) (Total 30 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 30 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER: 150 MARKS END

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