...The Changing Climate 1. “Earth’s climate has always been changing; it is the rate of change that is of current concern to scientists.” With reference to Figure 1, and other evidence which you have come across, discuss the validity of this statement. Firstly, global climate change is defined as “a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world.” From Figure 1, we can see that the Earth’s climate has always been changing (at least temperature-wise), as evidenced by the large fluctuations in temperature as shown in the graph, starting from 150000 years ago. Figure 1 [IMAGE]As shown in the graph, the average global temperature dropped for around 15000 years, and then started to increase sharply for around 10000 years, after which it dropped at remained relatively constant, although it continued to fluctuate by around 1-2oC. The average temperature then dropped sharply around 80000 years ago, and then rose again, followed by another 35000 years or so of relative constant temperature. After that, the temperature dropped steadily until around 15000 years ago, after which it began to rise sharply, with only a small decrease in the rate of increase in the past 2000 years. Hence, from figure 1 alone, we can see that the rate of change in the Earth’s global average temperature has been increasing over the past 15000 years, and even though the rate of change decreased somewhat during the past 5000 years or so, the worldwide...
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...Professor Rudolph English 102 13 December 2011 Warming Up Topic The issue of global warming has been front page news for over a decade from magazines, newspapers, journal articles, books and even local news channels. This has begun 20 years ago when a Global Warming treaty was signed at the United Nation Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992(Qtd. Harf p. 141). Global warming is the unusual rapid increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere and is responsible for changes in global climate patterns. It occurs when greenhouse gasses including carbon dioxide, methane, black carbon, and other toxic gasses trap the heat and light from the sun in the earth's atmosphere, which increase the temperature. Some scientists agree that human consumption of the earth's natural resources and activities over the years had contributed to the earth's current state of being. However, opposing sides claim that there is no evidence to support this; rather it is just a bogus statement. They believe human action has nothing to do with the earth’s hot temperature. The controversy involves a disagreement over the fact, cause and consequences of the global warming. Both sides of the issue can find multiple experts to support their case that the earth is or is not warming, that global warming is either the consequences of human activities or a cyclical phenomenon and that global warming will be good for us or will bring tragedy. Global warming has created awareness amongst the public and government...
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...Global Warming Nowadays the human life is developing continuously in every field like technology, science, education, art, society and so on. Besides that, these developments have generated many negative effects. One of these biggest problems currently is global warming, that the whole world is facing with. According to Theodore C. Sorensen, an American presidential adviser, “Global warming is for real. Every scientist knows that now, and we are on our way to the destruction of every species on earth, if we don't pay attention and reverse our course”. In fact, global warming is happing and humans are causing it. Global warming will largely affect human in the future, so it is worldwide concern. However, none all of us know exactly the definition, the reasons, the impacts of global warming, and the solutions for global warming. What is the global warming? Global warming is a gradual increase in temperature of Earth’s surface, oceans and atmosphere. Scientists have documented and accepted the global warming as fact since 1800s. According to the lasted (January 2014) analysis from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), Earth’s average temperature has risen by 0.8 degrees Celsius (1.4 degrees Fahrenheit) since 1980. Temperatures are predicted to rise another 1.133 to 6.42 degrees Celsius (2 to 11.5 degrees Fahrenheit) over the next 100 years. These statistics of temperature change are based on many independent scientific analyses from observations of the climate system...
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...in the usual rain pattern or temperature can have a drastic affect on when animals breed, migrate, and hibernate. It also affects plant life cycles and their ability to grow. The impact that climate change has on nature can be catastrophic. Climate change has already had a noticeable effect across the globe and on the environment. Glaciers are shrinking, ice along rivers and lakes are melting earlier, plants and animals have shifted their ranges, trees are flowering sooner, and sea levels are rising. These effects were predicted in the past by scientists, and they are finally occurring. Most of climate change is caused by global warming and the greenhouse effect. (Gardiner, 2004) Global warming is a rise in the average temperature on the earth’s surface. Scientists who study the climate have evaluated climate patterns since the early 1800’s. From their evaluations, they have noticed a rise in temperature, from about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit and they estimate temperatures to continue to rise over the next century, an additional 2.5 to 10.4 degrees Fahrenheit. With this change, scientists fear that all living organisms will have a hard time adapting to these rapid climate changes (Mastrandrea & Schneider, 2005) To understand global warming and climate change, it has to be understood what causes it. Human activities play a crucial role in harming the...
