...PROCESS THEORIES (goal setting and reinforcement theory) § Goal Setting Theory o Goals that are specific, difficult (but attainable), accepted and are accompanied by feedback, will motivate performance the best. Specific means measurable somehow. Difficult means that people need to exert some amount of effort over what they are used to doing. Accompanied by feedback means telling them how they’re doing. o It works because it focuses attention. They tend to work harder. BUT they may try to achieve these goals to the exclusion of other important things. So be careful that things don’t work to well. § Reinforcement Theory o Types of reinforcement: § Positive- encourages behavior in the future by rewarding behavior · Claim this is better than Punishment because it tells you what to do, not what not to do § Extinction–you remove the reward when a person engages in the behavior. They therefore become less likely to perform that behavior. § Punishment – you give something negative in response to certain bad behavior · Guidelines for using punishment: o Punishment should be delivered immediately or as rapidly as possible so that the employee will see the link between the bad behavior and the punishment o Give moderate, appropriate levels – punishment should fit the crime…if you give to little, it has no effect, if to much, it may lead to people questioning you. o Focus on behavior not person – this helps them to...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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... What is perception? Factors that influence perception (e.g., personality, needs, etc) How to people make attributions(cues about the causes of behavior?: consensus, consistency, distinctiveness Common perceptual errors (e.g., Fundamental attribution errors, Self-serving bias, recency, and etc.) Exercise: Alligator River 4. Motivation Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Prosocial motivation Positive reinforcement Need theory Expectancy theory Equity theory Goal setting theory Characteristics of goals (e.g., easy vs. challenging; specific vs. vague) Job Characteristic Model(designing jobs to enhance intrinsic motivation Case: Karen Leary (A) Case: Honey and Beard Company 5. Leadership Leadership theories: Trait approach, Ohio’s leadership styles (task vs. people), Contingency theories, Transaction and transformational leadership What are the differences between a manager and a leader? What are the key characteristics of charismatic and transformational leaders? 6....
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...Section A Reinforcement Schedule Reinforcement schedule is the determination of when reinforcers are applied. It is either after every response or only after some responses. These apply to the two general categories of schedule, continuous reinforcement or intermittent reinforcement. Continuous Reinforcement is the reinforcement of desired behaviour every time the undesired behaviour is demonstrated. It is the simplest schedule. For example, whenever the worker is late, he/she will get a 1% deduction of pay. Intermittent Reinforcement is the reinforcement of desired behaviour when undesirable behaviours are demonstrated after a stipulated number of responses or timeframe set by reinforcer but not at every instance. There are four types of intermittent reinforcement: Fixed Interval reinforcement is received after a set amount of time, regardless of number of responses during that time. For example, a worker gets its pay every last Friday of the month. Fixed ratio interval is reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses, predictable. For example, whenever a worker makes 3 sales, he gets 20% commission. Variable interval is reinforcing someone after a variable amount of time is the final schedule. For example, A boss do not do check on the worker periodically, hence the worker does not know when the next ‘check-up’ might come, he have to be working hard at all times in order to be ready. Variable ratio interval is reinforcement based on number of responses; however...
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...Midterm Study Guide All definitions Chapter 1 A. Defining Organizational Behaviour Page 4 • A field of study that investigate the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within organizations; its purpose is to apply such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. B. Challenges in the Canadian Workplace Page 6 Challenges at the Individual Level 1. Individual Differences 2. Job Satisfaction 3. Motivation 4. Empowerment 5. Behaving Ethically Challenges at the Group Level 1. Working With Others 2. Workforce Diversity Challenges at the Organizational Level o Improving Customer Service o Stimulating Innovation and Change o The Use of Temporary (Contingent) Employees o Improving Quality and Productivity o Developing Effective Employees o Helping Employees with Work-Life Balance o Creating a Positive Work Environment o Responding to Globalization Chapter 2 A. Perception Page 38 What is Perception? • The process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their environment. Why is it important? • Because behaviour is based on perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. • The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Why we study perceptions? • To better understand how people make attributions about events. We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality. The attribution...
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...it deal with the fulfilment of social needs in a phycological sense of interpretations.it cause different socio phycho conditions and affaire for the modificationof OB. Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. we also define anthropology as "science of human beings especialy of their environment and social relations and there culture" environment play a pivotal role in the improvement and modification of OB Political science is the study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment. Management Functions (Henry Fayol) Planning: A manager must determine what the organizations goals are and how to achieve those goals. Much of this information will come directly from the vision and mission statement for the company. Setting objectives for the goal and following up on the execution of the plan are two critical components of the planning function. For example, a...
