...1.INTRODUCTION Cursory observation would prove that child labour has increase in Nigeria since the late 1980s.To this end the increase may be related to the changing socio economic structure of the country. It is in this light that this paper seeks to relate the massive increase in the incident of child labour In Nigeria the mid 1980s.Globalisation should be seen as an encompassing process with implications for different sections of socio life (see Anugwom, 2001). Therefore, globalization significantly affected the child labour in Nigeria. Nigeria is reported as having 12million child workers, which is one of the highest in the world (see Siddigi and Patrinos,2001). Moreover the IL0 1996 estimate that 250million children are involved in child labour. This figure shows a problem of major proportion and which is concentrated principally in developing nations of the world. A concern with child labour stem largely out of the stark that realization in spite of the numerous national attention given to the issue, it seems to elude meaningful solution in fact rather than abate, child labour has persisted. Child labour has also attracted international attention and concern. Hence, there have been many declaration on the global arena on how to stem the rising tide of child labour. Among these declarations and conventions are the ILO conventions on the Elimination Of Child Labour, the, ILO Declaration on the Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work, the UNICEF. Declaration on the Right...
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...GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON INFORMAL SECTOR Submitted By: Ameen Gupta- 2009tt10774 Parvej- 2009tt10813 Siddarth Sachdeva- 2009ph10746 INTRODUCTION Globalization comes up with the process of more interconnection between various entities like nations, organizations, individuals, etc. This interaction creates the migration of human resources, technology transfer, capital flow, etc. Thereby, this process of globalization results in the increase in quality, quantity or production and thus makes various organizations profitable. In the race of survival, it enhances the competition level among various players in terms of their brand value set according to the needs of the people. This phenomenon of competition plays a crucial role for these existing service providing players as well as for the end consumer or public at large. For service providing players, it decides the cost benefit analysis and makes it less generally due to the presence of various other players simultaneously. For public, it makes things easily available and at comparatively low prices of varied varieties. The phenomenon of globalization also generates employment. These jobs are largely created in formal sectors. It also results in employment increase in the informal sector. The formal sector is directly visible in a country and is under scrutiny and supervision of the government through various trade and tax laws. This sector provides people the job security, standard working conditions and wage...
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...The Social Disadvantage of being a Child Labourer: The Case of Nike Social disadvantages manifest over periods of time into social issues, benefiting particular groups of people while marginalizing others. The case of child labourers that are being exploited by Western-born fashion companies is a complex issue that has been occurring for many years as a result of multiple circumstances, specifically capitalism. To generalize, the companies that use child labour to create their products are the group that benefit, while the workers themselves that work in poor conditions for very little money, and in horrifying conditions, are the ones that are being disadvantaged. Because these people live in poorer countries and need jobs, they are at...
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...1.0 Introduction Globalization is usually defined as an ongoing operation where social, economic, political has been combined and there are mutual reliant between people, firms and governments globally. It compels businesses to adapt several of strategies according to new ideological trends that try to balance rights and interests of both individual and community as a whole. Also, globalization has increased the risk of new entrants influencing the consumer but has also increased the market for the domestic companies. When we talk about globalization, there are always some main drivers to drive the market. One of the main drivers will be the free trade in global market, where a worldwide movement of global interaction has taken place to enable countries to develop their economies. Rate of trade within the countries have increased with the removal of trade barriers. Trade protection policy is made which protect the trade. Another force that drives globalization will be the enhanced technology in this new era. Digitalisation and invention of technology at a lower cost have massively integrated national markets. No doubt that it has opened new and better area of expansion to the multinational companies. For example, Mc Donald has seized the chance to expand itself and establish its name in the entire world by using the influence of social media. 2.0 Other Causes of Sweatshop Countries such as China and India are commonly known for their high poverty rate compared to other countries...
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...Choose one African country or society and critically assess both the positive and negative consequences of one aspect of globalization that is affecting this society. The International Monetary Fund defined globalisation as ‘the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods, services and international capital flow’ (IMF, 1997). There was an increasing importance of an integrated economic platform in this new era. Nigeria made significant progress since it was first introduced into the globalisation process with Structural Adjustment Program, marking with a shift from protectionist policies to promoting free trade and economic growth. This essay will illustrate the pros of GDP growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) manifested in economic globalisation of Nigeria, but evaluation will be made on the societal impact into the economy, such as income inequalities and labour exploitation. Capital inflows into Nigeria had grown immensely over the last decade in the process of economic liberalisation. It was considered as the 120th freest economy in the 2013 Index (Index of Economic Freedom, 2013). The FDI reached 11billion USD in 2009, ranking Nigeria at 19th to receive the most FDI in the world. Most prominent investors include USA Chevron Texaco and UK Shell penetrating the oil sector. China was becoming an important source of FDI recently, seeking to expand trade relationships, and...
