...gonorrhoeae is one of the clinically responsible for transmission of gonorrhoea through sexual contact (Genco...
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...Valery Taustsiakou G00296946 30th November 2015 Co-workers: Aishlinn Jennings, Veronica Gomes. Urinary Tract Cases and STI cases UTI/ Case 2 Clinical details: * 20year old female presented to student health clinic with characteristic UTI symptoms. * Her symptoms were dysuria, frequent and painful micturition for previous 2 days. * It was reported that she has not observed any blood in her urine. * Her temperature was checked and was normal. * An absence of flank pain was reported. * A mid-stream urine sample (MSU) sample was collected and sent to the microbiology laboratory for investigation. * The specimen was cultured on chromogenic UTI agar and CLED agar. * A diagnosis of UTI or cystits was made at the student health clinic. * This diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation. Results: Table 1. White cell count (WCC), red cell count (RCC) and bacterial colony count results from patient’s midstream urine sample. Parameter | Number counted | Count (no./mm) | Reported/cmm | units (CFU/ul) | units (CFU/ml) | White cell count (WCC) | 374 | 374,000 | >100WCC/cmm | - | - | Red cell count (RCC) | 27 | 2,700 | Present | - | - | Bacterial colony count | 200* | - | - | - | 2x105* | *= Macroscopic bacterial colony count was performed by the supervisor within a mixed but sparse colonial growth on the Orientation Chromagar medium. The macroscopic appearance of the urine samples was a cloudy turbid fluid. One epithelial cell was observed within...
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...all our customers and their respective businesses. Corporate and Medical Supply Objectives • Diagnostic testing at primary care level for early detection of potential threats and allowing reduction of hospital / bed days • Promote use of testing with network providers to extend patient medical savings benefits, include more testing and reduce pathology costs • Increase wellness screening to include Glucose, cholesterol, haemoglobin, Troponin, D-Dimer, and Uric Acid • Increase infant paediatric screening to include RSV, Rotavirus, Adenovirus, CRP, Strep A and Strep B • Increase maternal screening to make standard Strep B testing prior to delivery, • Allow for PoC testing of infectious disease such as Hepatitis B&C, HIV, TB, • Gonorrhoea, chlamydia, malaria, etc. Additional objectives that are addressed in our solution • Early Warning and Outbreak detection • Increased testing for non-communicable diseases Overall Approach to...
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...Sexually transmitted infections are infections transmitted from one person with the infection to another person who does not have, and it is passed through sex intercourse .examples of STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, herpes and genital warts. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. To commerce with, HIV/AIDS and STIs spread in the same way. These ways include having unprotected sex with a person who is infected by HIV/AIDS or STIs or both. Another way is through sharing of needles e.g. drug user. Drug users who use needles to inject themselves with drugs such as heroine and cocaine, they also involve in flash blooding where they transfer blood from one individual to the other. Here the virus and STIs infection are transmitted from one individual to another. In addition, having STIs make it easy for an individual to get HIV virus, this is because STIs changes the cell lining of the vagina, penis, rectum and mouth. STIs Makes the skin very delicate. This makes it easy for the HIV virus to penetrate to the body. Also STIs facilitates the transmission of HIV through the small cuts and inflammations they cause around the genital areas of both men and women. Moreover, the presence of HIV increases the ruthlessness of some STIs, this occurs because HIV makes it more difficult to treat in individual infected by it than in HIV in HIV-negative individuals. This is because the HIV virus attacks the white blood cell that boosts our immune system. In addition...
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...STIs and HIV. Surveillance data in the UK and findings of adhoc studies consistently show that the burden of STIs fall upon teenage women and men (16 – 24). As home to around 14, 878 undergraduate students from over 100 countries (Brunel University, 2010), majority of the population in ABC University is comprised of young people who fall within the age bracket of 18-24. These students are the target group for the public health intervention. While just one in eight of the population are aged 16-24 years old, this group account for around half of all newly diagnosed STIs in the UK (HPA, 2008). London has the highest burden of HIV in England, about one in every two syphilis diagnoses, one in four chlamydia and more than one third of all gonorrhoea infections in England are in London, and increasing teenage pregnancy rate (LHO, 2005). Young people are at increased risk of STIs, and other markers of sexual ill health because of a complex interaction of behavioural, socio-economic, health care provision and biological factors (Johnson et al, 1994). They are generally more sexually active, more likely to engage in promiscuous behaviours, change partners more often than older age groups and use barrier contraception inconsistently (HPA, 2009). In ABC university,...
