...Inflation and unemployment were not improved by monetary policy Abstract The global financial crisis made a long term negative effect on the economy all over the world as well as New Zealand. GDP and inflation decreased with a high level of unemployment rate. This essay is going to discuss the effect of the actions from reserve bank. According to their response, the IS-LM, AD-AS and Phillips models will be used to analyze the effect of change in OCR on economic activities. Furthermore, some previous literature will be used in this essay which is relative to some problem happened during the recession. Introduction There is a big impact on the economic environment following the 2008 financial crisis. New Zealand faced a negative effect on unemployment rate, income, inflation and output and etc. as an important part of developed country. The main aim of this essay is to investigate what monetary policy has been used in response to the recession and whether it is useful to make a significant recovery. The financial crisis can be seen as a very serious problem in New Zealand. The stock market got hit seriously because the investment, income, confidence, employment rate etc. all fall. During the recession, the unemployment rate rose from a low of 3.5% in December of 2008 to a high level of 7.3% in June of 2012. (TRADING ECONOMICS, 2013) The New Zealand GDP had a negative growth during 2008 and 2010 because many businesses shut down and the unemployment rate increased...
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...Euro in recent years b) Evaluate the likely economic effects of a significant fall in the value of sterling against the Euro. 2)a) Examine the effect of the Common Agricultural Policy on the world trade in agricultural goods. b) Evaluate the implications of a significant reduction in barriers to the trade and services for the global economy. 3)a) In 2002 the unemployment rates in Spain, France and Italy were significantly higher than in the UK. Examine the factors which might explain why the UK's unemployment rate was lower in these countries. b) To what extent might the pursuit of full employment conflict with other macroeconomic objectives? ------------------------------------------------- Exemplar: 1)a) 'The competitiveness of the Uk's manufacturing sector has declined in recent years'. Discuss the factors which may have affected the international competitiveness of UK goods. b) Evaluate the methods by which the UK's international competitiveness could be increased. 2)'Trading blocs are becoming increasingly important to the world economy' a) Discuss the benefits to a country belonging to a trading bloc. b) To what extent might the policies of the WTO conflict to those of trading blocs? ------------------------------------------------- June 02 1a) Examine the factors which have led to an increase in interdependence between countries in the world economy. b) Assess the impact on the global economy of the continued use by trading blocs of measures...
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...Fundamentals of Macroeconomics ECO 372 June 7, 2012 Fundamentals of Macroeconomics This paper will consist of two parts in which will apply and define some fundamentals of macroeconomics. Part one will explain six terms; gross domestic product (GDP), real GDP, nominal GDP, unemployment rate, inflation rate, and finally interest rate. Part two will consist of describing how three economic activities, such as purchasing of groceries, massive layoff of employees, and decrease in taxes affect the three main sectors of the United States economy. The three main sectors are divided into categories, businesses, government, and households. Part two will also describe the flow of resources for each economic activity from one entity to another. Part I: Macroeconomic Terms Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Colander stated that the gross domestic product is, “the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a one-year period” (p. 183). The GDP is essentially separated into four expenditure categories; the cumulative monetary value of all finished goods from private and public consumption, the sum of government spending, the sum of the country’s spending on capital, and net exports. The net exports are calculated as total worth of exports minus total worth of imports. GDP consists of supplies and services generated...
