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Global Entreprenuership

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GLOBAL ENTREPRENUERSHIP MONITOR

Global Entreprenuership Monitor (GEM) adalah suatu project yang diinisiasi pada tahun 1999 oleh partnership antara London Business School dan Babson College untuk menilai secara tahunan kegiatan kewirausahaan, aspirasi wirausaha dan perilaku tiap individunya di seluruh dunia. GEM merupakan studi terbesar di dunia mengenai dinamisnya dunia kewirausahaan dengan mengeksplorasi peran wirausaha dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional suatu negara.
Tujuan GEM menjalankan program adalah untuk mengukur perbedaan pada tingkat dan karakteristik aktivitas wirausaha di antara negara-negara, untuk mencari tahu keluasan pengaruh kewirausahaan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dari berbagai negara, untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang membantu atau menghambat kewirausahaan, dan untuk memberikan masukan kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas kewirausahaan. Konsep penerapan GEM (GEM Model) adalah menjelaskan dan mengukur secara rinci kondisi-kondisi dimana wirausaha dan inovasi dapat berkembang.

Aktivitas GEM
Dalam menjalankan program, GEM fokus pada wirausahawan individual. Dalam suatu penelitian, wirausaha individu (sole proprietorships) merupakan bentuk usaha yang paling banyak di Amerika. Membentuk sole proprietorships lebih mudah dan lebih murah dibandingkan membentuk firma atau perseroan terbatas. GEM mengambil fokus pada wirausaha individu karena bentuk wirausaha ini sesuai dengan perspektif sosial ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh GEM.
Untuk mengukur kewirausahaan, GEM menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data primer. Pengukuran GEM mencakup banyak elemen, mulai dari munculnya kesempatan berwirausaha, bagaimana memulai wirausaha hingga karakteristik aktifitas wirausaha. Kewirausahaan (entrepreneurship) merupakan suatu proses menciptakan dan mengelola usaha untuk mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan. Dalam memulai suatu usaha, pengusaha dapat melakukan usaha dari awal, membeli bisnis yang sudah ada atau melakukan franchising, yaitu menggunakan lisensi untuk menjual produk lain atau menggunakan nama usaha lain pada bisnis yang dijalankan atau melakukan keduanya.
Dalam mengumpulkan data, GEM menggunakan engine pengumpulan data yang terdiri dari 2 tools, yaitu : 1. Adult Population Survey (APS)
APS merupakan sebuah kuesioner komprehensif pada orang dewasa yang mengikuti pergerakan perilaku wirausahawan, aktivitas dan aspirasi dari individu yang menjalankan usaha. APS mengumpulkan minimal 2.000 orang responden dewasa di setiap negara. GEM mengukur keterlibatan individu dalam pembentukan usaha. GEM menemukan tipe orang yang terlibat maupun yang tidak terlibat dalam usaha mereka, serta pencatatan usaha secara resmi ataupun yang tidak resmi. Kenyataannya, usaha tidak resmi ini bisa menghasilkan 80% aktivitas ekonomi di negara-negara sedang berkembang.

Dengan APS, GEM juga dapat menilai motivasi seseorang memulai suatu usaha. Motivasi ini bisa berupa kebutuhan pasar atas hasil usaha tersebut, keinginan karena tidak ada pilihan lain yang lebih baik untuk bekerja, atau keinginan mendapatkan pendapatan lebih besar.

GEM juga menambahkan pengukuran aspirasi yang bisa menjadi bukti dalam inovasi barang dan jasa serta keinginan customer yang melintasi batas negara. Aspirasi ini termasuk ambisi untuk pertumbuhan usaha yang tinggi. Dengan demikian, dapat membantu menyediakan lapangan kerja baru dalam ekonomi suatu negara. Pada “FAQs”, U.S. Small Business Administration, dinyatakan bahwa 65% lapangan kerja baru didapat dari usaha kecil selama lebih dari 17 tahun.

Disisi lain, GEM juga mempertimbangkan perilaku (attitude) yang menggambarkan iklim kewirausahaan dalam suatu komunitas. Seorang wirausahawan harus bersedia mengambil risiko dan memiliki kepercayaan yang positif bahwa kesempatan ada di sekitar mereka serta memiliki kemampuan untuk memulai suatu usaha.

