...sustained growth in recent years, allowing to the Ecuadorian government to invest in health, education, housing, and some projects for the strengthening of the country. However, it is necessary to control and reduce costs as subsidies. There are subsidies, which are targeted to certain groups of the population according to their characteristics. For example, the Solidarity bonus is a subsidy that is targeted to people in the poorest municipalities in the country and whose income is too low. By the other hand, there are also generalized subsidies, which do not make a proper distinction between groups with different characteristics in the population since they reach all citizens. For example, the electricity subsidy in Ecuador This research shows how people who live in the center of Guayaquil is affected by the reduction of the electricity subsidy since this tool has become in the last seventy years the most used in country due to its versatility, cost, availability, and ease of use. These characteristics make it essential in the human activities either in factories or in the houses since the electricity allows turning on appliances or machines for working or facilitating the lives of people. However, removal of fuel subsidy as gas (LPG) and gasoline and reducing this subsidy are the measures taken by the government in order to have a sustainable development in the country. THEORICAL FRAMEWORK All governments around the world use subsidies in order to achieve the objectives...
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...DA CRISE FINANCEIRA À CRISE DA DÍVIDA SOBERANA: UM DEBATE SOBRE A POLÍTICA FISCAL Celso Pereira Neris Junior* Mário Augusto Bertella** Resumo: A crise financeira de 2007 trouxe à tona a discussão sobre a política fiscal. Esta foi empregada como forma dos governos atenuar os impactos econômicos e sociais potenciais da crise, uma vez que apenas o expediente monetário não daria conta do processo. Historicamente, crises bancárias engendram aumentos das dívidas públicas, não somente pelas operações de socorro, mas também pelas políticas de gasto primário dos governos e/ou, como na crise recente, pela compra de ativos financeiros “tóxicos”. A discricionariedade da política fiscal é colocada em discussão, uma vez que, sendo ela imprescindível, requerem-se ações coordenadas e bem articuladas para que os países consigam mitigar suas respectivas crises atuais e futuras. Palavras-chave: Crise Financeira; Crise da Dívida; Política Fiscal Abstract: The financial crisis of 2007 brought the discussion of fiscal policy. This was used as a way for governments to mitigate the potential social and economic impacts of the crisis, since only the monetary policy would not be effective. Historically, banking crises engender increases in public debt, not only for the relief operations, but also by the policies of government primary spending and/or, as in the recent crises, by the purchase of the “toxic” financial assets. The discretionary fiscal policy is then discussed, since it is essential, it is...
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...Galbraith y las consecuencias de esta, así como la explicación técnica de Bernanke. Paralelamente describiremos el contexto histórico que vivió nuestro país en esos años y como la crisis de los Estados Unidos nos afectó. Finalmente expondremos nuestra visión sobre la crisis y defenderemos las teorías que creemos adecuadas para explicarla. El Boom de 1920-1929 y la Gran Depresión según Rothbard. Murray Rothbard es un economista Austriaco. Como todo austriaco, cree en el libre mercado y en la no intervención estatal. Rothbard culpa a la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos de intervenir y ser el culpable de empeorar la crisis que se vivió en 1929. “Since government and its controlled banking system are wholly responsible for the boom (and thereby for generating the subsequent depression) and since government is largely responsible for aggravating the depression…” (Rothbard, 86). Centra su estudio en las acciones de la Reserva Federal y cómo estas afectaron la oferta de dinero, la inflación y condujeron a la Gran Depresión. Su hipótesis comienza explicando las razones por las cuales hubo un aumento de la oferta...
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...The independence movement in Spain In its long history as a unified country, Spain is currently immersed in one of the strongest independent movements, that does not only affect the social life but has generated an unstable political sphere. In the moment this paper was written, the current government of Spain is “in functions” and has little to no power in taking decisions, what consequently generates a big loss to the Spanish economy. Spain’s political sphere is divided between 4 major political parties, Popular Party (PP) and Ciudadanos (translated as “Citizens”) on the right wing and Socialists (PSOE) and Podemos (translated as “We Can”) on the left wing. As of early 2016, PSOE and Ciudadanos have signed a coalition but the other two major political forces, PP and Podemos, have refused to join the accord, what leaves the coalition in a situation where they still do not have the majority of seats necessary to govern1 . In this essay, I will illustrate how the Catalonia's independence movement has created a political and economic instability. In order to understand the current political crisis, it's necessary to examine the recent history of the country. In 1975, after the death of dictator Franco, Spain found itself in a desperate rush to become a free and democratic state, as not only the Spaniards were eager to move on ...