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...GLOBAL PROSPECTS AND THEIR LIKELY IMPACT ON SOUTH AFRICA INDEX: Table of Contents Global prospects and their likely impact on South Africa 1 INDEX: 1 Strength of the Recovery 2 Developed Countries: 2 Emerging Markets: 2 Risks to the Global Economy 3 Exit Strategy from Policy Stimulus 4 Repair and reform of the financial sector 4 Fiscal Crises and underinvestment in Infrastructure 4 Socio and Political Implications of Unemployment and Private Demand 5 Asset Price Collapse and the risk appetite of investors 5 Return to Previous Growth Path or Not 5 Will the current crises be “DÉJÀ VU ‘” for the world wide economy? 6 Fundamental Changes in Origins & Nature of Economic Activity 6 Global warming / Climate Change: 7 Population Growth: 7 Power shift to the east: 7 Innovation: 7 Economic Activity: 7 Impact of Global Crisis on South Africa’s Growth Outlook 8 Conclusion 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 10 STRENGTH OF THE RECOVERY All of the world’s high-income countries returned to positive real GDP growth during the fourth quarter of 2009 and the Economist Intelligence Unit’s forecasts for 2010 indicate a return to marginally below the growth trajectory that was achieved prior to the recession. Developed Countries: UNITED STATES Economic recovery in the US has been remarkably strong, with fourth quarter real GDP growth of almost 6% suggesting the presence of a “V”-shaped trend. Further, news emanating from recently published official data includes a recovery of private...
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...INTRODUCTION In the year 2008 the world saw one of the greatest financial crisis since the great depression of the 1930s. This financial crisis also known as the “Great Recession” caused various problems for different economies worldwide. The collapse of the Lehman Brothers bank, a sprawling global bank, in September 2008 almost brought down the world’s financial system. Large sums of tax payer based bail-outs were needed in order to shore up the company. However, the issuing credit crunch made matters worse as it turns the global financial crisis into the worst resection of the last eighty years (The Economist, 2013). The case of the global financial crisis was based upon the bank’s lending policies and the status of the housing sector. Basically, when banks make a loan, new money is created and just before the recession, banks created huge sums of new money by making new loans. In just seven years the banks doubled the amount of money and the amount of debt within the economy. Thereafter, the banks used this new money to increase the prices on houses instead of allowing money to flow to business outside the financial sector. From the money banks created between 2000 and 2007, thirty one percent went to residential properties, which pushed the prices of houses up faster than wages, twenty percent went to commercial real estate, increasing the prices on office buildings and thirty two percent went to the financial sector while only eight percent went to business outside the financial...
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...Essay Learn from employment policies during the global financial crisis in OECD countries Writing by Arthur DAGAN a. What has been the main impact of the global financial crisis on OECD countries? Why should governments be concerned about the impact, especially in the context of youth? Let us first understand the cause of global financial crisis, his main impact on OECD and then why governments should be concerned about the especially case of youth. The global financial and economic crisis, which erupted in the financial systems of developed countries in the autumn of 2008 by the wake of the collapse of Lehman Brothers, has affected quickly all economies throughout the world (Torres, 2011). In the OECD countries, which are the first affected by the crisis, the main impact was the high level of unemployment generate by job losses, enterprise bankruptcies and cuts in the incomes of millions of people. Indeed, in April 2013, 8% of the OECD labour force was unemployed representing over 48 million people, almost 16 million more than in 2007 (Scarpetta, 2013). Despite the economic recovery in some of OECD countries mainly the United States, this trend could not improve until mid- 2014 so that we can observe a decrease in unemployment again. The governments should be concerned about the impact the unemployment because in general, this phenomenon affect not just the person himself but also his/her family and in the long run the society where he lives, which in turn affect...
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...An Analysis of Inflationary Pressures in Trinidad and Tobago Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 3 Current Inflationary Pressures 4 Global 4 Domestic 4 Causes of Inflation 5 Figure 1-The Oil Price and Inflation 5 The Effects of Inflation 7 A Comparison of Regional and Global Inflation Rates 8 Table 1-Annual Inflation Rates-Selected Caribbean Countries 8 Table 2-GDP per capita- Selected Caribbean Countries 8 Table 3-Annual Inflation Rates-Developed Countries 8 Inflationary Trends and Analysis 9 Figure 2- The Last Decade 9 Figure 3- Inflation and Unemployment 9 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 Executive Summary Analysing the domestic inflation rate, it was found that the main driver of inflation was food prices. Rising global food prices is expected to continue to put upward pressure on local food prices and subsequently the headline inflation rate in Trinidad and Tobago. While this is a global phenomenon, developing countries are expected to be impacted harder than that of the developed nations. This is due to lower incomes as well as less developed and efficient market systems. Food accounts for a substantial portion of imports in Trinidad and Tobago therefore making us highly susceptible to imported inflation. To limit the impact of imported inflation, local agriculture and manufacturing sectors need to expand. Another contributor to the inflation rate was the average annual oil price for the corresponding year. These two variables...