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...few other psychological concepts are".[2] Wikipedia readers will have a motive (or motives) for reading an article, even if such motives are complex and difficult to pinpoint. At the other end of the range of complexity, hunger is frequently the motive for seeking out and consuming food.Types of theories and models[edit] Motivation theories can be classified on a number of basis. Natural vs. Rational based on whether the underlying theory of human Cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity). Content vs. Process based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place. Monist and pluralistic motivational theories[edit] A class of theories about why people do things seeks to reduce the number of factors down to one and explain all behaviour through that one factor. For example, economics has been criticized for using self-interest as a mono-motivational theory. [3] Mono-motivational theories are often criticized for being too reductive or too abstract. Conscious and unconscious motivations[edit] [4] A number of motivational theories emphasize the...
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...Olivarez College – Graduate School in Business | Principles on the Theories of Motivation | Human Resource Management | Engr. Mary Jane A. Badillo | PRINCIPLES ON THE THEORIES OF MOTIVATION WHAT IS MOTIVATION? Many people incorrectly view motivation as a personal trait. Some people have it, and others don’t. But motivation is defined as a set of forces that causes an individual to behave in a particular way. It is generally what energizes, maintains and controls behavior, it acts as a stimulus for desirable actions. Motivational concerns would be addressed if we were to ask, for example, What motivates employees to go to work each morning? Many people get great satisfaction from their work and take great pride in it; others may view it as a burden, and simply work to survive. This question of motivation has been studied by management theorists and social psychologists for decades, in attempts to identify successful approaches to management. From a manager’s viewpoint, the objective is to motivate people to behave in ways that are in the organization’s best interest. THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION What people want from an organization and how they think they can achieve it plays an important role in determining their motivation to work. Some people want money, some want challenge and some want power. The difference between highly effective organizations and less effective ones often lies in the motivations of their members. Managers strive to motivate...
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...Geary Part B: Humanism, Behaviourism, Constructivism Vygotsky Personal Perspectives & Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask what can we do in the classroom to give these students access to the curriculum Medical/Deficit Model o disability is viewed as a problem of the person o directly...
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...Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Page Ref: 24 4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Page Ref: 24 5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Page Ref: 24 6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following...
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...education theory is the speculative thought of education and just like any other theory; it explains, guides, and describes the practices of education. The earliest speculation on educational processes began during the times of classical sophists and Greek philosophers. Current education speculations use terms like andragogy, curriculum, learning pedagogy, education organization, leadership, and policy. Education thought is derived from various disciplines like, philosophy, sociology, critical theory, psychology, and history among others. This paper will discuss five topics based on the best education theory to be applied in the classroom setting with focus on two education theories postulated by Lev Vygotsky and John Dewey. This paper will also address information processing by students, behaviors of teachers to promote thinking, implications of language development on learning and teaching, and on the relationship between the emotional and social development on student behavior and learning. Classroom Observation Analysis Education theory can either be descriptive like in the sciences or normative like in philosophy. Education theory postulates what education processes are supposed to consist of; it sets the standards, norms, and goals in carrying out an education process. The scientific education theory gives a set of hypotheses, which have to be experimented and verified. The two approaches have produced two broad categories of education theories, which are...
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...and examines its effects on intrapraneurship and competitive performance in the high tech companies by reinterpreting the existing literature regarding motivation and conducting an empirical study to see the relationship. 1. Motivation in the Workplace 1.1. Work Motivation 1.2.1. Its Definition and Importance Motivation, in its broadest sense, is the force that drives behaviour. It is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get desired course of action, push the right button to attain desired goals. Motivation is the reason for people to do a specific behaviour or make a decision. Each decision or choice has its own set of determinants, only employee motivation in the work context and its impacts will be elaborated in this paper. Motivation is always a goal-oriented process. It is a crucial factor in the accomplishment of company goals; by work motivation, employees are induced and energized towards company goals through a specific way. As Craig Pinder stated in his book “Work motivation in organizational behaviour” in 1998, work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behaviour and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration. Motivation at work is a crucial determinant of work performance. In general, productivity depends on 3 things: resources utilized, employee's ability to perform, and employee's willingness or motivation...
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...1 LESSON NO. 1 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR INTRODUCTION Org. Behaviour (in short called as OB) is concerned with the study of the behaviour and interaction of people in restricted or organised settings. It involves understanding people and predicting their behaviour, and knowledge of the means by which their behaviour is influenced and shaped. Organisations are bodies or entities created for a stated purpose They may consist of one or more people. In the case of a sole trader or single operator, he needs to build relationships with suppliers, contractors, customers, clients, and the community. For those that consist of more than one person, internal as well as external relationships have to be created and maintained. Organisations therefore consist of individuals, groups, and relationships. Objectives, structures, systems and processes are then created to give direction and order to activities and interactions. OB is thus of great concern to anyone who organises, creates, orders, directs, manages, or supervises the activities of others. It is also of concern to those who build relationships between individuals, groups of people, different parts of organisation between different organisation, for all these activities are founded on human interactions. OB is therefore concerned with:1. The purposes for which organisations are created 2. The behaviour of individuals, and an understanding of the pressures and influences that cause them to act and react in particular ways. 3. The qualities...
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