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...PLANIFICACIÓN Y EL PRESUPUESTO GUBERNAMENTAL Ivette Flores Jiménez Ruth Flores Jiménez Resumen. El presente artículo trata a cerca de la importancia e impacto que tiene el presupuesto público en la economía, desarrollo y en el nivel de vida de los habitantes de cualquier país, muestra una parte esencial de la política económica; ya que da pauta a las prioridades y objetivos del gobierno a través de los montos asignados a sus ingresos y a sus egresos. El proceso de planificación presupuestación es una herramienta fundamental para que el gobierno formule, discuta, apruebe, ejecute, controle y evalúe los resultados de la estructura de la clasificación del gasto público en cada uno de los rubros de tal manera que se refleje en un crecimiento y desarrollo a nivel macro y microeconómico. Abstract This article is about the impact that the public tax has on the economy, development and in the life level of the inhabitants from any country, it shows an essential part of the economic policy; since this leads to the priorities and objectives of the government through the amounts of money for incomes and expenses. The tax planning process is a fundamental tool for the government to formulate, discuss, approve, carryout, control and evaluate the results of the structure of the classification of the public expenditure assigned to every part of the public expenditure so it will be reflected on the growth and development focused on the macro and microeconomic level. INTRODUCCIÓN ...
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...BUSINESS CASES COPPER, THE CHILEAN SALARY TOMAS ALBIÑANA - #51728 CYRIL RINGELING - #51911 EUROPA – UNIVERSITÄT VIADRINA FRANKFURT (ODER) 2014 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Reaction to the Crisis 4 Would prices recover and sustain the pre-crisis level? 6 Fiscal Policy in Piñera’s Government 7 Codelco, the Chilean Company 8 What would Piñera and his finance minister Felipe Larraín do once they were in office? 9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 11 Introduction The Chilean economy faced a very important challenge when the price of copper dropped in 2008 cause of the global meltdown. Considering Chile is the largest producer of copper in the World, satisfying 36% of global demand, the fast fall down on the prices of the commodity put in alert its economy. Chile has the 28% of cooper reserves worldwide and represents a 14,2% of its GDP and also 57% of its exportations with an amount of U$D 49 billon. Codelco is a Chilean state owned copper mining company, it is currently the largest copper producing firm in the world and produced around 1.66 million tonnes of the metal in 2007, 11% of the world total. According to that situation, the Minister of Finance, Dr. in Politic Economics from Harvard University, Andrés Velasco, acted proactively looking for accurate solutions trying to prevent the effects of the international crisis. The economic crisis of 2008-2014 began in 2008 and it was originated...
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...SJO /LINEAS AEREAS COSTARRICENSES LACSA SEQUENCIA / SEQUENCE LIMA / LIM E-TICKET 2027363356405 062 E-TICKET 2027363356405 INFORMACIÓN DE VIAJE / TRAVEL INFORMATION Equipaje permitido / Baggage allowance Puedes registrar 2 piezas en bodega y llevar 1 pieza de mano como equipaje libre permitido. Para conocer el peso y tamaño exigido por pieza según el destino, así como la política de equipaje para infantes (0 a 2 años), por favor consulta nuestra página web www.avianca.com You are permitted 2 pieces of checked baggage and 1 carry-on item. For more information regarding weight and dimensions permitted to our various destinations and our infant baggage policy, please refer to www.avianca.com Documentos legales / Required documents Consulta cuáles son los documentos necesarios que debes tener para tu viaje a través de los consulados, embajadas o entidades gubernamentales correspondientes del país de destino y países por los cuales transitas o haces conexión. Please check the required travel documents for your journey with the corresponding consulates, embassies or government agencies of the country of destination and the countries where you have connecting flights. Presentación en el aeropuerto / Airport arrival times Preséntate con suficiente tiempo de anticipación en el aeropuerto y ten en cuenta nuestras recomendaciones en www.avianca.com, donde podrás consultar la información correspondiente a tu lugar de destino, tiempos...