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...Minimal dialogue + symbols * Cutting a long story short * “Iceberg-technique” FOR SALE: BABY SHOES, NEVER WORN. Short story by Hemingway * Perhaps a miscarriage * In a shop? * Shopaholic * Someone who gave up the baby plans * Just six words makes the reader think and wonder A very short story A 5 sentence summary of the text The text is about an American soldier, who gets wounded in Italy, where he falls in love with his nurse, Luz. They decide to get married and move to America. The soldier moves there first, and then Luz was supposed to come over later, but she has an affair with an Italian major, but they don’t get married either. In the end, they lose all contact and the soldier gets gonorrhoea. a) What is the point of view? Omniscient. Who is the protagonist? The American soldier. Probably Hemingway, as it is mostly based on his own life. Is the ending open or closed in your opinion? I think the ending is closed, because you get closure. b) Characterize “him” and Luz: The protagonist is an American soldier. He is very likely based on Ernest Hemingway, as most of his work is based on his own life, and it fits very well with the story about how he fell in love in the war. Luz was a nurse in Italy. She was very loveable and all the patients liked her. However she turns out to be unfaithful, as she has an affair with an Italian major. Describe their relationship They are very much in love...
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...vomiting of blood. The plant is used as an antidote for mushroom poisoning and for smallpox. In Ayurveda, the plant is used to treat cholera, diarrhoea, worm infestation, vomiting, exhaustion and intermittent fever. The fruits are used in decoction for agitation, fever, heart and haematemesis while the stamens are used to “purify the heart, permeate the kidneys, strengthen virility, to blacken the hair, for haemoptysis and spermatorrhoea”. They are also used to treat premature ejaculation, as astringent for bleeding, excessive bleeding from the uterus, abdominal cramps, bloody discharges, metrorrhagia, non-expulsion of the amniotic sac, and as cooling agent during cholera. The seeds are believed to promote virility, for leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea. Powdered beans are used in treating digestive disorders, particularly diarrhoea. They are also used as a tonic, for enteritis, insomnia, metrorrhagia, neurasthenia, nightmare, spermatorrhoea, splenitis and seminal emissions. The roots are for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia, ringworm and other skin ailments and as a tonic as well. Pharmacological Activities Antianxiety, Antiarrhythmic,...
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...(Expected conclusion in discussion: Prudencia Cotes’ support for the Vicario twins’ actions is an example of the community’s value for machismo, or the social expectation for males to be prideful in actions that are stereotypically masculine, such as defending the honour of one’s family). Considering Pablo Vicario’s circumstance when he “began to develop a kind of fervor over the [Pedro’s] blennorrhea that his brother wore like a war medal” (60), how does the older twin’s situation relate to machismo? (Expected conclusion: Pablo’s praise for Pedro’s blennorrhea, which is a symptom specifically connected to gonorrhoea, a STI, aligns with machismo’s value in a man’s promiscuity. In Pedro’s situation, he is respected by his elder brother, and Pablo takes pride in his life-threatening, but socially praised sickness, because it is evidence of his ability to court...
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...diseases are diseases that can be spread and it can be passed from one person to another through communication, food and through contaminated water. When a person has the fluby them covering their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing, can minimise the rate of spreading the diseases. The communicable disease I have chosen to explain is STD which stands for ‘Sexually Transmitted Disease’. STD is an infection that happens through sexual contact so by engaging in intimate sexual contact such as vaginal or anal intercourse with a person who is already infected. Both heterosexuals and homosexuals can get STDs. There are STDs that are caused by bacteria or viruses. Such as bacteria STDs are chlamydia which is the most common bacteria STD, Gonorrhoea which is common in women, syphilis, and thrush. They can be cured with antibiotics. While virus...
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...Infectious Diseases Conditions Plague Cause: Yersina pestis ------------------------------------------------- Treatment: Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) and Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone) ------------------------------------------------- CNS INFECTIONS Meningitis New born cause: Group B streptococcus, Gram-negative enterics, Listeria monocytogenes 2-24 months’ cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Haemophilus Influenzae 2-50 years causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis 50+ causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Gram-negative enterics Meningococcal Meningitis Cause: Neisseria meningitidis – gram-negative Treatment: * Penicillin/Ampicillin (beta-lactam) * (Chloramphenicol can be substituted in history of penicillin hypersensitivity) * Close contacts – Rifampicin 2 days * Vaccines for prophylaxis – not for serogroup B, sialic acid is identical to the human form Pneumococcal Meningitis Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae – gram-positive Treatment: * Cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin/beta lactam) – 10-14 days * (If resistance to Cefotaxime – Vancomycin (tricyclic glycopeptide) and Rifampicin) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis Cause: Haemophilus influenzae – gram-negative Treatment: * H. influenzae vaccine is available * Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin/beta lactam) * Adjunctive treatment...