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...two oxygen atoms. The free oxygen atom (O), then combines with an oxygen molecule (O2) and forms a molecule of ozone (O3). The ozone molecules, in turn absorb ultraviolet rays between 310 to 200 nm wavelength and thereby prevent these harmful radiations from entering the Earth's atmosphere. In the process, ozone molecules split up into a molecule of oxygen and an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom (O) again combines with the oxygen molecule (O2) to regenerate an ozone (O3) molecule. Thus, the total amount of ozone is maintained by this continuous process of destruction and regeneration. Ozone layer depletion first captured the attention of the whole world in the later half of 1970 and since then, many discussions and researches have been carried out to find out the possible effects and the causes of ozone depletion. Many studies have also been directed to find out a possible solution. Causes of Ozone Depletion The cause of ozone depletion is the increase in the level of free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide radicals and atomic chlorine and bromine. The most important compound,...
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...Global Warming: Eye Opening Facts that it is Refutably upon Us Terrie M. Hornbeck Buena Vista University Author Note Prepared for: Laura Brahn’s Globalism Seminar Abstract In recent years, scientists noticed that the average temperature of the Earth was increasing and looked for causes for the change. It is clear that the Earth has had changes in its average temperature many times in the geologic past before humans were present (Enger & Smith, 2013). Therefore, scientists initially tried to determine if the warming was a natural phenomenon or the result of human activity. Several gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide are known as greenhouse gases because they let sunlight enter the atmosphere but slow the loss of heat from the Earth’s surface. Evidence of past climate change going back as far as 160,000 years indicates a close correlation between the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global temperatures. Computer simulations of climate indicate that global temperatures will rise as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, and there are many others effects predicted by an increase in temperature. Since these predictions are based on computer models of climate, some scientists criticized them as being inaccurate and constructed from sketchy data. Because major disagreements arose over the significance of global warming, the United Nations Environment Programme established an Intergovernmental...
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...GLOBAL WARMING: Energy, Fall 2005 v30 i4 p36(2) It could get a lot warmer. (GLOBAL WARMING) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Business Communications Company, Inc. If humans continue to use fossil fuels in a business as usual manner for the next few centuries, the polar ice caps will be depleted, ocean sea levels will rise by seven meters and median air temperatures will soar to 14.5 degrees warmer than current day. These are the stunning results of climate and carbon cycle model simulations conducted by scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. By using a coupled climate and carbon cycle model to look at global climate and carbon cycle changes, the scientists found that the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.5 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300. The jump in temperature would have alarming consequences for the polar ice caps and the ocean, said lead author Govindasamy Bala of the Laboratory's Energy and Environment Directorate. In the polar regions alone, the temperature would spike more than 20 degrees Celsius, forcing the land in the region to change from ice and tundra to boreal forests. "The temperature estimate is actually conservative because the model didn't take into consideration changing land use such as deforestation and build-out of cities into outlying wilderness areas," Bala said. Today's level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 380 parts per million (ppm). By the year 2300, the model...
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...INTRODUCTION Carbon tax has elicited a lot of controversy in the past and also now by the Australian people, politicians and indeed all across the world. Australia is not the first country in the world to undertake this and many other countries have already made huge steps towards reducing their carbon output, and that includes developing nations like China. Countries have started this transformation to take advantage of the economic opportunities stemming from the next stage of global development that will be powered by clean energy many countries have taken up carbon pricing of which carbon tax is one of these. Carbon tax is a tax is an environmental tax that is levied on the amount of carbon that is contained by a certain fuel. Carbon is present in hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline and other crude oil products and is released as carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a heat trapping gas which facilitates global warming. On the other hand other fuels such as wind and solar do not emit these heat entrapment gases thus are considered environment friendly as they do not lead to global warming. GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE The main reason for these carbon pricing methods such as carbon tax is to reduce the emission of green house gases such as carbon dioxide that cause environmental degradation through global warming. Australia has seen an increase of 0.9 ºC since 1950. We have observed changes to our climate faster than anything earth as seen for at least 1800 years. Surface temperature...