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...When our forefathers decided to use the philosophy known as "trias politica" or “ the separation of powers” in limiting the power of the federal government in order to adequately protect individual liberty. This is why, in 1787 the Constitutional Convention was held to revise the Articles of confederations. Here it was established that the United States needed a stronger and more centralized government to work as a federal government along with the state government was needed. The only was to keep individual and state rights tho would be to separate the power so no branch is more powerful than the other. This established the system we use today. The legislative branch (housing the Senate and The House of Representatives) is responsible for...
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...MODELS OF MEDIA STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE AND THE MEDIA IN COLOMBIA Communication institutions April 25. 2012 Adele Alandete 327164547 Mr. Eran Naot Sammy Offer School of communication, The IDC, Herzelia This paper aims to present, the way the different theories of media structure and performance, can be applied to the media in Colombia. In this specific case the development media model and to a lower extent the social responsibility theory will be studied. Colombia has a free market economy with major commercial, and investment ties to the United States, the European Union, Venezuela and China. Colombia's wealth comes from a number of sources. It is rich in natural resources and agriculture. Colombia has the fourth largest economy in Latin America, but income and wealth are unevenly distributed. Only 13.8% of total income is allocated to the poorest half of the population, while the wealthiest 10% of the population benefit from 46.5%. Media holders are off course in this 10% percent of the population, and because of their economical power they strongly influence politics in the country. Colombia has two main political parties; liberal and conservative, almost entirely controlled by these few families. Each political party makes sure to reinforce themselves through the media outlets they own. Political end economical elites however make great efforts promote social...
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... 60 % (INCENTIVE COMPENSATION) ON FINANCIAL INDICATORS: Return on capital, profitability, cash flow, operating cost. 40% (INCENTIVE COMPENSATION) ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION INDICATORS: Dealer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and environmental responsibilities. MARKETSHARE: The percentage of sales of a particular product achieved by a single company in a specific period of time. BALANCE SCORE CARD: Strategic performance management tool, cuadro de mando integrado para implementar la estrategia. PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT: HIGH LABOR COSTS: EFFICENCY: Eficiencia EFICENT: eficiente EFFECTIVENESS: Eficacia OUTSORCING: OFFSHORING: PROFITS REVENUE STAKEHOLDERS: Los interesados: Employees, government, customers, suppliers, investors, owners, unions, community SHAREHOLDERS: los que tienen ganancias en base a los ingresos de la empresa. ENTREPRENUER: ROI JOB DESCRIPTION: TDRs JOB SPECIFICATION KSAOs JOB DESIGN: is the process of defining how work will be performed and the task that will be required in a giving job. MEANS AND ENDS: fines y medios BOTTOM LINE: VALOR NETO Y BRUTO (GROSS PAY, NET PAY) The last line in a company’s income statement. This line shows net profit after all expensive depreciation and taxes TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE: People, planet and profits. SPIRITUALITY: it can bring benefits to the organization INTERDEPENDENCY: EXPATRIATE/EXPATRIADO:...
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...1 AGRICULTURE IN BRAZIL: FROM THE 1980’s TO THE G-20 MAURO MASON DE CAMPOS ADORNO Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master by Coursework in International Policy Studies School of Politics Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia 2 July 2005 Abstract The Brazilian economy transformed from a state of financial crisis in the 1980’s to become a leading agriculture exporter in the late 1990’s. Economic reforms implemented by the Real Plan were a response to a bankrupt decade of failed economic plans and high inflation rates. In this period agriculture played a key role in the control of the inflation and in the stabilization of the economy. The domestic environment of the Brazilian economy and the role of agriculture helped Brazil to develop a more active role and led it to seek for a leadership position in the international agricultural negotiations. On the eve on the WTO’s Cancun Round of negotiation a new coalition of developing countries formed the G-20. The Group was born from a Brazilian initiative and for the first time a group of developing countries stood up against the developed countries in the agriculture negotiations. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mother Ana and my brother Matheus. Who believed in me even when I did not. I love you guys. I would like to thank my Father for the support, during the whole process,...