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...Why is good hygiene important? Good hygiene stops the spread of germs and parasites. Germs are very small microorganisms which cannot be seen with the naked eye, this means you need to use some form of magnification to see them. There are two main types of germs; viruses and bacteria, and when they enter the human body they can sometimes cause diseases and make people sick. Parasites are animals or plants which must live on or in another plant or animal to survive. Examples of germs and parasites which can cause health problems include: * Salmonella (food poisoning) * Shigelia (dysentery) * Neisseria (gonorrhoea) * Chlamydia (trachoma or sore eyes) * Tetanus (lockjaw) * Head lice * Hookworm, ringworm and threadworm * Tinea * Scabies * Hepatitis (liver disease), gastroenteritis (diarrhoea and vomiting) and meningitis (brain disease) can all be caused by germs. Diseases enter a person's body by: * mouth (drinking or eating contaminated water or food) * nose * broken skin * eyes * genitals (sex organs) Some diseases can be treated by medicines at home; however others may require hospital treatment. How are germs and parasites spread? Many of the diseases above occur because of poor environmental health standards which make it easier for germs to enter a person's body. Germs can be spread by: * not washing ones hands regularly, mainly after going to the toilet. When hands are put on the face, in the mouth or on...
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...WARS NATO After the WW II States of Western Europe and North America watched the expensive policy of the USSR. They found out that the Russian system, especially the dictatorship of the Communist Party, could become dangerous for independent democratic states. This threat stengthened with the events of years 1947-1949 (the putch in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, blockade of Berlin in April 1948). In March 1948 Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the UK signed the TREATY OF BRUSSELS. By this act they decided to build up a system of collective security defence. The negotiation about establishing the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION was started with the USA and Canada. The Five Brussels‘ states also invited Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Portugal to participate in these talks. On April 4, 1949 the TREATY OF WASHINGTON was signed and so the states founded the collective security system. In 1952 Greece and Turkey entered NATO. The Federal Republic of Germany joined in 1955, Spain in 1982. In July 1997 three Middle European states were appealed to enter. They were the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland and they entered in 1999. Since the foundation the main interest of NATO has been to ensure the security of the member states. In the Washington Treaty it is said that a military attack against one of the member states is against all of them. Nowadays NATO cooperates with many East and Middle European countries in the field of safety. NATO also participates...
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...MANAGEMENT of Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc (Slipped Disc) • Rest to spine for at least 6-12 weeks. • Use of hard bed. • In severe cases- traction is applied to leg or pelvis, provided there is no cord compression. • Regain mobility gradually. • Restrict jerky movements. • Avoid- forward bending, lifting weight. • Reduce weight if obese. Homeopathy Treatment & Homeopathic Remedies for Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc (Slipped Disc) Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines are selected after a full individualizing examination and case-analysis, which includes the medical history of the patient, physical and mental constitution etc. A miasmatic tendency (predisposition/susceptibility) is also often taken into account for the treatment of chronic conditions. The medicines given below indicate the therapeutic affinity but this is not a complete and definite guide to the treatment of this condition. The symptoms listed against each medicine may not be directly related to this disease because in homeopathy general symptoms and constitutional indications are also taken into account for selecting a remedy. To study any of the following remedies in more detail, please visit our Materia Medica section. None of these medicines should be taken without professional advice. Homeopathic Remedies Bryonia Contractive, cramp-like pain all over the...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Sexually transmitted diseases Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) amongst adolescents are a worldwide growing health problem. Approximately one million people contract sexually transmitted infections every day and 50% of them are adolescents aged 15-24 years (Lazarus, Sihvonen-Riemenschneider, Laukamm-Josten, Wong & Liljestrand, 2010). STDs include many different sexually transmittable infectious diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. An STD is transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual contact as well as through blood products. STDs can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to salpingitis for women and to epididymitis for men, which can affect fertility and in worst case lead to sterility. Hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that...
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...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
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