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Give an Account of the Molecular Structure of Carbohydrates. (10)

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Give an account of the molecular structure of carbohydrates. (10)
Adam Muscat

Carbohydrates contain 3 elements: Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen. They can be split into 3 different catagories: Monosaccharides which include glucose, fructose and galactose. Thses can be triol (3 carbons) pentol (5 carbons) or hexol (6 carbons). The most common hexol is glucose. An alpha glucose molecule has a ring structure. The difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose is that on the first carbon atom the OH and H are reversed.

Diaccharides are formed by 2 monosaccharides joined e.g glucose+ glucose= Maltose. Maltose is formed by a condensation reaction where there is a loss of water. The 2 glucoses form a glycosidic bond as a molecule of water is lost.

This reaction is reversible and can be reversed by hydrolysis to convert the Maltose back into 2 glucoses.

A polysaccharide is a large and complex molecules which are built from large numbers of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. An example of a polysaccaride would be starch (for plants) and glycogen (for animals). They are both used for storage because they are very effective at what they do,. Starch s compact and insoluable so that it can store more energy and doesn’t dissolve in the cytoplasm. Starch is a mixture of 2 different compounds : amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is linear and unbranched. It has a 1,4 linkage which cause it to coil up into a helix. Amylopectin has a 1,6 linkages which gives it a branched structure.

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