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...TEMA X ASIA-PACIFICO ESQUEMA En su momento varios analistas internacionales pronosticaron que en la ultima parte del siglo xx, Asia-pacífico constituiría en su conjunto la principal potencia política y económica. Considera usted que esta hipótesis ha sido confirmada o estaría en vías de confirmación, o es errónea. Fundamente su respuesta. DIMENSIÓN ECONOMICA A.1. Antecedentes del surgimiento de Japón, los tigres asiáticos, los países de reciente industrialización y China. • El llamado milagro del Sudeste Asiático tuvo lugar desde finales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial; donde países que pertenecieron al Tercer Mundo lograron en un corto tiempo un crecimiento alto y sostenido sin precedentes en la historia mundial. • La definición de HPAE “high performance Asian Economies” (es decir, economías asiáticas de altos resultados) por parte del Banco Mundial contiene tres grupos de países cuyos milagros comenzaron en momentos diferentes. -Japón, después de IIGM -60´ cuatro economías asiáticas más pequeñas, conocidas como “Los Cuatro Tigres”: Hong Kong, Taiwán, Corea del Sur y Singapur. -Finalmente, a finales de los 70´y 80comenzó un rápido crecimiento de tres países de reciente industrialización, Malasia, Tailandia, Indonesia, y de forma más espectacular, encontramos a China • La orilla asiática del Pacífico es la región que ha registrado el mayor crecimiento económico del mundo en los últimos treinta años, el resultado ha sido el aumento del...
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...Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de le Brede et de Montesquieu, was a 18th century political philosopher who first used the term trias politica or separation of powers (Erickson). For the division of government duties, it is separated into three separate but equal branches. The characterizations of each are; the legislative branch in which it is in charge of enacting laws of the state and distributing money to operate the government efficiently, the executive branch that executes and oversees public policy that the legislative branch has authorized or financed, and the judicial branch that is in charge of interpreting the Constitution and laws with then taking the understandings to disagreements brought before it (Erickson). The separation of powers is a pillar of the United States government with all state and federal governments center around the standard of it. Although federal separation of power is not the same as state, as one instance state courts have acknowledged fundamental...
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...govemments have traditionally placed excessive emphasis on policies of economic regulation but at the same time, they have failed to provide a suitable level of merit and public goods. Recurrent budget déficits were alvk^ays financed by inflationaiy means, which did nothing to promote economic growth. In clear contrast with public expenditures, the system of taxation which prevailed until 1978, meant that there was not much of a tax burden. This allowed for a level of savings, and potential investment, which was conducive to industrialization. 1. LA R E L A C I Ó N E N T R E E C O N O M Í A Y P R E S U P U E S T O : E L P U N T O D E PARTIDA La renta per capita española se acercó a la de los países avanzados de Europa cuando la política económica de los gobiernos permitió a este país aprovechar las influencias positivas d e las coyunturas internacionales, d e manera que * Este artículo se presentó al seminario El Estado y el Crecimiento...
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...RESEARCH AND INNOVATION POLICY OF BRAZIL 1. Some Numbers: • Total area - 8.5 million km² • Population - 191 million • GDP (2010) - 3,7 US$ trillion • Investment in R&D - 1.25 % GDP in 2010 • Scientists and researchers - 231,000 in 2010 (headcount) • Scientific papers - 2.7 % of world scientific production • world's sixth largest by nominal GDP • eighth largest by purchasing power parity. • moderately free markets and an inward-oriented economy. • the largest in Latin American nations ere. • one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 percent • together with Mexico, has been at the forefront of the Latin American multinationals phenomenon by which, thanks to superior technology and organization, local companies have successfully turned global. 2. Overview Brazil has many times in its history praised to be the land of the future. First, Brazil with population of 190 million, the past eight years “Bolsa Familia” social program have lifted over 40 million Brazilians out of poverty and into middle class. This creates interesting platform for creating context related innovations and scaling bottom-of-the-pyramid innovations (disruptive and reverse) globally. Second, Brazil was almost non-effected by financial crisis 2008, a signal for strong and stable macro-economic policies. This means that Brazil, first time in its history, is becoming an interesting country for long term investment...
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