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...TERM PAPER UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS SITUATION IN ASIA Submitted to: Sir Abdul Farooq Submitted by: Muzammil Shahid (10) Ifzal Ahmed (09) Hajra Fazal(29) Adeel Abid(08) (F005-BBA) Date: 11, December 2006 Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Statement of problem 3 1.2 Objectives of Study 6 1.3 Methodology and source 7 1.4 Organization 7 2. Review of literature 8 3. Analysis of Data 23 3.1 Global Causes of Unemployment 23 ...
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...Financial Crisis in Spain Summary Unemployment in Spain has reached 17.4 percent, according to figures released April 24 by the National Statistics Institute. Even without the global recession, Spain's economy likely would be going through a rough patch now due to the country's overheated housing market; with the recession, it is also suffering from a banking crisis and an industrial slump. Analysis Spain's unemployment rate rose from 13.9 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 to 17.4 percent in the first quarter of 2009, increasing the ranks of the unemployed to more than 4 million, according to National Statistics Institute (INE) figures released on April 24. Spanish Economy Minister Elena Salgado said that the first quarter of 2009 will be the worst in terms of increasing unemployment. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicts that unemployment in Spain will reach 17.7 percent in 2009 and 19.3 percent in 2010, but the INE figures seem to indicate that unemployment could exceed 20 percent by the end of 2009. Of all the European countries, Spain has in many ways been one of the most gravely affected by the global economic crisis. Even without the global recession, Spain would most likely be undergoing a correction this year due to its extremely overheated housing market. But it is facing a severe housing market correction, an industrial slump, and a banking crisis caused by the housing correction and the recession's overall effects -- simultaneously. These three ingredients...
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...– Final Paper Domestic and Global protectionist policies affecting economies Throughout the global economy, there are free trade zones and there are restricted zones. Free Trade exists when there is an absence of government imposed barriers in existence between nations in order to restrict trade. When barriers such as those referred to as protectionist policies exist, free trade becomes restricted. Protection is essentially defined as any action by national governments that will give an artificial competitive advantage to domestic producers at the expense of foreign producers. National governments aim to protect their nation from the disadvantages of free trade, through protectionist policies in the form of subsidies, tariffs, local content rules, quotas, export incentives and voluntary export restraints. Reasons for protection include “The Infant Industry argument” which states that some industries in a given country may develop a comparative advantage if only they are sheltered from foreign competition for a while, by means of temporary protection. So if in the future, the infant industries ‘grow up’ and form a comparative advantage, the domestic economy will gain access to a larger demand market, creating an injection into the economy, resulting in increased economic activity and employment. The domestic protection argument states that free trade and increased global competition can result in structural unemployment. Therefore, it has become apparent...
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...ASSIGNMENT WEEK 2 Globalization in the twentieth and twenty first century is usually analyzed from an economic or technological perception, that is the internet, international markets and global institutions such as IMF, WTO cable news etc. The impact of globalization on the economies of countries across the world whether developed or developing cannot be over emphasized. An important ingredient in globalization is trade liberalization. . Economic liberalization is the process of achieving unobstructed economic activities, it seeks to remove all hindrances to trade, production and investment, whiles emphasizing on the freedom of economic activities (Onyekpe, 2001:52, Akinboye, 2008). In this light I will want to associate myself with the argument brought forward by Peter Mandelson in support of globalization. Globalization can be described as a “double edged sword”. Countries and companies which are prepared can take advantage of the opportunities that it brings on the other hand, globalization is not ready to “forgive” countries or companies who are not prepared to take the dynamics of globalization. Even the developed countries in Europe and the USA cannot afford to be complacent in the face of globalization. Peter Mandelson has done a good job in explaining both positive and negative effects of globalization in his defense of globalization. Peter Mandelson analyzed the impact of globalization under six headings namely, the openness boom, the interlinked world, the challenges...