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...3 I. INTRODUCTION 4 II. Theory 1: GLOBAL WARMING IN THE PAST 5 • Article 1: Volcanism • Article 2: Orbital variation • Article 3: Solar output • Article 4: Plate tectonic • Article 5: Solar radiation III. Theory2: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 7 • Article1: Carbon Dioxide • Article2: Methane • Article Ni trous Oxide • Article Ozone • Article4: Synthetic Chemicals • Article 5: Aerosols IV. Theory3: EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING 13 • Article 1: Weather • Article 2: Ice Sheets and Glaciers • Article 3: Sea Level • Article 4: Agriculture • Article 5: Plants and Animals V. Theory4: The impact of global warming on humanity 22 • Article 1: Extreme storm affects health and infrastructure • Article 2: Heat wave increase death and illness • Article 3: Water and food supplies threatened • Article 4: Drinkable water become increasingly contaminated • Article 5: Large numbers of environmental refugee VI. Theory5: EFFORTS TO CONTROL GLOBAL WARMING 23 • Article 1: Carbone Capture • Article 2: Energie Sources • Article 3: koyoto • Article 4: Programs in the United States • Article 5: Montreal protocol CONCLUSION 27 Bibliography 28 Abstract: Throughout its long history, earth has warmed and cooled time, and again. Climate has changed when the plant received more or less sunlight due to stubble...
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...STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE Troposphere | Closest to the earth and most weather happens here. Temperature drops as you go higher. Wind speeds increase. Most unstable layer. End of the sphere is marked by the tropoPAUSE- an isothermal layer where temp remains constant. | Stratosphere | Steady increase in temperature. Marked by the STRATOPAUSE. Atmosphere is thinner here. | Mesosphere | Temperature decreases to -90. No water vapour or dust to absorb radiation. Very strong winds at 3000 km/hr. MESOPAUSE | Thermosphere | Increase in temperature from the absorption of UV radiation | Greatest amount of energy coming into the atmosphere is from insolation (short wave solar radiation). The amount of this energy from the sun is determined by: *Solar constant- varies slightly & affects longer term climate rather than short term *Distance from the sun- Earth’s orbit around sun can cause variation in distant *Altitude of the sun in the sky- equator receives more energy as rays are head on. At 60 degrees N or S its at an angle so there’s twice the area to heat up & more atmosphere to pass through *Length of the day & night Some radiation is absorbed by ozone, water vapour, co2, ice particles, and dust reduce the amount reaching Earth. & clouds also reflect radiation back! ALBEDO is the ratio between the amount of incoming and reflected radiation. (Usually at 4%) Short wave radiation is converted to heat and heats the surface of earth, while longer...
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...http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9F4LsPUNU8&list=PLBjWhwJHOQvFspoTVjfg24EZOz9-vJs8a Can you think of other songs that need to be added? April 22nd is Earth Day 2014 Below is a list of songs that relate to our earth and what we need to be aware of April 22nd is Earth Day 2014 Below is a list of songs that relate to our earth and what we need to be aware of April 22nd marks Earth Day, which globally celebrates the planet you're currently living on (it gives us air, water, food, Internet: what else could you want?). For as long as popular music has been around, musicians and artists have been writing odes for Mother Earth, asking listeners to respect this planet as best you can -- either as literally or metaphorically in their lyrics as they can. You all know some of the big Earth anthems, like Michael Jackson's "Earth Song" and Marvin Gaye's "Mercy Mercy Me", so we're adding 13 more infamous songs dedicated to the world and keeping it sustainable to this special Earth Day playlist. #GoGreen! No. | Learning Intention | Success Criteria | √ or x | 1 | Understand the relevance of the EUP topic to produce an effective title page | Uni/Multistructural:I can identify the five key environmental issuesI can define sustainabilityI can define key terms relevant to EUP | | | | | | | | | | | | Relational:I can explain my perspective on environmental issuesI can compare & contrast sustainability with non-sustainability | | | | Extended Abstract:I can...