2. National Expert Survey (NES)
Data yang dikumpulkan melalui NES memungkinkan dilakukannya pengukuran faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi aktivitas kewirausahaan secara nasional. Faktor-faktor tersebut dikenal dengan 9 kondisi kerangka kewirausahaan (Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions), yaitu : * Dukungan keuangan : ketersediaan sumber daya finansial (modal dan hutang) dari usaha kecil menengah. * Kebijakan pemerintah : seberapa luasnya kebijakan pajak atau kebijakan pemerintah itu mendorong usaha kecil menengah * Program pemerintah : ada atau tidaknya serta seberapa berkualitasnya program pemerintah dalam membantu usaha baru atau yang sedang berkembang * Pendidikan dan pelatihan kewirausahaan : seberapa banyak pendidikan dan pelatihan mengenai kewirausahaan ini dilakukan * Transfer hasil penelitian dan pengembangan : seberapa luasnya penelitian dan pengembangan secara nasional dapat membawa pada kesempatan usaha dan cocok untuk usaha kecil menengah * Infrastruktur usaha : ada atau tidaknya kepemilikan properti dan usaha serta keterkaitan hukum dan lain-lain yang mendukung usaha kecil menengah * Keterbukaan pasar : terdiri dari 2 komponen, yaitu (1) dinamika pasar : tingkat perubahan dalam pasar dari tahun ke tahun, dan (2) keterbukaan pasar : cakupan dimana usaha baru dapat secara bebas masuk ke dalam pasar yang sudah ada saat ini * Akses infrastruktur fisik : kemudahan untuk mengakses sumber daya secara fisik seperti komunikasi, peralatan, transportasi, tanah atau lahan pada nilai tertentu yang tidak mendiskriminasi usaha kecil menengah * Norma sosial dan budaya : seberapa luas norma sosial dan budaya akan mendorong atau membawa kepada aktivitas bisnis baru yang secara potensial dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan individu.

Peran GEM di negara-negara sedang berkembang
Dalam menjalankan programnya, salah satu sasaran GEM adalah meningkatkan kepedulian pada pentingnya kewirausahaan dengan meningkatkan pemahaman pada dinamikanya di suatu negara, lintas negara, dan lintas periode. Studi GEM memberikan deskripsi secara menyeluruh mengenai aktivitas kewirausahaan di suatu negara. Hasil yang didapat GEM membantu masyarakat di negara-negara yang sedang berkembang untuk mengenal aktivitas kewirausahaan. Sebagai contoh, hasil survei di Indonesia pad tahun 2013 menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara pria dan wanita dalam hal memiliki peluang dan kemampuan berwirausaha.
Hasil penelitian GEM juga menggambarkan area yang perlu ditingkatkan untuk menjalankan aktivitas kewirausahaan. Rekomendasi program dan kebijakan dapat disesuaikan dengan konteks wirausaha karena tidak ada satu program yang cocok untuk semua isu. Seperti di Uganda, dalam suatu inisiatif untuk menyediakan pelatihan dan peralatan kepada generasi muda usia 15-30 tahun yang tidak bekerja untuk memungkinkan mereka mendapatkan penghasilan dan meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka. Pelatihan ini diharapkan membantu peserta mendapatkan pekerjaan lebih mudah dan bisa diupah dengan lebih baik. Untuk menstimulus pertumbuhan lapangan kerja, pemerintah Uganda mengumumkan kebijakan baru dimana ada komponen baru pada NUSAF (Northern Uganda Social Action Fund) berupa Youth Opportunities Program (YOP) yang menyediakan transfer dana tunai pada sekelompok orang muda dewasa yang berwirausaha dalam perdagangan.
Dengan penelitian di banyak negara, hasil penelitian GEM memungkinkan adanya perbandingan antar negara yang dapat diandalkan sehingga para pembuat kebijakan dapat membandingkan negara mereka dengan negara lain yang sama dan menemukan kebijakan-kebijakan yang berlaku di negara lain. Di sisi lain, pemerintah di banyak negara menggunakan data GEM dalam mengukur target pengembangan dan peningkatan dalam dunia usaha.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

“What is GEM?”, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Available on line : http://www.gemconsortium.org/about (accessed March 17, 2015)

“Data Collection”, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Available on line : http://www.gemconsortium.org/Data-Collection (accessed March 17, 2015)

Singer, S., Amoros, J.E, Arreola, D.M. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014 Global Report. Available on line: http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/download/3616 (accessed March 18, 2015)

Nawangpalupi. C.B., Pawitan, G., Gunawan, A., Widyarini, M., Iskandarsjah, T. (2014) Global Entrepre- neurship Monitor 2013 Indonesia Report. Bandung: Universitas Katolik Parahyangan. Available on line: http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/download/3353 (accessed March 18, 2015)

Ferrel, O.C., Hirt, G.A., Ferrel, L. (2014). Business, A Changing World. 9th edition. New York: McGraw Hill.

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