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...historical globalization. This essay will cover the following arguments such as residential schools, slavery and the Sierra Leone civil war. Residential schools had a negative impact on Aboriginal people, many children suffered greatly. The government thought Aboriginal people’s history and culture were not worth preserving and acknowledged.This resulted to loss of culture, they were stripped out of their traditional ways and culture and taken away from their families. Rita Joe wrote a poem about how her voice...
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...employment strategies of multinational strategies of multinational companies? In the 1990’s globalization took the world by storm, it overcame into the way businesses were run, the products and goods we use and employment used. Globalization allowed good to be traded at an international level, increased the level of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), increased the number of international transactions and trade barriers decreased, making it easier and cheaper to buy goods from abroad (Ferner, 2003). Not only has globalization seen the increase of migrants workers but has also increased the number of Multinational Companies (MNC) and many of them have moved production from their home country to less developing countries, for cheaper labour and looser regulations. The deregulation of working conditions, demographics and labour markets as well as cheaper labour will lead to companies moving their work away from the UK and damage the economy (Williams and Adam-Smith, 2010). As Moody (1997) states “It will increase pressure to cut costs in order for businesses to stay competitive...pressure on labour costs”. Globalization has caused an increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions and has in affect created and introduced more MNC, it has allowed companies to move labour and production to where labour is cheaper. Trade Unions’ have been at the forefront of the debate of whether globalization is a good thing. Due to MNC operating in numerous countries with many different policies and...
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...Women Gandhiji once said that “the difference in sex and physical form denotes no difference in status. Women are complement of man and not inferior.” Man and woman are both equal and both play vital roles in the creation and development of their families in particular and the society in general. Indeed the struggle for legal equality has been one of the major concerns of the women’s movement all over the world. In India since long back, women were considered as the oppressed section of the society and they were neglected for centuries. Thus, the first task in post- independent India was to provide a constitution to the people which would not make any distinction on the basis of sex. Article 14 of the Indian Constitution declares that equality before law and equal protection of law shall be available to all. Similarly, Article 15 of the Indian Constitution says that there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex. Further, Article 15(1) guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment. Article 15(3) provides that the state can make special provision for women and children. In Union of India v. K.P.Prabhakaran,1997,11SCC 638, where Supreme Court held reservation of certain posts exclusively for women is valid under article 15(3), article covers every sphere of state action. Besides, Directive Principles of State Policy which concern women directly and have a special bearing on their status include Article 39(a)...
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...What is ‘globalisation’ and is it good for society? This essay explores the concept of globalisation and whether it is beneficial to society. The essay will consist of the introduction, conclusion and three sections. Section one will define the main terms. Section two will explore the advantages of globalisation and section three considers the criticisms of globalisation. The main thrust is presented, as globalisation is good for society even though it does have some significant and dire consequences. This section looks to explore what globalisation is and define the main terms within the question. Globalisation is an abstract and complex idea; therefore it is difficult to have one general definition of the term. For some people globalisation refers to Americanization whereas to others it refers to integration of the world’s economies into one central global economy. (Pavcnik N. , 2011)The Oxford Dictionary defines it as ‘the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.’ (Dictionary, 2012)There are however various factors, which are influenced by globalisation and each of these would provide different definitions of globalisation. These factors are political, economic, social, cultural and technological factors all of which help establish links between nations. (Webster, 2009)Furthermore it is also difficult to categorise the globe as one general society. Each society differs from one another...
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...Bangladesh is a source and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. A significant share of Bangladesh’s trafficking victims are men recruited for work overseas with fraudulent employment offers who are subsequently exploited under conditions of forced labor or debt bondage. Children – both boys and girls – are trafficked within Bangladesh for commercial sexual exploitation, bonded labor, and forced labor. Some children are sold into bondage by their parents, while others are induced into labor or commercial sexual exploitation through fraud and physical coercion. Women and children from Bangladesh are also trafficked to India for commercial sexual exploitation.Human Trafficking In Bangladesh Bangladeshi men and women migrate willingly to Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Iraq, Lebanon, Malaysia, Liberia, and other countries for work, often under legal and contractual terms. Most Bangladeshis who seek overseas employment through legal channels rely on the 724 recruiting agencies belonging to the Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA). These agencies are legally permitted to charge workers up to $1,235 and place workers in low-skilled jobs typically paying between $100 and $150 per month. According to NGOs, however, many workers are charged upwards of $6,000 for these services. A recent Amnesty International report on Malaysia...
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...Chupical Shollah Manuel Globalization as a theory, concept and ideology has roots from modernization theories. It has been advanced by industrialized nations and thereupon imposed on the developing nations. This concept is paradoxical where in one hand it is liberating and on the other it is constraining. In this paper, globalization is defined as a set of institutional and ideological relations which brings nations into a global village, fusion of cultures, and advancement of geopolitics, internationalization, increased borderless society and global market economy (Robertson, 1992; Ritzer, 2004; Wallerstein, 1974/2000; Zetlin, 2001). This essay chronicles a heated debate between supporters of globalization and those who are skeptical about it as suggested by the question that globalization benefits small nations while in sharp contrast these small developing nations find it as beneficial to developed nations. A plethora of case studies will be drawn across the globe in assessing these two contrasting views and in the conclusion a judgement will be passed based on the evidence substantiated throughout the entire essay. The assertion that “while promoters of globalization proclaim that this model is the tide that will lift all boats, while citizens movements find that it is instead lifting only yachts” means that globalization is viewed, conceived and interpreted differently by the rich and the poor countries are very sceptical. Globalization is not different from other theories...