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... ¬ Naqash Azeem Reg. no. bcs01103158 ¬ Muhammed Ahmed Ishtiaq Reg. no. bcs01103118 ¬ Muhammed Raza Reg. no. bcs01103153 ¬ Bilawal Jehangir Reg. no. bcs01103071 ¬ Muhammed Arslan Akram Reg. no. bcs01103181 ¬ Muhammed Iqbal Reg. no. bcs01103100 ¬ Syed Ali Farhan Tirmzi Reg. no. bcs01103093 2 3 ABSTRACT It is an undeniable truth that each and every thing which has come in to existence will come to an end. There is a spring after an autumn and autumn have to face spring after it. The three Abrahamic religions (Islam, Christianity & Judaism) are agreed on the same fact that one day the earth will meet to its end. Even many non-Abrahamic religions and scientists are agreed on the same truth. In this assignment, We will discuss different views on the topic. 4 |Contents | | |...
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...need with little to no pollution. The United States of America however, is very slow with getting on board with the rest of the countries across the world who has embraced the methods of using natural energy. China and Russia have begun to fuel most of their energy using solar power and water, yet the United States continues to stick to the older ways of coal, oil and nuclear plants to power our part of the world. There have been studies and research done on how the toxic pollution from these dirty forms of energy is causing major damage to the environment. There are even more problems with the people who have to live near these energy plants or breathe in the harmful air which can cause heart problems, cancer and sometimes even death. America has always been the master cranium when it came to making innovative ideas that the world would soon follow. Now, it may be time for America to learn a few facts from other countries on how to incorporate a better way to power up this nation. What are we waiting on, this is America. Natural Power is an independent renewable energy that uses the power from the sun, wind, water or anything in nature to produce power and energy. The research to begin using this natural form of energy was originally created over concerns of how years of pollution was leading to an environmental decline. In the 1800’s, Charles Fritz and Lester Pelton were the first scientists who found hydroelectric power and solar power and believed it could change...
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...Marketing Plan Greenpeace Project Group 2 Greenpeace Project Coach: Study Year : Date of Marketing Plan: Helen de Haan 2010-2011 Feb-instroom, term 2, project 2 31-05-2010 1 Preface This marketing plan provides a comprehensive strategic plan for the NGO Greenpeace. It is aimed for Executive Managers and those who will conduct supervision of the implementation of this marketing plan. The marketing plan does not focus on technical issues, but rather examines basic principals concerning the internal- and external environment, strategy execution and the result realized after execution. To reinforce the purpose and profitable outcome of the marketing plan, there are, throughout this manuscript, numerous illustrative extracts with commentary, including company reports and other sources. Throughout the text some marketing- and financial terminology is used, for this reason foreknowledge of marketing and finance will be essential in understanding the analysis used in this manuscript and the true purpose of the strategic plan. Topics in the manuscript follow a logical coherent order. In part 1; general information about the internal- and external environment of Greenpeace is given, correctly identifying potential internal- and external threats and opportunities that may be in effect. After an exhaustive and thorough analysis, the information collected will be instrumental in conjuring up an efficient and effective marketing strategy which is clearly laid out in Part 2; “Marketing...
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...1. Introduction Fresh water supply plays an essential factor in a country, such as development of agriculture, industry and tourism (Khalil, 2001:57). Nevertheless, potable water only constitutes nearly 3% in the world water sources. It means that approximately a quarter of world’s population cannot access a sufficient high quality water including Egypt (Karagiannis and Soldatos, 2008: 448). Egypt suffers from water scarcity due to United Nations (2012) states that water scarcity means less than 1000 m3/year/person, while the figure in Egypt is about 963 m3/year/person. Although, from the geographic perspective，there are adequate water resources in Egypt, such as Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Nile River (CIA, 2012), the Nile water level is decreasing due to the result of evaporation, rainwater supply, hot and dry climate, vast desert and global warming . According to Kashef (1983: 163), comparing with entering water in Nile (35.69 km3/year), the losses are 29.29 km3/year. Thus, Egypt needs to seek some methods to alleviate the problem of water scarcity. Overall, this report offers two alternative measures, desalination and dams respectively. Generally, this report will analyse and compare the feasibility and differences between desalination and dams from three viewpoints: cost, environmental problems and social impact, by this means attempt to find the most effective and economical method to address the dilemma (water scarcity) in Egypt. 2. Background Egypt, an agricultural...
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