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...Global Employment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jobs crisis INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Global Employment Trends 2012 / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2012 1 v. ISBN 978-92-2-124924-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-124925-2 (web pdf) International Labour Office employment / unemployment / labour force participation / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 13.01.3 Also available in French, Tendances mondiales de l’emploi 2012 (978-92-2-224924-4), Geneva, 2012, and Spanish, Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo 2012 (978-92-2-324924-3), Geneva, 2012. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed...
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...In 2008 when the global economy took a turn for the worst Canada managed to come out on top. This is thanks to the export of natural resources and commodities. The Canadian government immediately took charge and start making budget cuts in order to have a full recovery by 2015. (D.R., 2011) Canada has a large threat in its path; its dependence on the outside world. Canada fared much better than was expected while other countries throughout the world declined and fell into a recession. There are nine specific key indicators that are important to consider when talking about Canadian economy. These are employment, unemployment, composite leading index, housing starts, consumer price index, real gross domestic product, retail sales volume, merchandise exports, and merchandise imports. (Statistics Canada, 2011) Employment and Unemployment In November 2011 the unemployment rate was set at 7.4%. The average unemployment rate in Canada from 1976 to 2010 was 8.53. (Trading Economics, 2011)The employment force is the number of people employed plus the number of people looking for employment. (Trading Economics, 2011) Unemployment includes those not looking for work, people in the military, and people institutionalized. (Trading Economics, 2011) Canada was able to add 93,000 jobs in June 2011, in effect dropped the unemployment rate to below the 8% mark. The gains in the labour force will offset nearly all of the losses that were a result of the downturn in 2008. (Contenta...
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...Full Report can be downloaded at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/index.shtml World Economic Situation and Prospects Executive Summary 2012 1 Executive Summary Global economic prospects for 2012 and 2013 The world economy is on the brink of another major downturn The world economy is teetering on the brink of another major downturn. Output growth has already slowed considerably during 2011 and anaemic growth is expected during 2012 and 2013. The problems stalking the global economy are multiple and interconnected. The most pressing challenges lie in addressing the continued jobs crisis and declining prospects for economic growth, especially in the developed countries. As unemployment remains high, at nearly 9 per cent, and incomes stagnate, the recovery is stalling in the short run owing to the lack of aggregate demand. But, as more and more workers are out of a job for a long period, especially young workers, medium-term growth prospects will also suffer because of the detrimental effect on workers’ skills and experience. The rapidly cooling economy has been both a cause and an effect of the sovereign debt crisis in the euro area, and of fiscal problems elsewhere. The sovereign debt crises in a number of European countries worsened further in 2011 and aggravated weaknesses in the banking sector. Even bold steps by the Governments of the euro area countries to reach an orderly sovereign debt workout for Greece have been met with continued financial...
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...explores issues and considers problems such as inflation, unemployment, business cycles, and economic growth. “Macroeconomics focuses on aggregate relationships such as how household consumption is related to income and how government policies can affect growth” (Colander, 2013). Individuals purchasing groceries, large corporation layoffs and the effects of the government reducing taxes, all play into and have impacts on the economy. As these activities are examined closer, we see the effects caused by the government, households, and business decisions nationwide on a daily basis. Purchasing Groceries When entering a grocery store how often does one think, “Where do all these items come from” or what effect purchasing these products has on the nation’s economy? Of course, not all the goods you see on the shelves have come solely from the United States. Something most people do not recognize is that a simple purchase at the grocery store may affect the global economic system. Walking around the local store you may only see a few employees, but behind the scenes hundreds, maybe even thousands have been involved supplying products to stock the shelves. The truck driver that delivers the goods to the store or the company he works for must fuel and maintain the vehicles, producing more jobs, and income locally. The tires, fuel, and parts for these trucks may have been produced and imported from another country affecting global economics. The driver, maintenance parts and fuel for...
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