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...s0100470 Professor S. Hughes Year: 2012-2013 3th Bachelor Applied Economics 1. Executive Summary The topic of this paper is business ethics within Gap Inc., a multinational retail – clothing company. The foundation of its corporate ethical approach is summarized in the Code of Conduct . This paper outlines the ethical problems Gap Inc. faced in the last years and more important, the solutions they found in order to remain a successful company. It shows how large companies deal with common issues like child labour and sweatshops. In the first place, this report points out several examples of the problems had to deal with. These points, among which an important lawsuit and documentary, illustrate that their Code of Conduct is not sufficient enough to name Gap Inc. a model corporation in terms of business ethics. Secondly, it is essential to make an overview of the resolutions for the problems that Gap created over the years. In answer to the critics on child labour and employee abuse, they launched a campaign in which they support several organizations. Furthermore, Gap increased its corporate responsibilty by creating several multi-stakeholder initiatives. The quick solutions Gap came up with show that a big company can limit its economic damage when ethical issues occur. To maintain this positive ethical image that Gap pursues, it could publish its new efforts directly on its website and close the factories that employed children. 2. Table of Contents ...
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...Question: Research, Analyse and Debate Exists a linkage between the exploitation of children, as a source of labour, and globalisation in both developing and industrialised countries? Table of Content Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………...3 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………... 5 2. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1 Definition: What is child labour? ..................................................................... 5 2.2 Definition: What is globalisation? ………………………………………….... 6 2.3 Difference between developing and industrialised countries……………........ 6 2.3.1 Facts and background of India and Germany ………………………………... 7 2.3.2 ILO Convention no. 138 …………………………………………………….. 8 2.3.3 Perception of child labour in society ………………………………………… 8 2.3.4 Laws and how they are executed……………………………………………... 9 2.4.1 School attendance rate ……………………………………………………… 10 2.4.1 School drop-out rate ………..………………………………………………. 10 2.5.1 Structural change and the state of economy………………………………… 11 2.5.2 Digression to historical development in Germany………………………….. 11 2.5.3 Deriving historical insight in present India…………………………………… 12 2.6.1 Value of the individuals workforce…………………………………………… 12 2.6.2 Distribution of income………………………………………………………... 12 2.6.3 Poverty and workforce………………………………………………………... 13 2.7 Globalisation and its impact on child labour……………………………………. 13 3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………... 14...
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...CODES OF CONDUCT AND CSR of H&M, BMW Corporate Social Responsibility - has become very important in recent years today more and more customers, employees, and the general public are demanding information about whether companies are meeting acceptable standards. ! Essential for the success of a company to act in compliance with the law. economic globalization brought high complexity of legal regulations increase the risk of laws being broken. potential damage to reputation Publicity spreads fast through communication channels. (Internet! Out of control) - by being corporate responsible a company can gain a high competitive advantage: - externally through company’s clean and good reputation - internally through employee engagement •Integration of sustainability throughout the entire value chain creating an added value for the company, the environment and society definition from the European Commission states CSR as a “concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with their Stakeholders on a voluntary basis.” 6 multinational companies, by doing our research we saw that codes of conduct are really similar in all of them H&M •“CONSCIOUS” – principles Provide fashion for conscious customers - Offering conscious collections that combine fashion and sustainability Choose and reward responsible partners - Teaming up with NGOs - Promoting better working conditions: training of over 400...
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...In today’s economy, members in the U.S. market, in addition to, competing within the national boundaries, also compete for business in the global market. There is a need for high productivity at lower costs and employers compete through a myriad of situations such as hiring preferences, compensation, promotions or layoffs (Prempeh, 2013). Many factors affect a company’s decision to expand its business and its ability to succeed internationally. An in-depth analysis of overseas political and legal environments, as well as corporate and ethical policies must be examined prior to negotiations occurring in the global business market. Each country have different laws addressing the treatment of employees in the workplace. Standards that may be unethical in the United States may prove to be an opportunity for laborers in other countries, making it more difficult to establish and build business relations. This paper will describe and analyze employment and labor laws in the domestic and international markets, and the impact those laws may have on the XYZ Construction Company. Employment and labor law initially arose out of the desire to protect the employee from unethical and immoral practices in the workplace and combat preferential and bias treatment towards specific groups of people. The establishment of the employment and labor laws was set in place to provide redemption and equality for employees. There are four categories dealing with...
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